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This paper analyzes the political and military relationship between Santa Marta, in the Caribbean nation New Granada, and Havana, Cuba, during the independence process. These were two cities where the support for the Spanish monarchy had deep roots, and where many actions and policies were developed in order to support the King and maintain the hegemony of the Crown, along with the Cortes de Cádiz. Also, this paper explains the government's actions and responses in these cities to confront the independence process initiated by the patriots. Furthermore, there is an explanation of the fluvial, naval and land battles waged against other cities that were committed to the independence cause between 1810 and 1815. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a review of the research findings documented in literature about factors associated with academic scores in college students and their relationship with the quality of higher education in general, using as a reference studies carried out in Spain, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, and Costa Rica. These factors are grouped in three categories: personal determinants, social determinants, and institutional determinants that, at the same time, hold their own indicators. Emphasis is given to the fact that the search for educational quality is a desired good for different sectors of society, and for which universities fight from different fields, with major concerns in the public sector due to the investment involved. The search for quality implies ah integral review of the university that includes studies about the academic results of students, because those results are an important input and allow the identification of limiting and enabling elements of academic performance and, consequently, facilitate the control of public resources and the social impact mediation. The analysis of the educational quality must include research results about the academic results of the students since it is of great use in the decision making process aiming for a more fair educational system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]