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At the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern Age, the reform of the religious orders and its support by the different groups of power and political agents introduced new ways of looking, seeing, understanding, and interacting in the monastic and convent environment. In this paper we will analyse the way in which religious communities, and especially female ones, subjected to a strict enclosure, interacted with the different spaces and architectural scenarios, as well as with the iconographic programs developed in them, trying to highlight the important role played by sight, or the deprivation of it, as a devotional and contemplative instrument in the observant Castilian context of the 15th and early 16th centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the evolution of the relations of benefactoría and protection between the nobility and the urban patriciate, on the one hand, and the religious orders, on the other, during the Castilian Late Middle Ages. The focus will be on the various monastic and conventual foundations carried out by these groups, as well as the donations and protection provided to religious centers. An overall analysis will be made of the different religious orders that were present in Castile during the study period: traditional -Benedictines, Cistercians and Premonstratensians-, mendicants -Franciscans, Dominicans, Augustinians and Carmelites-, redeemers of captives -Trinitarians and Mercedarians- and the orders that entered Castile in the first Trastámara reigns -Hyeronimites and Carthusians-. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the features and practices of military command during a war of conquest, as exhibited by Castilian captains at the dawn of Iberian Atlantic expansion between the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age. Focusing on Castilian royal chronicles of military campaigns against the aboriginal people of the Canary Islands, such texts demonstrate continuities with the military discourse developed during the war against the Muslims in medieval Spain, as well as adaptation to a new geographical, social and cultural context, embodied in the experiences of the conquest of the Americas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the use of a documentary source from the 18th century, the Ensenada Cadastre, as a tool of geohistorical study. This documentary source provides a way of furthering knowledge about the economy of each town in the crown of Castile. The town of Cubillas de Santa Marta, in the province of Valladolid, has been used as an example here. Thanks to this analysis of the cadastral documentation, it has been possible to analyse the agricultural activity and the distribution of crops, to determine the resulting landscape, and thus to be able to compare that with its current state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to make a sociological study of the Castilian episcopacy in the reign of Enrique IV (1454-1474). We will analyse differents sociological aspects of the bishops, such as their number, appointment age, social and regional origins, education or their pre-episcopal careers. The ultimate goal is to move towards a better knowledge of the bishops as an ecclesiastical and power elite in late medieval Castile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population decline and ageing do not only affect rural areas. The aim of this paper is to analyze the demographic trends of the 50 Spanish capital cities from 2002 to 2019. We create clusters of growing, stable and declining cities according to the economic growth period 2014-2019. We then analyze the contribution of natural growth and different types of migration to the growth rate. Finally, we measure the population change by age over time. For this research, a demographic analysis approach has been applied using register microdata from the Spanish Statistical Office-Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE). Our results show a new trend of population decline in 15 Spanish capital cities, 7 of them in the periphery region of Castile and León. While suburbanization was the most important factor of population shrinkage before the 2008 economic crisis, out-migration of young populations to the global Spanish cities and negative natural growth are currently the main components of demographic decline. These shrinking cities have also been receiving fewer migrants from abroad and rural areas, while observing an increase in their ageing population and a decrease in their female population between the ages 15 and 49. Meanwhile, the number of inhabitants in the 11 major capital cities has been rising due to the increase in international immigration since 2014, as it was before 2008, and to a lesser extent by internal migration from other Spanish cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Habsburg sale of jurisdictions in Castile allowed a vast number of wealthy men to climb the Early Modern social pyramid by obtaining titles akin to those of feudal lords. This paper analyses the case of Antonio Álvarez de Bohorques, 1st Marquis of Los Trujillos, who tried to build a manorial state by buying up estates between the Kingdoms of Granada and Jaén. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the Castilian lanza, making a proposal on its origin, and reveals our stance on an underlying issue regarding this topic: it has been discussed by many Historians from different perspectives that, far from removing all doubt, have generated some confusion. One of these is the time frame. While the available data allow to determine a specific point in time for the emergence of the lanza in Castile, some authors have formulated different hypotheses as a result of either tracking semantic records in all kinds of texts -mainly literary-or following evidence in a military-organizational context. Another research line, also military-related, has been focused on finding equivalents in other late medieval European territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to study the features of the military command that was exerted by the kings of Castile in Late Middle Ages with respect to its performance during the campaigns against the Muslims, particularly from the reign of king Alfonso XI to the conquest of Granada by the Catholic Kings. These military traits were strongly associated to the notions of 'the recovery of Spain' (restauratio Hispaniae, 'Reconquista'), Crusade and Chivalry. From its analysis through 14th-15th centuries chronistical texts, we propose the hypothesis that this medieval model of monarchical military leadership, linked to the aforementioned ideological framework, could have been reflected in the narrative of the 'Crónicas de Indias' and concurrently have been assumed by the Spanish captains of the Conquest of America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to make a review from a diplomacy perspective of the municipal ordinances, which are some of the most important documents among those belonging to the medieval chancellery, despite there is little knowledge about them as studies have been few. The analysis has been limited to the oldest municipal norms of Guadalajara, due to their antiquity, the way they were managed by the crown and due to their interesting content about urban supply. The main contribution consisted in their documentary exploration. Likewise, perspectives for future diplomatic reasonings through comparative research have been specified. Our proposal will therefore allow a deeper knowledge about the installation and evolution of the municipal ordinances in the 14th and 15th centuries in the kingdom of Castile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to introduce the results of a research work about the psychosocial references within the family context, made with nine adolescent mothers between 16 and 20 years of age. The research was performed in the Aranjuez and Castilla sectors, in Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia, where the Fundación Carla Cristina's UPAs (Pedagogical Support Units, for the acronym in Spanish) work. This qualitative research work was oriented to the phenomenological-hermeneutical method and aims to understand the meaning of the motherhood experience in the exercise of breeding children among the adolescents and to establish the generational continuity/discontinuity between mothers and daughters. Semi-structured interviews a reflection workshop and dialogs with the grandmothers were performed in order to analyze the links between mothers and children, the structure of the rules, the way affection is exercised and the influence of the family support networks on the role of the mothers and on the breeding ways. Among the findings, the way adolescent mothers re-take conceptions from their mothers and the forms in which they exercise motherhood are remarked, and also is the way they give new meanings and modify the link and the interaction ways with their children under affection terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to present the most important historic reasons for which Spanish, since the mid-thirteenth century, became an official language of the Kingdom of Castile and Leon, beating the half century France and England. The effect of the imposition of castellano drecho, a term used by the King Alfonso X is normativization and homogenization of the Old Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the uses of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the universities of Castilla and León. We believe that the integration of ICT in the universities is essential for the development of a university system in line with the requirements of the knowledge society. This piece of work must be placed within a research that has analyzed the use of ICT in higher education in the universities of Castilla and León. In our view, the uses of ICT in higher education are one of the main key indicators for its level of integration. With this research, whose goals relate to ascertaining the level of integration of ICT in the universities of Castilla and León, we seek to identify the factors that influence the use-avoidance of ICT by professors, and to describe the uses that they make of ICT in the development of their profession (teaching and research). For this reason, we have conducted an ex-post-facto research with a descriptive and improvement-seeking motivation. Even though the results of this research highlight the widespread use of ICT within universities, they also point out that this use is superficial and indicate a lack of actual integration of ICT in the universities of Castilla and León. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural innovation programs have been a real shock for certain European regions, because they have represented a huge investment that's needed for proper management to direct some structural funds. In this sense, this paper analyzes the investment of these programs in developing measures to support rural tourism sector, which marked a significant increase in supply at various levels: increasing rural accommodation, the number of beds available for tourists, rehabilitation of heritage, value and recovery of historical elements and the historical, cultural, architectural and natural countryside. The empirical analysis of this study is developed for the region of Castilla-La Mancha, using the latest information available investment under the Shift-share methodology, which identifies the different effects (global, structural and competitive) that these programmes have on these initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the environment is very changeable, so firms have to base their competitive advantages on intangible resources, and one of them human resources. As a result of this, training is receiving special attention on the part of the firms and, nowadays, many firms attach great importance to this practice within human resources management. The training must be planned to address the lack of skills of employees and the training plan must answer "who, when, where and how". In the present paper, we will analyze, in a qualitative and quantitative way, how the above mentioned training process is developed within the firms. With this purpose in mind we have used a data base of 572 companies from Castilla-La Mancha with at least 50 employees, from which we obtained 118 valid questionnaires (20,6%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the origin and evolution of three health archives at the Hospital de León that forms part of the Public Health Service of the region of Castilla and León (Spain). The principle of provenance is essential to decide upon the organisation of medical histories archives and all the documents included in them. The study assesses the management of the above mentioned health archives in order to highlight the importance of appropriate cataloguing, shelving and storage of medical records for an efficient day–to–day running of hospitals. The results will be useful in estimating the approximate cost of a proper archives management when taking into account factors such as patients staying longer than expected in hospital or the need to repeat medical tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to describe dairy sheep husbandry systems in the regions of Castilla and León (Spain), bearing in mind the relative importance of this production within the world, European and Spanish contexts. The social and economic aspects where the activity takes place are described, as well as the productive and economic aspects of the current husbandry systems, with a special focus on the comparison of systems with a larger or lesser degree of intensification. Finally, an analysis is included of the changes that have taken place in the dairy sheep production systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]