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The research field on textbooks for Music Education is relatively recent, a fact that brings yet a timid corpus or researches. Concerning digital textbooks, those researches are even scarcer. This paper discusses the digital solutions for Music Education in basic schooling in Brazil, and elect as study objects the «Teacher's digital textbooks» for Art/Music Education, distributed by the Brazilian federal textbook program known as PNLD, in its 2020 edition. The theoretical framework is related to "manualistics" and studies connected to the concepts of schooling culture. The main method of this research is the document analysis taking as object the twenty eight digital art/music textbooks approved by the 2020 PNLD program. The results show that: digital textbooks became a reality in the Brazilian public textbook programs; the nature of those textbooks are still being shaped what is revealed by a variety of contours and structures, different of what happens in the printed version of textbooks, usually seen as more uniformed; the didactic models of those digital textbooks are, in general, still conservative, revealing a tendency of maintaining methodological models of the printed books. Finely, this research allows highlighting the efforts in offering better Art/Music digital textbooks to Brazilian students, enabling a dialogue with aspects of the contemporary world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the behavior of a group of industrial multinational subsidiaries located in Brazil in the period 2003-2019. In this context, their surplus increased substantially because of the rise in commodity prices. For this reason, we intend to analyze the destination of the surplus towards non-productive uses. The methodology used incorporated accounting data that were processed to construct useful variables within the disciplinary framework of political economy and economics for economic development. Through this, it was possible to measure the capital flight and financial investments of the selected companies. This paper ties in with the debate on financialization, global productive changes and the forms these phenomena take in developing countries. Despite the surplus increase, the selected firms lost productive density because they promoted non-productive uses, in a general context of the Brazilian economy characterized by financialization and deindustrialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to explain the Bolsa Familia Plan and interpret its meaning in Brazilian capitalism. First, it maintains that its emergence was result of the pauperism associated with the increase of the overpopulation, the incremental adjustment with respect to the trajectory of the Brazilian assistance policy and of the internationalization of that policy. Second, it argues that its deployment was explained by the succession of its incremental adjustments from the trial-and-error process, and by its own internationalization. Third, it maintains that, as a result of his deployment, the program modified his initial management mode, which was expressed at a higher level of institutionality, massiveness and technification, which in turn resulted in his greater legitimacy and political gravitation. The PBF strengthened the capacity of the Brazilian state to articulate consensual domination and, with it, to mediate the subordination of labor to capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports the political violence, censorship, and state terrorism in the first years of the Brazilian military dictatorship in United States' press, especially through the coverage of The New York Times. The research aims to offer more details about how the paper's coverage affected the change in public opinion inside and outside Brazil, with the hardening of the Brazilian dictatorship with the AI-5, that also documented institutionally the process of transition between the ideas of "revolution" and "military dictatorship", considering also, in this context, the Alliance for Progress' policies, idealized by the president Kennedy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its appearance in 2020, Brazil and Mexico have been among the most affected countries in the world by covid-19. Their respective presidents, Jair Bolsonaro and Andrés Manuel López Obrador (known as AMLO), have played a leading role in specific policies during the pandemic. Their choices were both singular and counter- intuitive. On the health front, AMLO initially underplayed the seriousness of the situation, and the Brazilian president, Bolsonaro, defended a frankly negationist attitude, with a dramatic balance sheet, without his popularity being seriously affected. On the economic front, they have chosen policies that contradict not only each other but also their own supposed ideological stances. Bolsonaro, who is ranked on the far right, has implemented an emergency transfer program on a scale comparable to those of developed countries and the most massive the country has ever seen. Conversely, AMLO, considered a progressist, provided just a minimum policy package, maintaining his previous electoral program. By adopting a comparative approach and mobilizing a unique and diversified set of data, the objective of this paper is to explore these apparent contradictions. After having established the precise diagnosis of the policies implemented to deal with the crisis and the economic and health situation in the two countries during the 2020-2022 period, we propose an original interpretation grid of the central role played by the two presidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the concept of geoethics and its application in the professional practice of geosciences. Geoethics involves research and reflection on the values and principles that underpin appropriate behaviours wherever human actions interact with the earth system. It advocates for solutions to the problems of human-Earth interaction and contributes to protecting humanity and citizens in the professional field and everyday life. After evaluating the common geoethical problem in Latin America, provide examples from three South American countries: Peru, Chile and Brazil. The synergistic action of the geoscientific community in promoting a geoethical framework is discussed. The need for transparent, quantitative, rational and repeatable analyses is highlighted to ensure high professionalism in conducting studies. The importance of providing role models for young and beginning geoscientists and correctly disseminating geoscientific information to the public is further emphasized. The ability to communicate effectively is a fundamental requirement to train engineers, geologists and geoscientists capable of addressing global issues such as environmental management, geological hazards, and energy transition. Additionally, the implementation of geoethics in geological engineering and geoscience careers is proposed to promote social and environmental responsibility among young graduates and scientists starting their careers to prevent unethical professional practices and improve the visibility of geosciences and its benefits to society. The article concludes by calling for the involvement of geoscientists in public policies for the protection of geological heritage and the promotion of geoethical values, as well as the creation of a professional group to develop and promote geoscience didactics to improve educational quality in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the short story "2035", by Veronica Stigger, focusing in its construction over a boundary zone between the history of the Ragamuffin War and the constructed imaginary about this conflict inside South Brazil literary system. At first, studies of how the Ragamuffin War was represented in the history of literature are reviewed. Then, some pieces of news are analyzed for the purpose of understanding how the literary imaginary impacts contemporary thought in crystallizing a Ragamuffin War's romantic interpretation. Finally, "2035" is explored specifically in how this story dialogues with the history of South Brazil literature and with the contemporary popular discursiveness, rearranging the Ragamuffin War's romantic symbolism to express another side of the same myth. The results show how Stigger creates a "reverse imaginary" to Ragamuffin War, through a dystopian filter directed to what would be its bicentenary; the traditional ode to the Ragamuffin War's alleged republican values of liberty and equality is subverted in a representation of the elitist interests of those who idealized this revolution, of the not so triumphant side of this combat, of all the blood shed during this period and of the mysticism that involves the evoking of the Ragamuffin's past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on an in-depth reflection on the role of utopias in political projects that intervene in international relations, this article aims to analyse the change of direction of Brazil's foreign policy in the period 2003-2022. This involves observing the transformation of the country's international action, from a position of defender of the Global South to one of champion of the West. To this end, this proposal will make use of the information offered by primary sources --official documents and speeches of the presidency and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs-- and secondary sources --analysis of academic publications--. With this in mind, it will provide an extensive theoretical introduction, through which it will genealogically address utopian thinking in the discipline of International Relations and the field of Foreign Policy Analysis. Subsequently, it will define two discursive strategies that allude to antagonistic projects of international insertion based on opposing utopian imaginaries, and which have guided the Brazilian worldview of international reality in the first two decades of the twenty-first century: the Brazil of the Global South and the Brazil of the West. By way of conclusion, the paper will offer some final reflections, highlighting the role played by both representations in Brazil's domestic and international projection for the government's term of office that started in 2023. It is understood that both worldviews have their origins in Brazil's tradition of international thought, but also incorporate variables that refer to transnational utopian projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este artículo se inserta en el campo de los estudios de la poesía oral, más específicamente el de las competencias de poetry slam, tomando como caso el Slam Coalkan, primer evento indígena a nivel mundial en ese formato, realizado en 2021 a través de una colaboración entre festivales de Brasil y Canadá, que reunió poetas de los hemisferios sur y norte de Abya Yala. A partir de una observación crítica, este estudio describe y analiza dicho campeonato, enfatizando la importancia de la oralidad para las culturas de los pueblos originarios, la cual es la protagonista en un contexto como el de los poetry slams. Anclado en referencias teóricas sobre literatura indígena, el estudio pretende resaltar la necesidad de una atenta escucha a las voces de esos sujetos históricamente silenciados y marginados que ponen de relieve saberes ancestrales en sus narrativas de lucha, emancipación y resistencia. Además, al divulgar este acontecimiento inédito, el artículo hace de su objetivo valorar y defender la legitimidad de la poesía que se produce y circula en los slams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper makes an economic assessment of Jair Bolsonaro's presidency. It analyzes the triangle of incompatibilities: high income inequality-reprimarization of the economy-high economic growth; and if one adds the environment, one could say the impossible squaring of the circle. The result of this impossibility is economic stagnation, persistent high inequality, deterioration of the standard of living, especially of the poorest, and serious damage to the environment through deforestation. The pandemic and the war in Ukraine have shaken an already "sick" economy and reveal the structural crisis in Brazil, as well as the turning points in the functioning of the labor market. The present ruptures suggest the political exhaustion of the current presidency and that the country is at a crossroads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose to analyze the recent Folha de S. Paulo campaign "in service" of democracy as a part of its 100-year anniversary, officially commemorated in February 2021. On that occasion, the newspaper sought to position itself as an active subject, capable of even teaching its readers what was the period of the military dictatorship in Brazil by exploring the image that it had (always) been the "Diretas newspaper", an incisive criticism of the regime in the process of political redemocratization. In this way, we identified how the ephemeris was used in an attempt to legitimize the institution's authority, enabling the newspaper to act "in its service" and, therefore, reinforce a particular story, circumscribed by (re)invented traditions that have sought to define its own identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the impact of the feedback relationship that exists between inflation, its uncertainty, and the economic growth of the two main Latin American economies. A Bivariate Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity model is developed, which also allows the identification of asymmetric impacts on the conditional volatility of the product and inflation, the sample period corresponds to January 1985 to June 2019. Additionally, causality tests are developed to identify the fulfillment of the main hypotheses raised. Among the main findings is the verification of the Friedman-Ball hypothesis for both countries in most of the lags. Regarding the second hypothesis, it is found that the central bank of Mexico has presented a stabilizing behavior, while in the Brazilian case an opportunistic behavior has been identified. In the third hypothesis, no causal relationship of inflationary uncertainty towards economic growth is identified, in the case of Mexico; while, in the case of Brazil, an ambivalent causality has been identified, regarding the number of lags. Finally, in the fourth hypothesis we find results that corroborate, mainly for both economies, a positive effect from inflation on economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the application of the transparency laws of Brazil and Spain in a comparative perspective, seeking to know what mechanisms housed in these websites facilitate the access of the citizens to the information and to check, at the same time, the degree of application of transparency laws. Therefore, the type of research chosen is descriptive with a comparative approach, and as a procedure used usability tests on the institutional transparency sites of Brazil and Spain. In these tests, were evaluated criteria such as technical usability, information, communication and services. We also used the bibliographic, with the documentary research method with the intention of provoking a reflection about the object studied. From the preliminary analysis of the basic bibliographies during this paper, it could be observed that there is a relationship between transparency and citizenship, and understanding this phenomenon is important to understand if the tools that facilitate transparency are capable of influencing the practices of good governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to identify social protests that took place in Brazil and Argentina during the first 100 days of the Pandemic known as COVID 19 determining the symbols, slogans, and demands of those who lead the collective action. The identity perspective of collective action and a collection of qualitative information allowed to reconstruct its political trajectory and its dynamics. The argument developed in this paper consists in understanding social protest from the dynamic of social polarization. In fact, despite differences in health strategy and presidential leadership styles, the dynamics of social polarization characteristic of the pre-pandemic era, have persisted in terms of collective actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing dispute between the United States of America and China finds a main area of competition around 5G, which will enable a substantial improvement in the capacity for vehicle auto-guidance, remote operations, robotics, artificial intelligence and other dual-use applications. While 5G is still emerging, the global shaping of the network infrastructure, regulations, patents and standards involves the Global South. It is an eminently global dispute for markets, but also for national security, which has gained a central place on the foreign policy agenda of most of the countries around the globe. In this context, the objective of this text is to analyze the emergent conditions of 5G in two of the main countries of the Global South, India and Brazil, within the dispute between the US and China. Through the contextualization of this dispute and its implications in India and Brazil, we seek to extract a series of preliminary reflections for other countries of the Global South. Thus, this paper contributes to a key area understanding the emergent conditions of a new phase of the mobile telecommunications paradigm developing two main cases still unexplored systematically by the literature in Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates wage discrimination against workers with disabilities, as well as its interactions with other social markers of inequality, gender and race/color, using data from the 2010 Demographic Census (IBGE). Four types of disability are investigated: visual, hearing, motor, and mental. A multivariate regression model controlling for occupational fixed effects was used. The results indicate that there is wage discrimination for the four types of disability analyzed. It is observed that the greatest discrimination occurs for workers with severe visual impairment, followed by physical disabilities and, lastly, mental and hearing disabilities. However, such discrimination is of small magnitude when compared to other social markers of inequality, such as gender and race/color. The effect of gender, for example, is six times greater than that of visual impairment while non-white people suffer almost four times more discrimination. When considering the accumulation of the social markers of inequality, disability, gender, and race/color, it is confirmed that black women with and without disabilities are those who suffer the most from wage discrimination in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the content of discussions held over three seminars on the theme of the heterogeneous subfield of Social Cartography in Brazil and in Latin America. It produces a reflection that represents the issues raised by those who design, develop and participate in these cartographic experiences. It cited relevant literature, but most of the contributions presented emerged from discussions that took place during these events. The research aims to contribute to the expansion of cartographic discussion in Brazil and in Latin America, which includes different perspectives and ideas about conceptual, epistemological and methodological dimensions of mapping experiences that increasingly integrate situations of cartographic disputes that are being overlapping territorial disputes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focus on the religious and political issue in Brazil from a socio-historical perspective. In recent years, we have seen the rise of the right-wing, anarcho-capitalist biopower in socio-political and reactionary-conservative terms in religious terms. How was the emergence of the current religious-political panorama possible? There are two complementary interpretative hypotheses: the construction of a conservative and reactionary religious-political camp and neoliberal social and economic changes. The research methodology is qualitative and primary and secondary documentary sources on contemporary Brazilian religion and politics were used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade there have been several debates about the relevance of online news comments. While some question the hate speech that is verified in these spaces, others highlight the possibility of exchanging opinions. This paper proposes a methodological tool to measure the quality of online news comments, using a sample of 300 comments on highly visible websites in Portugal (Público; Sapo), Spain (El País; 20 Minutos) and Brazil (UOL; Folha S. Paulo). The results determine that commentators tend to use a little personal argumentation (82.3%), although relevant to the discussion in question (60.3%), with few grammatical errors (14.7%) or aggressive interventions (31.7%). Following the Online Comment Policy Evaluation Model (Known in Spanish as MPONC), it is concluded that websites with quality comment moderation systems attract more relevant and timely interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses data from the pioneering and the latest research in Serranópolis, Goiás, Brazil. It focuses on subjects such as landscape, mobility, territoriality, distribution of rock art sites, lithic material, anthropic action, and natural processes as elements that impact archaeological sites. The approach includes the hunter-gathering groups from the Itaparica (Paranaíba Phase) and Serranópolis (Serranópolis Phase) Traditions from Upper to Middle Holocene, which are characterized by their set of lithic artifacts. Therefore, some data resulting from research that took place between 2000 and 2020 by several researches were included in the previous study from 1980 to 2000 by Schmitz and his crew. The key element is the landscape analysed within a multidsciplinary approach through the Landscape Archaeology. This paper emphasizes some subjects that must be reanalyzed through current techniques and sustains that new excavations need to take place with a special attention to the relation between the landscape and the data developed under a geoarqueological point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social and solidarity economy and agroecology in family agriculture cooperatives in Brazil as a form of development of sustainable agriculture We urgently need to rethink solidarity and social economy strategies focused on endogenous development subjects and rural world. Social questions as food sovereignty, right to food, gender equality or small productions viability must be addressed and evaluated, among other reasons, because of their current importance in the political agendas of organisms such as the FAO or the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). These institutions have been warning for decades about the social and environmental need of turning the goal of food sovereignty into reality. The concept of Food Sovereignty was defined in 1996 during the FAO Summit on the Right to Food in Rome. There, the Vía Campesina movement defined Food Sovereignty as a social and political concept essential to build bridges between the agroecological and social and solidarity economy perspectives. This movement referred to the sovereignty of communities, peoples and consumers in order to decide what to eat, what to produce and how the territorial development must be according to its limitations and endogenous characteristics. This concept proposed a higher visibility for the peasant movement, taking into consideration the lack of attention paid as an intermediary agent in international forums and decision-making spaces on the World Trade Organisation or the development policies of other international institutions. the proposal of an agenda focused on concepts (endogenous development, Food Sovereignty), we need located agri-food systems which work from the logics of community economies, social-solidarity economies and caring economies. We consider that our monitoring and researching projects must reflect this need of theoretical and methodological frames. These ones combine inputs from different fields of social and environmental sustainability. Because of these reasons, this paper aims to understand how the Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) as well as the Agroecology can contribute to the economic, social, ecological and political sustainability of family agriculture in Brazil. For this purpose, the dimensions and different ways for viability of selected family exploitations will be exposed. The study is about collecting how the ESS and the Agroecology dialogue on many factors related to sustainability in the production system and peasants' organisation. One of the commonest problems of many SSE experiences is how environmental protection remains at a second stage, if compared to democracy or redistribution issues. Therefore, by adopting Agroecology, the current agroecosystems artificialisation model could be changed. This system would be more suitable for social and ecological reproduction through new proposals of technical, ecological, agronomical and social production. Via this production, a sustainable management of natural resources could be achieved avoiding degradation of the environment. Another question to deal in this paper is the role developed by the short circuits of commercialisation in the promotion of agroecological strategies conceived at the same time as an answer from the perspective of social and solidarity economy. Short circuits of commercialisation are essential elements, especially for peasants and for the endogenous rural development, in order to link again production and consumption to principles of proximity, reliance, and sustainability. The adoption of short circuits as a strategy for territory sovereignty and a defence is a way of guaranteeing the economic aspects as well as the social ones in Agroecology. Our case studies are based in representative experiences of different ways of commercialisation in the Northern and Southern regions of Brazil: Associação dos Agricultores Ecologistas de Ipê y Antonio Prado (Ecologist Farmers Association of Ipê and Antonio Prado, AECIA) and the Cooperativa de Irituia (Cooperative of Irituia). The AECIA is in the Brazilian province of Rio Grande do Sul, Northeast region, in the municipalities of Antonio Prado and Ipê. These present an intermediate level of capitalisation, where the production systems integrate vegetal and animal productions, outlining the conventional and ecological fruticulture (grape, apple, peach), ecological horticulture, dairy cattle, marking livestock, pigs, birds and corn. The Cooperative of Irituia is in the Northern region of Brazil, province of Pará, municipality of Irituia, in the Northeast mesoregion. Its population mainly lives in the rural environment. Its local economy, which is based in agriculture and wood extraction and transformation, is mainly composed of family peasants that practice subsistence farming. Both belong to the tradition of family agriculture in Brazil, but they present a different approach in their ecological, community or economic perspective where they interact. Regarding the method for the case study, we have applied a qualitative approach through several social research techniques, some of them are explicative (interviews, experts panel), other are more inductive (survey based in three dimensions: Agroecology, New Commons and SSE) and other are more descriptive (secondary sources, interviews to key informers). With all this material, we have made a proposal of social-economic, social-cultural and productive sustainable indicators. In this way, we can test the sustainability approach of these initiatives in the long term. Results of the research point to the existence of differences between the analysed cooperatives regarding productive, social, political and economic viability, not only from the SSE but also the Agroecology. Because of this, the AECIA offers better values in all the studied items instead of the Cooperative of Irituia. At a theoretical level, this work demonstrates a more complex approach to the short circuits in the agri-food channels. Furthermore, from a common agroecological and SSE point of view, those are introduced as an umbrella for democratisation of our agri-food systems, meanwhile defending the right to food as well as a sustainable and healthful production suitable to the physical and cultural context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roraima is one of the main entrances for Venezuelan migrants who have to cope with a severe humanitarian crisis. Immigration triggered an increase in the already overburdened public services. One solution involved the establishment of an Interiorization Plan to displace immigrants within Brazil. Current paper analyzes the emergence/necessity of a cooperative federalism of the municipality. The model and the plan are analyzed to see whether these factors contribute towards the effectiveness of host public policies for Venezuelan immigrants and refugees. Current deductive and hermeneutic paper investigates the structure of the cooperative federal state, financial autonomy and federative independence and the needs of effectiveness of host public policies. Results show cooperation as a path to achievement and the establishment of a compensatory fund which would minimize expenses when migratory waves occur in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PREDICTIVE SCENARIOS OF SHORELINE POSITIONING OF MATINHOS – PARANÁ (BRAZIL): SUBSIDIES FOR COASTAL MANAGEMENT. The Brazilian government launched in 2018 a National Program for Shoreline Conservation – PROCOSTA, a permanent program directed at gathering reliable information regarding the current coastline situation, predictions and identifying possible shoreline hazards. These hazards can be defined as natural phenomena that can result in material and human damages, including coastal erosion processes. This paper seeks to identify the shoreline variations, observing selected sites with erosion and to predict scenarios following the time set intervals suggested by PROCOSTA in the city of Matinhos, on the South coast of the state of Paraná – Brazil. The results are presented with possible solutions to the coastal erosion problems with the investigated data which comprises an overall analysis of the Matinhos shoreline evolution, generated from spatial and temporal images acquired from a time interval between 1951 until 2016. The sites studied near anthropogenic interference, at the shoreline and next to the mouth of the Matinhos river present scenarios suggesting that the infrastructures built on the beachfront will be reached by the sea in the next 25 years. Beaches located north of Matinhos with preserved spits vegetation have presented a more stable scenario, where erosion does not tend to reach the buildings within a period of 100 years. This paper is aware of the limitations of the temporal mapping of shorelines and it is not a prediction, but intends to be a starting point for land use and sustainable future planning, providing a base for assertive actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a report of personal experiences with the deceased psychologist Fernando González Rey. Also, this text briefly presents his academic trajectory, emphasizing the background of the research path that culminated in the development and development of the Theory of Subjectivity from a cultural-historical perspective. González Rey was a renowned Cuban psychologist, who did part of his studies in the former Soviet Union and spent the last two decades of his life in Brazil. His prolific and extensive work offers contributions to a critical and innovative reading of the legacy of cultural-historical psychology, as well as advances in a new theoretical definition, along with its epistemological and methodological foundations, of human subjectivity. Importantly, this paper highlights not only González Rey's creativity as an author, but also the generosity, enthusiasm, strength and passion that characterized him as an educator and as a human being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at analyzing two types of eristic argumentative interactions held in CNN Brazil YouTube channel: an interaction between debaters and mediators in the 'Debate 360' show and an interaction between the comments of the social network users about the same debate. The study draws on Plantin's (2008) interactional perspective on argumentation, on Amossys's (2018) view on argumentative polemics, on Walton's (1998) conception of eristic dialogue and on Culpeper's (2011) and Blitvich's (2010) discussion on interactive impoliteness. The corpus is composed, in terms of the debate, of twelve argumentative interventions and, in terms of comments, of a chain of nine utterances, all of them characterized by the instantiation of eristic features. The analysis focuses on (1) the interaction between two specialists, mediated by two journalists, about a controverse theme - the usage of hydroxichloroquine on Covid-19 patients, and (2) the interaction between the social network users in reaction to the debaters' argumentation. The study shows which characteristics of polemics are instantiated in both interactions, specifies the features of the eristic dialogue that characterize the interactions and indicates how impoliteness acts are associated with argumentation. The results enable to comprehend how eristic argumentative interactions work in the digital environment and how the formation of ideological bubbles affords opportunities for conflicts of opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consolidation and articulation between universities open up a privileged space for possible discussions, reflections and construction of significant proposals for academic actions to enable interdisciplinary technical-scientific work. The University Network on the Latin American Integration Route (UniRila) was created in 2016, with the purpose of developing actions that support feasibility studies for the Bioceanic Corridor between Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina and Chile. This paper intends to analyze the identity and cultural relationship between Porto Murtinho-Brasil and Carmelo Peralta-Paraguay with actions of UniRila perspective, emphasizing the principles and values that culture is guided by, to support a people’s cultural paradigm in their habits, beliefs, values and identities besides cultural diffusion and preservation. The research used the deductive method with a systemic scope through bibliographic and documentary surveys. Therefore, in order to better understand issues related to culture and identity processes, it is necessary to briefly note what is culture and the cultural relationships between Porto Murtinho and Carmelo Peralta as the Bioceanic Corridor is consolidated. It is inferred that the established relationship leads to the observation that the cultural intertwining will be in constant mutation or transformation as the interaction and social integration occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an investigation on the strategies of higher education teachers to adopt academic activities to virtuality in times of pandemic. An exploratory study was conducted, conducted interviews with university professors from South American countries in order to learn about the different realities. The results suggest that the strategies in the different countries were similar, but in Brazil there was a great distinction between public and private institutions. Most of the teachers moved their classes for remote activities, being that they perceive that the difficulties of connection and access to digital technologies is an intervening factor for the continuity of classes and the attention to students. It is also concluded that students are more collaborative and tend to maintain or increase relationships with other students to overcome the barriers and difficulties imposed by social isolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the first decade of the 21st century, São Paulo's State Government, in Brazil, promoted the construction of a series of schools designed by different local architectural firms, using a system of prefabricated pieces that allowed adapting the projects to the sites and demands of each region, keeping the budget under control. This initiative allowed building dozens of buildings, relieving the school deficit of the most impoverished regions of the state and promoting the construction of public buildings with great social impact by a whole generation of architects. This paper presents the Prefabricated Schools Program guidelines, promoted by the Foundation for the Development of Education (FDE, in Portuguese) illustrating it with seven projects that showcase the architectural richness achieved by the firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present the main ecological restoration techniques developed to meet a need to restore dry areas in Brazil impacted by great infrastructure works. A set of inexpensive and easy to execute nucleation techniques was developed to recover very degraded areas, considering both the elements of deforested areas and the surrounding landscape conditions. Five types of intervention have been proposed, ranging from simple monospecific direct seeding to the use of remnants of branches and cacti to form a protective fence for planted seedling nuclei. Until now, these are the techniques more adapted to field conditions, without irrigation aid and with low maintenance costs. We believe that long term monitoring of these techniques will provide more robust evidence of their effectiveness, but the preliminary results are positive. The restoration of Caatinga is a huge challenge for the science of restoration in Brazil, as well as an opportunity to develop new methods and techniques for ecological restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper carries out a comparative study between the legal questions that surrogate pregnancy raises in Spain and in Brazil. Surrogate motherhood is a reality achieved thanks to the advances in biomedicine and that undoubtedly requires a response from legal science. In the world scene, this technique receives different legal treatments: some countries authorize it without restrictions, others prohibit it, in others it is allowed with restrictions and in others there is a legislative vacuum. The importance of studying the two systems, the Spanish and the Brazilian, lies in confronting totally different realities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is based on a fieldwork carried out in the lands of a former rural property in Northeastern Brazil. I consider the history of this property as told by its old inhabitants, who still live there. I intend to demonstrate that the content as well as the social dynamics of their narrations leave out the experiences and the accounts of women. Also, the categories of social sciences that I take to the fieldwork are predominantly associated with masculine experiences. In this paper I explore the marginalized narratives that fall outside the history of this place. In these, specific gender experiences emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Coffee is a highly mycotrophic plant, its interaction with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi has been studied among different tropical countries. The majority of the published works indicates that coffee is benefited from the mycorrhizal association, where the AMF confers protection against pathogens and diseases, increases water absorption, as well as it increases the adaptation of the plant at transplant from nurseries to the main plantation. Objective: A review was made where we summarized and analyze the research reports of AMF with coffee from at least the past 10 years, focused on AMF global species distribution, nutritional benefits of the association and interaction with pathogens. Methods: We retrieved available bibliographic data from coffee producer countries in public databases. We considered published works from 2000 to 2019, nevertheless, we included classic papers on the topic, outside that period, mainly the ones performed in Brazil since 1986. We organized the number of reported species per country, we look for synonyms, grouped them by family, genera and species. The reports that only reported genera or where ambiguous were used as reference but not considered for the final analysis. We summarized the reports of the benefits of the AMF interaction in coffee, as well as pathogen tolerance. Results: The collected data shows that there are more than 100 AMF species associated with coffee, which represents more than a third part of the total of reported species worldwide. We found that Colombia has the highest richness, but it also has the highest number of published reports. Conclusions: This information shows the benefits of the incorporation of AMF to coffee plantation programs, because these fungi are a key element in coffee plant nutrition, nevertheless, the coffee variety should be considered when introducing AMF, as not all associations has been efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes debt securitization in underdeveloped countries, using the case of Argentina, Mexico, and Brazil. We argue that the three countries have had a significant increase in the issuance of debt securities. However, the nature of the securities issued is different in each nation. In the case of Argentina, the increase in international debt securities in circulation has to do with the issuance of government securities. In Mexico, the increase is more related to the new financing needs of Mexican non-financial corporations. While in Brazil, the increase in the issuance of debt securities is due to a combination of both factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the relationship between organizations belonging to the sharing economy and their practices, behaviors and postures in organizational communication due to the pandemic of the new coronavirus. We define the sharing economy (or collaborative economy) as the goods and services provided by the digital platforms of the network through the sharing of resources and trust. We take as a premise the compulsory digitalization that many businesses have been subjected to and we started the reflection from there. Our analysis, based on bibliographic and exploratory research, was located in brands chosen intentionally, in Brazil and Portugal, seeking to reflect on the context of covid-19 and its respective communication actions in their digital properties or in their social media profiles. We illustrated strategies for exposure and communicational visibility from March until August 2020, reaching a reflection on the urgency to act actively in social demands, characterizing them as social brands. In our understanding, a social brand has a strong presence in digital, stands out with good communication practices and, above all, has a performance strategy that goes beyond its business or direct profit not only during a period of crisis, but also aware of its social role and the impact that its responsible performance generates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following article has as objective to analyze the emergence in El Salvador of family farming and the social category family farmer. To that purpose, this article uses mainly two theoretical concepts: family farming and policy transfer. Evidence suggests that the appropriation of the social category "family farmer" in El Salvador responds to an update of formerly used concepts small producer or commercial producer. Hence, it's not possible to find technical, theoretical or methodological grounds to justify the use of family farmer as new social category in El Salvador. The adoption of family farmer comes as a result of a policy transfer enhanced by three vectors: political affinity between Brazil's and El Salvador's presidents, bureaucrat's paper and work performed by intergovernmental organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyse the role of supreme courts of justice in some of the recent removals from office of progressive "pink tide" Latin American presidents and governments where so-called "new right" governments have taken power. It shows the composition of the supreme courts to be a decisive factor in removing these governments from power. The core hypothesis is that the judiciary may have served as a body for legitimating interruption and dismissal processes led by the legislature in contexts of institutional paralysis (or conflict with the executive branch). To demonstrate this, the case of Brazil is analysed and specifically the role played by the Federal Supreme Court (STF) in the dismissals of Luis Inácio Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, of a bibliographic nature, discusses public educational policies for Secondary Education, more specifically about the current reform of this level of education, with regard to Law No. 13,415, of February 16, 2017. This discussion is focused on the concerning professional education and its possible implications for society, more specifically with the children of the working class. The paper presents how vocational education, in conjunction with secondary education, emerged in Brazil as a public policy for education in the 1970s and outlines the process of changes in relation to vocational education to the present day. It exposes the need to maintain poverty and the dominance of the bourgeois class (owner of capital) over the working class (owner of the labor force), as a means of sustaining capitalist society. It presents possible interests in relation to the establishment of vocational high school in today's society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of food insecurity on the school performance of Brazilian students. Therefore, the empirical approach used to correct the selection bias was the Propensity Score Matching (PSM), based on the data from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) in 2013. The main results indicate that food insecurity has a statistically significant and positive impact on agegrade distortion (school performance proxy). The effect for any level of food insecurity is approximately 4%, however, it intensifies as the degree of food insecurity increases, being 11% in the case of students classified as having severe food insecurity. This study provides the first empirical evidence for Brazil that food insecurity is associated with the academic performance of Brazilian students, a fact that can compromise the country's social and economic development in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an analysis based on bibliography and empirical knowledge that trait to provide an overview of the Brazilian National Solid Waste Policy Bill text. The law was intended to sets principles, procedures and regulations to manage this type of residual materials, since the previous standards were rather poor, heterogeneous and full of regional contrasts due to the federal political and administrative structure of the country. Under such circumstances, the principal objectives of municipal, state and federal legal regulations were a lot different from each other. Besides, in the absence of a general framework, areas and territories of the country acted individually and generated their own body of principles. In this context, the Brazilian National Solid Waste Policy Bill languished in the Congress for almost 21 years, till to august 2010 was approved, and its submission was a time-consuming process that helped only to show that many complex and bureaucratic barriers needed to be removed in a country with special social, political and institutional features such as Brazil. Methodologically, the paper analyzes the previous disperse legislation and examines the new legislation on solid waste management, making further projections about the challenges derived from the enforcing process of this new law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to understand how contemporary Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (ATER by its acronym in Portuguese) in Brazil has been shaped, seeking to find the determinants for its configuration. To achieve this objective, the legislation that regulates ATER - PNATER, PRONATER and ANATER public policies - was verified. Relevant events for extension service were also investigated, such as the creation of INCRA, CATI, ACAR, EMBRATER, EMBRAPA, CNDR, CNDRS and CONDRAF. The discussions, based on documents and literature review, have revealed that contemporary ATER is based on sustainable rural development, although the practice is not yet a reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses national and global interactions from Orphans of a Nation (Órfãos da Terra, Globo, 2019), a Brazilian telenovela that approaches the refugee drama and proposes a new logic in the offering of long-form TV fictions on Video on Demand systems. It is argued that telenovela’s format seeks to keep the centrality in the Brazilian audiovisual scene by investing on fusing melodramatic narratives with contemporary technologies and imaginaries shared around the globe. Reflecting this dialogical relationship, the Brazil of Orphans of a Nation embodies the refuge – where the national identity is supported by cultural diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the analysis of a specific conjuncture, "Cracolândia" in São Paulo, Brazil, and the "De Braços Abertos" program, this article discusses the complex relationships between drug use and the formulation of public policies directed to the care of users. In methodological terms, this work is based on the qualitative research by using semistructured interviews with thirteen key informants. The empirical material was analyzed from the content thematic analysis and the intersectionality perspective, especially from the theoretical contributions of the "difference" category. The results point out that "differences" are marked by gender, race and social position in the society, reinforcing stigmas and their different impacts on social relations. This paper contributes to the debate on the need to formulate different approaches to the specific needs and demands of populations or social classification categories regarding drug public policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archivos de Zootecnia reached its 264 issue during 2019. In the present editorial report, we address the facts and figures derived from the editorial process during the past yearly editorial cycle. Archivos de Zootecnia would like to express its sincere gratitude to the Section Editors involved in the editorial process as well as the Reviewers without whose work our labour, otherwise would not be possible. 646 new members have registered in the website. A total of 544 manuscripts have been submitted. Brazil was the most contributing country, however the percentage of submissions remarkably decreased (52.56%) in favour of an increase of the submissions by authors from other countries. Therefore, the most frequently used language in the manuscripts was Portuguese, followed by English. 79 works were published in 2019: 66 articles, 10 short notes and 3 reviews. Published papers came from 15 countries. The two main topics the articles published were about were "Nutrition and Feeding" (30.77%) and "Breeding and genetics" (14.10%); while the most frequent species the works dealt with was cattle (14.10%). Editorial times between the reception and publication of the manuscripts have cotinued reducing from the previous years' reports. CiteScore reached a value of 0.44, placing the journal at a Q3 position in Scopus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the role played by Henrique Morize in the organization of the Brazilian expedition that went to Sobral in the state of Ceará to observe the total solar eclipse of May 29, 1919. This description is justified by the emphasis given to the event by Morize himself. For the Brazilian astronomer, what really was at stake was to show that his institution could perform ordinary scientific tasks, which was not always the case with the National Observatory, since the support of the federal government was not regular. In order to support this interpretation, various documents such as letters, articles and statements from Morize and colleagues will be quoted, in particular the report on that event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the applicability of the north american lawfare theory, which understands Law as a weapon of war, to solve disputes between political groups within the sovereign states. The problem faced was whether the criminal justice system is being used as a policy instrument in Brazil and whether the media agenda affects legal actions. The methodology used was the bibliographical analysis on lawfare and concrete cases, so the criteria for measuring the political lawfare and its instruments were established. It was concluded that the criminal system has been used as political lawfare in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobilities inside South America shape a specific migratory system. When it comes to Bolivia and Brazil, migration flows adjust themselves to the ups and downs of São Paulo's fashion industry. Because of that, these are circular movements of people, which imply consecutive returns. Therefore, to debate return migration itself blurs the dynamic use of the space between El Alto and São Paulo. Drawn upon a Bolivian family´s trajectories, and making use of migratory circulation and reversibility as key concepts, this paper builds an analytical framework from which to fit return migration into a migration pattern marked by cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to analyze the objectives of sustainable development (OSD) established in September 2015, in an agreement signed by 193 countries at the United Nations General Assembly, from the perspective of Critical Environmental Education. The specific objectives were: to present the concept of Environmental Education in the critical perspective; to know the objectives of sustainable development; to analyze the OSD in the perspective of Critical Environmental Education. The research question listed was: are there possible approaches to think of the achievement of OSD, through an Environmental Education in its critical aspect? In the present work we start from the assumption that Environmental Education in its critical aspect is defined in Brazil from a matrix that sees education as an element of social transformation, inspired by dialogue, in the exercise of citizenship, in the strengthening of subjects, in the overcoming capitalist forms of domination and understanding the world in its complexity. At the end, it is evident that Environmental Education, in its critical, emancipating and transforming aspect of reality, shows itself as a viable path for the pursuit of the sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we work about the sense that the concept of inclusion acquired as a guiding principle of educational policies in the context of progressive governments 2003-2010 in Argentina, Uruguay and Brasil. We describe and analyze some educational policy programs aimed at educational inclusion in those countries based on theoretical contributions and political perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this paper, one of the products derived from the author's doctoral thesis, is to indicate how the current Brazilian Constitution innovates to define cultural heritage and establish measures for its preservation. With this purpose, the author makes a genealogy of the so-called "Cartas Políticas" of Brazil, which addressed heritage issues. Without examining the process that led to their formation in depth, this paper aims to demonstrate how the current Constitution extends the concept of heritage, albeit with some limitations, such as the naturalization of cultural diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]