Search

This is to illustrate our experience of developing mangrove for the use of coated paper and woodfree printing paper. Mangrove species harvested in South-east Asia are generally lager in wood density and have very thick fibrous membranes which deteriorate papermaking suitability, although they cause no problem in cooking and bleaching with sulphate pulping process. When paper is made from hardwood pulp only, which is the case with KANZAKI, papermaking suitability of mangrove pulp has to be more improved. We achieved this purpose through beating by the use of refier of stone bar.

After having given the causes and aspects of pitch trouble in various spots at Takasago mill of the Mitsubishi Seishi Co. the writer remarks that the extent of trouble may depend upon the kinds of pulp and paper made from, and suggests such curable methods as seen below : 1.Adding 24% of bleaching powder in beater and after treating for 2 hours, to make paper without washing.2.To blend both clay and size in beater after light beating.On judging from the results of his testing, he says that the chief cause of pitch troubles will lie rather in quality, but not in quantity, and it is judged by the degree of stickiness of pitches in pulp, for which test its tackiness ought to be measured.He suggests the following temporary methods as being effective for mill practices : 1.For the separation or isolated pitches washing out; dispersing and washing ;saponification ; salting out in beater ; Having on dandy roll sticked, etc.2.Hardening of soft pitches.3.Setting pitches on fiber.4.Co-operation with pulp makers.

The process of preparation of urea melamine formaldehyde copolycondensates according to Wohnsiedler and others is improper when 70 mol% or more of urea are to be used, the resin colloidal solution coagulates in the case of such high ureacontent to soft white jellies or white insolubles precipitates in a short time. However, we have found that the maximum of urea can be raised to obout 8554, when the resin is produced under more suitable conditions. The resin solution is aged at 50, 4 by weight concentration, and at 70deg;C for 3 hours, using 1 mol of melamine, 5 mols of urea, 13 mols of formaldehyde and 0.7 mol of HC1. In order to preserve the solution for a long time, it must be diluted two times. This resin, when applied in the beater, is capable of imparting the wet strength to paper almost equal to melamine resin. The pH of paper stock is controlled by HC1 or Al2 (SO4) 3. As they do not show an appreciable difference in producing wet strength, the latter is more suitable than the former in mill application. The effect of the resin is more remarkable in the case of unbleached pulp than in the bleached one.The industrial production of the wet strength paper by this resin has been put in practice, and the satisfactory results have generally been obtained.

In this country, Bagasse was first used as raw materials for paper in 1881, in Shizuoka Prefecture. As to Japanese type paper, two kinds of Bagasse paper were made, one of which was made from Bagasse only. The other was white paper which was made from mixtureof Bagasse and Mitsumata. These products were displayed at the Second Industrial Exhibition.As to European paper, Bagasse was first used as raw materials in February, 1919, by Taiwan Sugar Manufacturing Company. This company made packing paper with 86 inch Fourdriniar paper machine. Several other companies followed this example, and the future of Bagasse paper in Japan was promising.

We studied on the manufacture of wet strength paper by mixing water soluble melamine resin solution to sulphite pulp and Edgeworthia papyrifera sieb stuff.When wet strength Japanese paper is made, wallpaper, filter paper, umbrella paper, bag paper etc whick are difficult to tear in wet stage are produced. Melamine resin solutions were aged as follows

The body paper of hat was prepared from a 50/50 blend of SWP (synthetic pulp of polyethlene type, Mitsui Zellerbach K. K.) and NBKP, and was carried out beater coloring with organic pigments and alum experimentally. The vat-lined two ply paper was dry creped and worked upon and formed the sample into the summer millinery experimentally.According to an end user (milliner), the colored summer millinery well satisfactory an aethetic sense for practical usage. The physical properties of dry creped SWP two ply with pigments are shown in Table 2. Light fastness and waterbleed fastness or water-resistance are shown in Table 3.

A simple linear model is constructed for production, use and recycling of various paper and related products. This model is used to estimate the maximum feasible recycling rate given the current state of pulp and paper technology. Parametric linear programming is used to investigate the effect of the efficiency of collecting, sorting and transporting waste paper on the fraction recycled.

It has been a most common practice at the paper mills that the method called the acidic fixation in lower PH (PH 4-4.5) was applied to size the paper, however, due to the excess of aluminum sulphate would decompose alkaline earth filler such as calcium and magnesium carbonates and destroys its sizing effect.After a long carefull studies and experiments were carried out we have finally succeeded in produce the neutral sizing agent which produced excellent sizing effect even in the nearly neutrality (near to PH 7.0).For the example, we mixed with about 10-40% of precipitated calcium carbonate into the pulp in the beater adding with the neutral sizing of about 1-4% and the aluminum sulphate of 1-3%, then we are able to observe the perfect sizing effect on the tissues and printing papers. In other words, the test result of Stoickigt method was indicated about 30-50 seconds (60g/m2).Also, it is known to manufat cure the high grade none-filled paper (such as writing, bond, name-card paper etc.) made with the process called the acidic sizings, in this connection the required amount of aluminum sulphate is to be limited approximately between 1/4-1/5 as to compare with previous method. Assuming as to obtain size of 2 per cent it only required between 0.4-0.5 percent of aluminum sulphate are sufficient.Many tests carried by actual operation at the various paper mills, we are convinced more from those data and results, this is more effective medium for paper sizing than any other sizing agents. In this field and many Japanese paper mills are to start using and adopting the neutral sizing for the purpose, therefore we are prepared to state the merit and advantages of this material as follows.1) In the past a most important filler for the papers are those of various clays, however to obtain with the whiteness (above 95 %) and perfect filling effect many paper mills are able to use of those calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate as the filler from now on.We recommend to use it for high grade tissue paper such as air mail and india paper which are required more translucent. It also can be used for a suitable common writing paper making because resistance against the Perker's fountain ink which consist of high degree of PH2) In the manufacturing Japaness paper by the cylinder paper machine, this neutral sizing agent will give much satisfaction for the reason of it's nature which will not destroy the fibre dispersing ability of mucilages (abelmoschus manihot) which will be able to adjust the uniform suspension of long fibres to coagulation in the acidic reaction of rosin and aluminum sulphate sizing.3) On account of the neutral nature in sizing, the durability and preservation of paper could be maintained and gain many other benefits by using it.4) It is known fact that a close relationship exists between the rate of dryness of paper and or printing ink and in this connection the expert on this subject recently recommended of the neutral slightly alkaline fixation for the sizing. (Ref. A. Voet : Ink and Paper, Part II pp 193 5) 5) This neutral sizing agent is a quite effective and ideal method and proceed with the method of neutral size, it will not only save a larger amount of aluminum sulphate but also save a big amount of fluorescent dye which intended to improve the whiteness of papers thus by using it themanufacturing cost will be sufficiently reduced. (In the case of the size produced under the acid condition will have a tendency of change of the red shade) 6) Due to the neutral nature of itself, this will definitely help to reduce the erosive action on the machine wire thus prolong the life of the wire.The neutral size is a sort of high-free rosin soap which is produced under a special saponification, process and it was prevented the coagulation of rosin particles by using the protective colloids.

(Research Institute of Oji Paper Co., Ltd., Tokyo) New pulping methods of hard wood have been studied eagerly in Japan, because soft wood has become scarce by overfelling.Characteristics of hard wood pulp depend on the properties of the fiber, that is, short and slender shape and rich content of pentosan.Blending the hard wood pulp in various papers, the printability of the papers are improved and such properties as formation, smoothness, opacities rise.(1) Bleached kraft pulp of hard wood are used in fine paper, and owing to blending, the printability of the paper is improved considerably. But viscous printing ink sometimes takes away the vessels from paper surface during offset printing.(2) Semichemical pulp and chemi-ground pulp are used in news print and photogravure paper.Properties of chemi-ground pulp are similar to ground wood of soft wood, but lower opacity.(3) Ground wood of hard wood has high opacity, and is used in news print.

The writer invented the improved Vat for a cylinder paper machine for making paper with high speed. The construction and the method is as follows : in front of the cylinder moved, a head-box is fitted higher, with a nozzle at the outlet over the width of cylinder face, whose lip is capable to adjust in opening. With a suitable high speed, made by the hydraulic head standing in the head-box, the stuff stream rushes into the stuff pool and agitates uniformly the stuff before the eylinder mould. And at the instant, the cylinder picks the fibres from the stuff on its surfaee, making good even paper web. (Pat, applied in Japan)

The effect of hemicellulose contents in pulp on beating rate and strength of paper made from it was studied.In this study two methods were used, one the adding method (adding isolated hemicellulose to the standard pulp) and the other the extracting method (removing hemicellulose stepwisely).In the former when the hemicellulose is isolated with drastic agents, chemical nature of hemicellulose is liable to change, so that it is impossible to say that the isolated hemicellulose will act in the same manner as it does in the original state. Therefore extracting method was employed in the present research.For the preparation of chlorite holocellulose, thin pieces of beech and aspen wood were treated with hot acidified sodium chlorite. These chlorite holocelluloses were treated with KOH solution under nitrogen gas, in order to minimize the oxidation of cellulose. For hemicellulose extraction, KOH solutions of various concentration (from 0.3 to 20%) were used in order to get a series of pulp in which the hemicellulose content was stepwisely arranged.The beating rate and the sheet strength of this series of pulp were examined. From the result of this study, it was concluded that there appeared to be the optimum hemicellulose content in pulp as for as the paper strength was concerned. Other observations were also made with regard to the result observed.

The cleaning of the suction roll was some of the operating problems facing in every paper mill. Unless the clogged suction roll were cleaned, the suction efficiency might be deteriorated. And the suction roll has so many holes that cleaning was almost impossible.Machine tenders found that the high pressure jet water would spurt out the stock and other foreign matter, thereby cutting down the time and labour. As it happened, engineers at Asahi Iron Works Company in Osaka, has been thinking about the same problem. Last year, Asahi Iron Works had introduced to Honshu Paper Company and Seiko Isuzu Automobile Company, the “Paper Mill Washer”. Seiko Isuzu is manufacturing a new type high pressure water pump as car washer since for years before.Distinctive features of the pump are : two special modified elliptic gears which are arranged and combined properly in the casing, the increased out put considerably per revolution and the highest overall efficiency. Capacity of the pump is up to 10 gallons per minute at 330 r.p.m.. Derivery pressure is up to 250 pound per square inch.This pump is used as a main component in the washer. The portable type is extremely easy to handle and to move from place to place. And is very quiet but efficient operation. A cohered pulp is spurt out thoroughly by spraying or jetting. Also it is fitted in removal of strongly cohered pitch, dirty grease and machine oil. Therefore, it is applied to cleaning the machine frame, stock chest, flowbox, etc.

Bamboo is an important raw material for manufacture of paper pulp in areas where it is abundant, especially in India, Pakistan, Taiwan (Formosa), and mainland China. In most instances it is reduced to pulp by chemical treatment under pressure at high temperature. An exception is the manufacture of bamboo mechanical pulp in Taiwan. This pulp is combined with a small amount of ricestraw chemical pulp for manufacture of a product used to prepare the so-called "joss paper" employed in Chinese religious and funeral ceremonies. "Joss" is a pidgin English word that is derived from the Portuguese deos or deus, god, and is used to refer to a Chinese household divinity or to a cult image. Joss paper consists of sheets of crude paper of various sizes, mostly 2'2 by 3 inches, to 10 by 11 inches, usually almost completely or partially covered with a piece of tin foil. A golden metallic effect is created, according to Hunter,2 by brushing the foil with seaweed extract contain

Coagulations of paper mill wastes were investigated by the use of polyelectrolytes. Nonionic polyacrylamide was the most effective for the purification of wastes. The suspension of pulp fiber was rather dispersed by the addition of anionic polyelectrolytes, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alginate, and sodium polyacrylate. No remarkable effect of pH was seen for the coagulation of polyelectrolytes. The possibility to using polyelectrolytes for the purification of paper mill wastes was recognized in the case of the wastes suspending large fibrous colloid.

In this paper we reported on the problem of petroleum resin emulsion sizing which was chiefly treated for the application in beater sizing. As the results of application in beater sizing it is obtained that the amount is 0.252% on pulp weight, as compared with rosin size showed slowly sizing effect, and increased paper stiffness.The required amount of aluminum sulphate are sufficient 1%.

The writer makes it clear that the difficulties Japan's paper industry is facing are in the shortage of raw materials, that Japan need not be worried about her equipments of production and that she can meet the demand of her own to some extent if she will make good and wise use of pulp and paper, investigate substitute raw materials and put the result into, practical use. The writer suggests that Japan should afforest rapid growing trees and utilize her rich production of rice and wheat straws.

Effects of fiber length on mechanical strength, chemical strength, chemical properties and hygroscopic characteristics were investigated. Mechanical strength especially was measured inthe normal condition (R.H. 65%) and dry condition. The dry condition was obtained by the folloNN ing ways ; the paper sample was dried at 105°C for 3hr, and was impregnated with water-free oil.1) Tensile strength for fraction pulp decreases with increasing average fiber length, and in case of the same average fiber length, the tensile strength for whole pulp is higher than that for fraction pulp.2) Folding endurance and tearing resistance for fraction pulp increase with increasing average fiber length. There is a straight-line relationship between the average fiber length and tearing resistance of paper.3) Pentosan content of pulp decreases with increasing average fiber length, but DP of pulp increases.4) Moisture regain, dimensional change, water of monolayer absorption and internal surface area of paper decrease with increasing average fiber length, but crystallinites of paper fiber increase.

Blending of staple fiber of viscose rayon and straw pulp was dispersed in water and handmade paper for calligraphy was made. The Indian ink absorptive quality of straw paper is improved by the blending of viscose rayon fiber. The adhesive capability of straw pulp to rayon fiber in the paper making is so much that it works effective so far as about 50% component of rayon fiber in the stuff without any other adhesive agent. Bearing of fineness of the rayon fiber on the paper making properties was discussed.

The problems confronting the chemist in control of water treatment for an industrial boiler plant are very complex and dictated to a great extent by the pattern of plant operation. An interesting field of study is presented, particularly where the plant is modern in design and very extensive in the service it provides. The author has concerned himself principally with the problems of water supply and treatment at Aylesford Mills, as these are very typical of those which occur in other large industrial undertakings. Details are given of the feed water treatment plant for the medium- and high-pressure boilers, consisting of primary sedimentation units using lime, ferrous sulphate, and alum as chemical additives, followed by a filtration stage. This section of the plant is followed by a dual system comprising three base-exchange softener units and a fully automatic demineralization plant. The interesting features of fully automatic regeneration of the demineralization plant are discussed, together with the author's experience in operating this plant. Emphasis is placed on high standards of feed water treatment and the principles of the system adopted. Sodium sulphite and tannin are added as chemical deoxidants on medium-pressure plant. Hydrazine, together with a neutralizing amine, are used on the high-pressure boiler installation. The author concludes the paper with comments on the subject of boiler corrosion.

The Gakunan District lies on the southwestern foot of Mt. Fuji. It is the leading pulp and paper industry center with a production of over 16% of Japan's total, Silk, the leading product here in the former day, was replaced by pulp and paper. Of late, however, machineries are becoming important. Before 1880, agriculture, especially rice cultivation, was the dominant productive activity in the district, There were small rural industries such as brewery, silk, Japanese paper and others related to agriculture. All of them were ubiquitous all over. A mechanized silk manufacture sparked an incipient industrialization. A small silk mill, which was built at Omiya, a trade center, in 1886, was the first seat of mechanized industry in the district. The President of the Bank of Omiya was given a major credit for the establishment of this silk mill. It was ten years later, however, than the establishment of mills in the advanced silk production regions in Japan. The mill employed 75 women. An increase of number the of silk mills resulted in a rapid increase of employees, even up to 1200 in 1900, and the district could be said to have been specialized in silk. All silk mills were established by the natives of the district such as land owners or bankers. The distribution pattern of the mills was intimately related not only to sites where water power sufficed, but also to the distribution of enterprisers, in other words, land owners. The latter was presumably a primary cone emn in deciding the location of mills in an early stage of industrial development. More mechanized industrialization began with the establishment of the Fuji Paper Mill in 1890. The first pulp and paper integrated factory of the Mill was built on a river near Omiya. The factory emp-loyed 400 persons, mostly men. While the laborers were supplied from the surrounding rural communities, the shareholders were found in Tokyo. This paper factory was quite different from the traditional system of Japanese paper production. Many other paper mills were established by the natives, especially land owners, after 1910 when paper production was booming. It is characteristic that the mills established by the enterprisers of Tokyo were specialized in pulp and printing paper but the mills built by the local people produced many kinds of Japanese paper. There have been no mills that gained all their raw materials from the forests in and around the district. Much raw materials have been sent from Hokkaido and other parts of Japan. Most mills in the area have been oriented toward the foot of Mt. Fuji where water supply was suffi-cient. Establishment of those mills were based on the agricultural structure which provided cheap labor and, on the other hand, local land owners became enterprisers by opening several banks, which helped to promote the industrialization of the Gakunan District. The distribution pattern of above-mentioned two industries has changed through time sequence. The emerging electric power made possible the change of the location of pulp and paper industry that had been oriented to water power. Since silk manufacture was too small to utilize electric power, its distrimbution pattern did not change as pulp and paper industry did. Silk production was then restricted only to Omiya, one of the silk trading centers in Shizuoka Prefecture. As the silk industry in other parts of this district died out, its place was taken by the mechanized Japanese paper industry. The rise of pulp and paper spelled relative decline of silk. Hence, the manufacturing center moved southward from Gmiya. Fig. 2 shows this change (circles in black represent pulp and paper and double circles are for silk mills). But all the paper mills were not flourishing, finding themselves in severe financial straits during the depression following World War I. Concentration of production thus took place.

Thermotolerant fungi have been found in slimes at temperatures of 38 to 52 °C in paper mills in Eastern Canada. The growth of some of these isolates on malt agar plates maintained at temperatures of 10 to 65 °C has been examined. Optimum temperatures varied between 30 and 50 °C, depending upon the species. Thiamine deficiency was noted in Trichosporon capitatum and Mycelium sterilium. The requirement of T. capitatum for this vitamin could be met by incorporating the thiazole and pyrimidine moieties together in the medium.

Mayor Gamble has just spoken to you on water-supply from the standpoint of the health of citizens. May I discuss with you water from the standpoint of a chemist as it is required by industrial concerns as the most necessary feature of manufacturing operations, especially in the manufacture of pulp and paper, which promises to be the next great industrial development in this southeastern territory which is governed by your membership. A recent survey by the Federal Government has shown an enormous wealth of pine and semi-hardwood timber in this practically untouched region. The figures of this survey are now attracting nation-wide attention, especially since the spruce woods of the Great Lakes and Eastern States are practically exhausted and this makes necessary the importation annually of some two hundred million dollars worth of pulp and paper. About fifteen years ago when it was first proposed to manufacture kraft from southern pine it was loudly proclaimed that this was impossible, but during the intervening years there has been so rapid a growth of the kraft pulp and paper industries that the South now dominates the field with the manufacture of more than sixty percent of the national output. Now when it is proposed to use southern pine for white paper the same cry is heard about the unsuitability of southern pine. The work in the Pulp and Paper Laboratory of the Industrial Committee of Savannah has completely disproved this contention. Erroneous ideas have been held regarding our pines: first, through the use of the name "yellow" pine, which applies only to the heart, while the sapwood gives a pulp actually lighter in color than spruce; and, second, the utilization of longleaf and slash pines for naval stores

Unbleached kraft paper exhibiting a ten- to fifteenfold increase in wet-tensile strength accompanied by substantial increases in burst, dry-tensile strength and folding endurance was obtained from the use of hypochlorite-treated carbamoylethyl wheat flour as a wet-end additive. Results with bleached kraft pulps were less spectacular but still good. Such variables as pH of the carbamoylethyl wheat flour (CEWF) paste before hypochlorite treatment, pulp type and freeness, drying and curing temperature of the treated paper and the amount of CEWF influence strength properties of paper. A pH of 2 was optimum for treatment of aqueous CEWF pastes with hypochlorite. Unbleached kraft pulp having a Canadian Standard freeness (CSf) of about 500 ml produced paper exhibiting the best overall strength properties. Maximum wet- and dry-tensile strength was imparted to unbleached kraft handsheets dried at 105°C for 15 min. Strength properties increased as level of addition increased from 0.25 to 5%. Addition of CEWF at a 2% level to unbleached kraft furnishes gave handsheets exhibiting wet- and dry-tensile strength as high as 3340 and 10,510m, respectively, as compared with corresponding values of 240 and 6980 m for the control. Hypochlorite-treated CEWF was comparable to carbamoylethyl starch in imparting wet-strength properties to unbleached kraft paper.

Special studies and experiments have been carried out on the preparation of paper pulp from rice straw by using alkali agents such as NaOH, Na2 CO3, Na2 NO3 and CaO.It is observed that the reaction is most acting with NaOH, slightly less active with Na2 CO3, almost no reaction with Na2 SO3 alone but it becomes quite active with the addition of Na2 CO3 and no reaction with CaO. It is also further observed that the most suitable cooking agent for the preparation of rice straw pulp is Na2O or mixed agent of Na2 SO3 and Na2 CO3.The concentration of 8% in case of NaOH (against bone dry straw) or a mixed agent of 12% Na2 SO3 and 2% Na2 CO3 would produce sufficiently good color pulp of over 55% in whiteness.

This paper documents vegetation injury caused by SO2 emissions from a sulphite pulp and paper mill located in Ontario. Acute vegetation injury caused by SO2 was correlated with increased levels of S within injured vegetation, meteorological data, and air sampling records of SO2 monitored by a continuous recorder located adjacent to the vegetation injury zone. The symptoms of injury observed on plants within the injury zone were described, and the relative sensitivity to SO2 was determined for 75 plant species in the area.

Over the past few years about a dozen computer installations have been announced and discussed in the paper industry. The acceptance of these systems has ranged from outright return to the vendor, through claims of a twenty percent increase in production. It is the opinion of the author that those systems which had improved control through better regulation of the process as their immediate goal were consistently much more successful than those installations which were keyed in a research oriented, data gathering approach. Rather than conduct another historical review of these installations, this paper will devote its attention to discussing control problems and their typical solutions. In particular, the continuous digester, stock preparation, and paper machine areas will be reviewed in some detail. A typical paper mill wood flow diagram is shown in Fig. 1.

Paper used for Japanese umbrella is vat-paper as well as machine-paper and oiled these Japanese paper, which is chiefly made from paper-mulberry.This report shows the superiority of those oiled-papers of various kind which are practically used after having examined their physical and chemical characteristics, and concluded as follows.(1) Japanese paper, if colored, increases its intensity.(2) Colored paper, when oiled, is not generally intensified, but, in case of white paper, it increases intensity.(3) To speak of oil, perilla oil or the one mixed up with a small quantity of paulownia oil is recommended.(4) When oil is twice coated, intensity is increased, but inferior oil such as substitute oil may not be very much beneficial even if twice coated.(5) As oiling method, hand-appling with waste-silk available at present is not abtained good results, it should be improved.

Below mentioned changes were observed in the quality of N-BKP and L-BKP after stored 20 days under the following conditions.(a) Applying of ultraviolet rays for 3 hours per day.(b) Applying visible ray.(c) In dark box.Table 1 and table 2 are the results of the observation after 10 days and 20 days treatments respectively, the summary is as following;-Bursting strength; decreased with the aging.Tensile strength; decreased with the aging.Brightness; almost unchanged.α-cellulose; almost unchanged.β-cellulose; slightly increased.1% NaOH sol, solubility; slightly increased.10% NaOH sol, solubility; slightly increased.Carboxyl group; distinctly increased.It seems that brightness value decreased due to the impurity or imperfect washing.In respect to paper treatment : Table 5 and 6. show the data of kraft paper exposed 20 days in the open air. According to these tables undermentioned phenomena were observed in the case of air aging;-(1) Bursting strength decreased about 30%;(2) Both 1% and 10% NaOH sol, solubilities increased by more than 250% of initial value.

This paper analyzes changes in the distribution of Soviet pulp, paper, and paperboard production between the years 1940 and 1965. Regional variation exists both in physical volume of production and in type of plant. Production of pulp and paper occurs primarily in integrated plants, whereas most paperboard is manufactured in non-integrated mills, but integrated manufacture of all three products has increased between 1940 and 1965. Regional location of production in the Soviet pulp and paper industry has been heavily influenced by historical events, by the proportion of weight lost during processing of roundwood, by creation of new mills and expansion of older establishments, and by the operational characteristics of Soviet central planning.

Synthetic Pulp, are fibrillatable and water dispersible and of a shape and size distribution similar to conventional wood pulp.Synthetic pulp can be used with natural cellulose pulps on conventional paper machine without special equipment requirements or handling problems.The synthetic pulp paper is characterized by heat sealability, dimensional stability, high brightness and opacifying ability.On the contrary, the more the ratio of synthetic-blends increases, the more paper strength decreases.The hat body paper and the converting quality test was accomplished by using synthetic pulp made from blends of polypropylene and polyethylene (Gosei-pulp produced by the Nippon Goseikagaku Co.) The most remarkable features of the hat for the summer are flexible and tough and have given excellent elastic recovery.The physical properties of these one ply paper and drycreped paper are shown in Table 1-4 and Fig. 2-4.Synthetic pulp for the summer hat will be used approximately 100 tons from October of 1972 till 1973 in Japan.

THE BASIC RAW MATERIAL of the pulp and paper industry is wood, a common, replenishable, raw material which, unlike mineral resources that are mined, can be repeatedly grown as a crop on the same land. Other sources of fibre-straw, rope, rags, and other materials-make up less than 5 per cent of the raw material used in paper making. Wood pulp and pulp from waste paper stock account for 95 per cent of the raw material requirements.

The presence of cysteine and glutathione in concentrates of the sulfhydryl constituents of orange, grapefruit, lemon, and lime has been established by filter paper chromatography. The cysteine and glutathione content of concentrates prepared from fresh and/or heated orange, grapefruit, lemon, and lime juices has been determined by direct photometric analysis on filter paper chromatograms. Heating the fresh juices resulted in significant losses of both cysteine and glutathione.

Starch xanthide, an internal adhesive for paper, imparts high levels of wet strength along with improved dry strength. Laboratory quantities of starch xanthide, degree of substitution of 0.12, were prepared and used in handsheets to evaluate incorporation procedures. The quality of these handsheets was compared with that of machine-made papers containing starch xanthide formed by a continuous process. Results showed that starch xanthide should be produced as a disperse system of insoluble particles and that large coagulated particles are less effective than small ones in changing the properties of paper. Rapid blending of starch xanthate and acidified sodium hypochlorite crosslinking reagent improves the performance of the resulting starch xanthide dispersions and reduces the amount of oxidant needed. Starch xanthide dispersions at a concentration of 0.125 %, to avoid premature coagulation, are best added after alum has been blended with pulp fibers. Up to 10 % starch xanthide was incorporated in handsheets made from a number of pulps.

The reaction between starch xanthate and alkyl diepoxide formed gels in concentrated solution (6–8%) or turbid suspensions in dilute solution (0.1–1,0%); the gelling varied with the nature of the epoxide. The gel or suspension was dispersed and added to wood pulp suspension and therefrom paper products of improved strength characteristics were formed. Also the reaction was conducted in the presence of paper furnish. Handsheets made from furnish containing a 2.5% additive level based on fiber content had burst, folding endurance, and wet and dry breaking length values 1.6, 4.6, 4.2 and 1.4 times, respectively, those of control papers. Improvement in properties was somewhat independent of the xanthate's degree of substitution but dependent on the reaction time (either separate from or in presence of fiber) and the order of addition of epoxide and xanthate.

This paper deals with the hypothesis that, in many cases, internal costs to the organization expended on capital equipment for waste treatment may be economically justifiable when external savings to others are considered. A case is examined where external savings to a water purveyor appear to balance the wastewater treatment capital of a paper plant located on the purveyor's source river.

System Optimization of Industrial Waste Treatment Design is a challenging topic in view of the ever-increasing pollution problems and the rapid development of new processes. An optimization procedure which integrates dynamic programming techniques into existing process design principles is presented. With the objective to identify the optimum combinations of various unit processes in a multistage plant, the most economic decisions are derived while meeting the ultimate design criteria. The analytical procedure utilizes the method of decision inversion in dynamic programming. A numerical example for typical paper and pulp industrial waste treatment design is presented for illustrative purposes. Many practical cost functions have also been developed for the analysis of the pulp and paper industrial wastewater treatment system which consists of different process alternatives.

With ever increasing paper machine speed, it has become desirable to minimize the sheet moisture content at the exit of press in order to maintain higher production efficiency and higher drying efficiency.For this purpose, elastoma cover materials for press rolls are to be kept as hard as possible and also nip pressure as high as possible, which is recent fundamental designing theme of high speed paper machine press part. This, however, constitutes a very severe condition for elastoma covered rolls and cover damages have taken place on press rolls in high speed paper machines. The reasons of these damages are mechanical problems and elastoma cover internal heat generation by hysteresis, both of which are caused by the above mentioned condition (i.e, high nip pressure at high speed). The hysteresis problem cam not be neglected as the machine speeds become higher. This paper shows results of analysis of this problem and calculates how much power is absorbed for internal heat generation in relatoin to total press section power consumption. These calculations were made on the basis of actual operating conditions on two machines. The calculations of actual amount of internal heat generation was also made by knowing the measurable factors for power consumption. Another investigation was performed by using experimental apparatus and a covered roll as a model at which point the generated internal heat damages the cover. It was found that the damage occurs when heat generating amount per rubber cover unit weight reaches up to 0.0840.087 kcal/kg/sec. In case of the two machines mentioned, nip pressure were 80 kg/cm, and machine speed was 600 m/min for one and 720 for the other. The generated heat was measured to be 0.0210.024 kcal/kg/sec. So, in these two cases, thermal safety factor is 34. In a machine of this size, however, if machine speed goes up to 1, 000 m/min, heat generation radically increased to 0.044 kcal/kg/sec (safety factor : 2), which will probably causes operation and maintenance trouble for elastoma covered rolls. Temperature distribution in the elastoma cover by internal heat generation appears higher from the surface to the inside. I would like, however, to leave this problem as a theme to be investigated in the future. The cover material tested in this report was polyurethane type synthetic material (hardness P & J 5).

Following reports from Australia and overseas countries of the benefits gained from the use of optical equipment in the erection of paper and other precisely erected machines (Reference Bibliography) it was decided by Australian Paper Manufacturers Ltd. in September, 1959, to make use of the modern equipment available.

Synthetic pulp for papermaking may be manufactured by beating the fibers of polyvinylalcohol (the PVA) mixed-spun with starch or the fibers of polyolefins mixed-spun with PVA polymer. Various papermaking tests were carried out with this synthetic pulp to obtain the following results. 1) The more the PVA or starch content in the fiber, the more easily can it be fibrillated and the better are the dispersibility and other properties for papermaking. 2) The PVA fibers, if pre-mixed with starch on spinning, can be made into paper by beating without mixing any other material such as wood pulp, wether the fibers have been subjected to only heat treatment or to both the heat treatment and formalization in their manufacturing process. The fibers heat-treated only may also be used as a bonding material. 3) If the beaten PVA fibers, heat-treated, are formalized to eliminate interfiber bonds, then the strength of the paper made will depend on only the tangle of the fibers and it can be estimated at a quarter of the whole strength of the same paper but not formalized. 4) Polyolefins can be converted into another synthetic pulp by means of flash-or mixed-spinning. This pulp can be made into synthetic paper, being mixed with wood pulp.5) Hydrophilic synthetic pulp may be obtained by beating the thicker fibers that are produced by mixed-spinning the three polymers : polypropylene, polyethylene and polyvinylalcohol. Such synthetic pulp can be made into paper either by itself or by mixing wood pulp in any proportion, which will be, if calendered, not inferior at all in strength to the conventional paper of wood pulp

Up to 20 mg of copper can be quantitatively separated from small quantities of gold, platinum and palladium, by ionophoresis on strips of paper pulp, 6 mm thick, 25 mm wide and 250 mm long. One millilitre of the hydrochloric acid solution of the metallic salts is placed on the paper, the ends of which are placed in cells containing 50 ml N HC1 and 25 ml N KC1. The paper is then moistened with N HC1. Carbon electrodes are used and are connected to a 12 volt D.C. supply, a current of about 200 milliamperes being recorded. The copper travels towards the cathode and after about 18 hours separates completely from the noble metals as a blue band about 75 mm in length. This band is cut out and used for the determination of the copper by electrodeposition, after decomposition of the organic matter by means of concentrated nitric and sulphuric acids.

The effects of unplasticized and plasticized synthetic resin coating on the bursting strength (BS) of papers were studied.The commercial kraft papers were coated with two kinds of commercial vinyl latices (PVC latex and PVC-polyvinyldene chloride latex) of various cone. under various drying conditions.When the coated papers are dried below the film-forming temp. Tf of latices (M. Fujii and Y. Otsuka ; Chem. of High Polym., Japan, 12, 93 (1955) and see Report I), the BS of the papers are smaller than the BS of untreated paper, but the curing effect is great. Too much plasticizer content decreases the BS, in spite of good film are formed.The authors have discussed the experimental results from the Tf of the latices and the strength of resin mass, and have succeeded to show the important nature of Tf of latices for the paper coating (see Report I, II, III and IV).

The various uses for which steam is required in paper manufacture are first discussed.Then follow particulars of the various classes of machinery to be driven, and comments on the selection of suitable electrical gear. The heating requirements for heat economy, and the various types of power plant by which this can be attained are discussed in detail, together with recommendations on how each type of plant will be used for the different types of paper mills.The utilization of existing prime movers on “heateconomy” lines is specially shown.The factors governing the choice of electric supply are then dealt with.Finally, the driving of the variable-speed end of the paper machine proper is discussed in detail. The requirements for a successful drive are first enumerated, then various means of attaining that drive, not only with a single motor, but alternatively with several motors, both electrically and mechanically interlocked, are investigated.A Table at the conclusion of the paper gives particulars of machines which have been converted for electrical working in the United Kingdom, and the total number of machines in the country.

Sizing is achieved by adding Petroleum Resin first to the pulp in beater and then, when it is well mixed with about 20% of precipitated calcium carbonate in the pulp, aluminium sulphate (“ alum ”). It will be observed the perfect of sizing on the tissue paper, or the test result of K.B.B Sizing test by sugar solution is indicated about 50 seconds, Stockigt method was 5 seconds. (40g/m2) Influences affected by the fluorescent whitening agent to the sizing effect were investigated.

Recently the fibers other than wood fibers have come to utilize as the paper making raw material worldly.The non-wood fiber resources for pulping is considered as useable economically for industrialization.In this report, several vegetable fibers are studied except the wood fibers as the natural resourees for pepar making pulp.

Poly (vinyl acetate) emulsion was incorporated to paper by (1) beater addition and (2) saturation. The addition of (poly vinyl acetate) solution to paper was also accomplished by (3) saturation. Measurements of percentage resin retentions of the modified sheets (gms. of resin retained per 100 gms pulp) obtained from the pulps of various degrees of beating by three different procedures (1, 2, 3) were made efficiently. The surface structures of the untreated as well as various PVAc resin treated sheets were examined by optical and electron microscopes. The effect of beating on the fibres and the sheets was studied. The differences in the surface structures of the modified sheets owing to the difference in the method of resin treatment and the quantity of resin retained to the sheets and the mechanism of polymer deposition were discussed. In the case of both emulsion and solution saturation it was found that the percentage of resin retention was decreased with the increase in the degree of beating but increased with the increase in the solid, content in the emulsion and solution respectively. On the other hand the beater added sheets showed an increase in the percentage of retention both with the increase in the degree of beating as well as the resin-pulp ratio The percentage of resin pick up (gms. of resin picked up per 100 gms of resin used) by the beater added sheets was found to increase remarkably with the increase in the degree of beating and showed a considerable increment with the increase in the resin-pulp ratio particularly those from the beaten pulp. The measurement of percentage of pick up gave some information to the study of the mechanism of polymer deposition on fibre by beater addition procedure.

A YEAR ago the authors reported that the paper industry was on its way up from a minor dip that had reached its minimum in July 1952 and that a feeling of optimism for 1953 pervaded the industry. Beginning in April 1953 production ratios attained levels significantly above those of the previous year, and have remained there steadily, as shown by the accompanying graphs. This near-capacity rate was apparently leading to new high production records for the year. For the first three quarters, total production of paper and board amounted to 19,915,000 tons, a 10.6% increase over 1952, and this level was being maintained in the last quarter. Paper was up 3.5% and board 18.4%. There was, of course, considerable variation in different categories. Newsprint was down 6% for the first three quarters, and fine papers down 3%. Tissues and absorbent papers were up 15%, and book papers showed an 11% increase. All types of ...