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Women are a fundamental historical subject of the Galician overseas migrations, being Argentina the most important American destination, where hundreds of thousands lived, worked, and preserved their culture and transmitted it. However, migratory studies have tended to invisibilize their specific dynamics and experiences as they were traditionally seeing either as mere companions of their countrymen or part of a family reunification phenomena. This misrepresentation complicated the understanding of their reality giving rise to stereotypes and to the undervaluation of their role in the migration process. Therefore, it is necessary to advance in the study of their individual as well as collective realities and experiences to make visible the changes in their daily lives, to which emigration could have given rise. This paper explores the potential that a series of sources considered "emigration literature" in the twentieth century have to that end, including biographies, autobiographies and fictional autobiographies, collective books of testimonies, essays, stories based on real experiences, among other sources that fall under what is called "migration literature." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the relationship between Maoism and psychiatry in the work of the Argentine psychiatrist Gregorio Bermann (1894-1972). As a result of the cultural diplomacy deployed by the People's Republic of China since 1949 and of specific institutional networks, the author produced knowledge regarding China, its practices and institutions of mental health as an expert-traveler. Those works were a dissemination of the "mass science" promoted by this country, applied to the field of psychiatry, though not without tensions. The relevance that China had for rethinking psychiatric practice in the case studied is evaluated, and it is argued that Gregorio Bermann's interest in largescale psychiatry and the international political commitment that he held were decisive in it. Lastly, this article studies the spaces where those works circulated and shows the variety of existing knowledge regarding China based on the political positions that were held towards it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper standardizes Chilean salaries between 1886 and 1928 to a Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) format that allows comparison with salaries in Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil during the same period. With this, it is possible to identify the level and trajectory of Chilean salaries vis-à-vis their counterparts in the Southern Cone of Latin America. In addition, it attempts to identify the impact that salary performance could have had on the most identifiable episodes of labor conflict, such as the constitution of Chile as a relatively attractive place for the immigration of European workers. The results show unequivocally that the economic growth of Chile until 1914 was not accompanied by the emergence of a favorable environment for Chilean workers or for the settlement of immigrant workers in relation to Uruguay, Argentina and even Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the significance municipalities reached within the Political Plan of Argentina's last military dictatorship. Through the study of secrete, classified and public documents that were produced by the highest spheres of military power this paper shows that municipalities served as a fundamental link to the regime's Political Plan in different ways: as a political instrument of territorial and social "capillary" control characteristic of the dictatorship; as an authorized space for the participation of a local reaching, apolitical "municipal citizenship;" as a laboratory of political openness and as a sphere which nurtured "natural leadership" in Argentina. Finally, this paper identifies common and differing elements of the municipalization of the Chilean dictatorship with the Argentinean case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the concerns which have led to the new wave of studies on populism in Argentina, focusing more on the debate surrounding the establishment of a new institutional framework typical of the 1980s than on the proliferation of 21st-century popular governments in South America. The typical characteristics and problems encountered in these studies are explained, and the defining features of the populist experience in 20th-century Argentina are analyzed by drawing comparisons with other populist processes in the region. Finally, the paper analyzes how certain features persist in the new political order, while others have gone through complete transformations since it was established in 1983. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in Argentinean right wing-nationalist political discourse of the sixties can only be explained in relation to the international Cold War-context. Thus, some fundamental concepts of Argentine nationalist political tradition were altered by the ups and downs of the international agenda. Because of this, this paper intends to trace the transformations of the nationalist political program, starting with the discursive mutations of the ideas of "Hispanism" and "Revolution". Hence, this renewed revolutionary program -even when related to inherited ideological elements of previous nationalist generations- was reinterpreted in light of new Cold War-meanings of the concept of Revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the neoliberal period, the State reconfigured its way of acting in diverse spaces of the society. In that context, the enactment of the Decreto de Desregulación Económica 2284 de 1991 had a deep impact in the Argentinian rural sector. Because of that, we analyze the problematization process of the issue by different agents; the position took by the State materialized in the text of the Decree; and some reactions that it aroused, based in the classic contributions of Oszlak and O'Donnell. In this manner, we deepen our understanding of the strategies and forms of communication that are articulated in the process of adopting a public policy. In methodological terms, we reviewed the content of some discourses published in specialized newspapers between 1990 and 1991 and we apply discourse analysis techniques on the original Decree and two company's advertising. This paper concludes that even when a favorable position about agrarian deregulation had consensus between hegemonic agents, the intensity of the public policy transcended its expectations, empowering profound economic, social and political transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on different urban and architectural projects, as viewed by the local press during Lencinas' administrations, a member of the Radical political party in the Mendoza province who was active from 1918 to 1930. Among the corpus of projects, we focus specifically on public spaces and housing for the low-income population, which became a significant point of attention in the first decade of the 20th century. The political change brought about by the arrival to power of nontraditional, underrepresented groups had an impact on different cultural fields in Mendoza. Lencina's arrival to power fostered social transformations that benefited the low-income social strata that had been neglected by previous governing elites. Among other changes, the new leaders implemented laws that favored the working class, such as retirement for public employees, and the 8-hour work day. These shifts in the political sphere had an impact on the architectural and spatial spheres. In this paper we systematically trace articles published in the contemporary local press in order to establish relationships between some of these projects and the populist political ideology of these governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper represents a contribution to the knowledge about the experience of the Japanese community in rural areas of Argentina, particularly Buenos Aires (state) across the first half of the 20th century. With the objective of updating knowledge about this subject, a comparison was made between communities in peri-urban agricultural colonies: La Capilla, located in Florencio Varela, and Justo José de Urquiza, La Plata. We also focus on the origins, incursions, productive profiles, and the level of participation of Argentine and/or Japanese entities that influenced how each community developed, as well as successful companies and migrant settlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the forms of political action of subaltern people in a particular space of peripheral Argentina: Neuquenian municipalities of the first half of the 20th Century. Even when national territories were excluded from the federal political system, the recreation in these spaces of some of the so called creole politics provides an opportunity to explore the complexity of political clientelism in those decades of Argentinian history. Furthermore, this paper pays attention to interactions between local elites and the inferior members of the clientships, observing the ways in which the latter were represented, thus shaping the relationships that both sectors kept between them. Albeit subaltern sectors of territorial Neuquen did not consolidate themselves as an autonomous political actor, it is interesting to call attention over the negotiations they were capable to maintain with local political elites. It is suggested in this paper that clientelistic practices, as the explanations constructed on them did so, contributed to shape some of the features of the Argentinian political culture of that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the interpretations of the mobilizations and shaping of Catholic crowds in Argentina during the first half of the twentieth century. First, the text identifies the performative effects of the "classical paradigm" of secularization. Secondly, the article proposes relocating the contributions of the political approach, conceived in the context of the 1980s, in a broader explanatory framework, open to recent contributions of social and cultural history. To this end, the paper proposes a model based on the concept of crowd with the aim of discussing different dimensions of the phenomenon, highlighting its multifaceted nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the central role played by Argentinian modernista writer Enrique Rodriguez Larreta in the vindication of the Castilian cultural heritage in early 20thcentury Argentina. As part of the wave of hispanophile sentiment produced by the Spanish-American War and the debates on identity linked to the celebration of Argentina's Independence Centenary, Larreta aims to create a new Argentinian identity of Castilian filiation based on the Spanish cultural heritage epitomized by Golden Age. This profoundly conservative aesthetic project finds expression in his successful historic novel La gloria de don Ramiro, conceived as an archaist textual simulacrum that reconstructs the historical reality of Phillip II's reign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the political reform process implemented in1912 in Argentina in order to discuss some general understandings in national historiography about the scope of the reform. The analysis focuses on the province of Corrientes, the only one in which the Radicalism failed o reach power throughout the period. This paper seeks to assess the limits of reformism, strategies and mechanisms implemented by the Conservatism to stay in power despite the national political situation that presented it adverse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike most Latin-American countries where collective bargaining is decentralized at the firm level, in Argentina -as well as in Brasil-, collective bargaining is centralized and carried out by a single union per activity branch. However, in Argentina these branch unions articulate themselves with a union-based representation in the shop-floor, the so called “internal commissions". The first two Peronist governments (1946-1955) are a crucial period in the development of these organisms. In this paper we study the conflicts related to the internal commissions that arose in these years in the metallurgical and the shoe industries and we analyze the rules and regulations governing the internal commissions fixed in the collective labor agreements of 1954 and the tensions that emerged in their negotiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes very briefly on six decades of the history of psychology in the city of La Plata (Argentina), from the creation of the Pedagogic Department in the National University, in 1906, until the coup d'état of 1966, that put an end to the expansion of psychological studies that had started in 1958, after the creation of the psychology program. In that period, psychology would go through different phases, marked by oppositions such us “positivist naturalism"/ “anti-positivist humanism", “theoretical training" / “professional training", “scientific psychology" / “psychoanalytic psychology", etc. The goal of this work is to make an account of what happened at the time, giving as much importance to the individual actors as to the institutional and political factors that were present in the context. The methods are the traditional ones for history (mainly de gathering of oral, documentary and bibliographic sources. However, they have been interpreted from a critical perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we will analyze the ways in which the corporal discourse became part of the Salesian educational community in what is known as the Military Government of Comodoro Rivadavia, between 1944 and 1955. Starting in the mid-1930s, the Salesian congregation fostered, with the aid of the Administración de Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (YPF: Treasury Petroleum Fields), technical education for youngsters that would later become part of the state owned oil company. We will show that, by opening a Technical School in 1937, the Church expected to bring the Christian Doctrine closer to the world of labor, and with this, to a specific form of masculinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals about the quick changes in the constitution of a familiar pattem and other topics of female sexual moral, between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It attempts to identify the mechanisms that led women to adopt a more rigid sexual moral, with stereotyped forms of generic relations and a passíve, subordinated role of women. Through a "great man" of Pampas, as a "guardian" of the local young women -as showed in the thirty-four letters written between August 1903 and september 1904- we analyzed the relationships among· the "honourable residents" of the community,' and the moral principIes exalted in the speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze primary education policy during the administration of the self-proclaimed "Liberating Revolution". The few studies that have examined this issue state that the Liberating Revolution government erased the traces that Peronism had left in the education system. Our interest is to review this process. To do this, we analyze the conflicts within the government, the institutional design of education governance and internal organization of schools. We ask whether despite the ideological and political ruptures, it is possible to find elements of continuity with the previous period. Our empirical observation area is the province of Buenos Aires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the articles written by Enrique Pichon-Rivière and Ana Pampliega de Quiroga for the magazine Primera Plana, between 1966 and 1967. We have specially focused on the articles that try to situate the subjective effects of socio-economic and cultural modernization of the moment. In this regard, we have been interested in showing that these writings reflect the tension of a time in which the traditional ways of living and thinking coexisted with discourses and practices that questioned them. Furthermore, and considering the political situation of the moment in which these works were published, we went through some articles on this topic. We notice a stand in favour of the validity of the democratic system. This standpoint confronted with the media campaign led by the magazine itself, which sought to create the necessary consensus for the military coup of June 1966. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to highlight issues circumvented by dominant interpretations of Peronist populism mid-twentieth century, focusing on the urban masses and in Juan Domingo Peron. For this exhibit various theories relating to populism, especially those avocadas the Argentine case. Then he suggests a micro-historical perspective which incorporates the rural grassroots and local leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to reconstruct the early action of the Argentine Council for Peace, local headquarters of the World Peace Council, the most important front organization supported by communism during the Cold War period. Through the itineraries of writers María Rosa Oliver and Alfredo Varela and the essayist Ernesto Giudici, key figures in the Movement for Peace in Argentina, the article analyzes the relationship between intellectuals and communist efforts after World War II, in the context of Juan Domingo Peron's government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to emphasize the relevance of analyzing the exchanges between local and foreign counterparts. Latin American cultural history, cultural studies as well as architecture and urbanism histories contribute to discuss dependentists analyses on center--periphery relations. Those research lines enable a more productive approach on international circulation of ideas, technicians and urban models as well as international exchanges. The theoretical approach is articulated with a previous research that analyzes the struggle to define diagnoses of Buenos Aires city problems between 1983 and 1992. Those diagnosis are developed by various networks of local professional and technician, related in multiple ways with Spanish peers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we are interested in investigating two issues that have been studied in relation to hegemonic discourses of eugenics and its responsibility in building a model of female sexuality, but have been meagerly investigated in other locutions. So, here we analyze the eugenics and neo-Malthusian anarchist discourse with the intention of placing it as a locution that, in contrast to the hegemonic, led to the sexual freedom of women. Our focus for this in the production of two doctors anarchists who, with great display until the second half of the twentieth century, acted within the anarchist movement nationally and internationally. These doctors, far from the dominant ideas of the time, defended innovative proposals on sex education, birth control, conscious and voluntary motherhood and sexual freedom of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the health discipline projects promulgated by the provincial government and its relationship with the funerary practices of Mendoza society in the late nineteenth century, and in turn of the transformations that occurred in these practices influence the process of secularization. It will be aproach in a cultural historical perspective and based on epochal sources such as municipal and notarial digests. While it can be inferred that much of the testators were adept at Catholicism can see certain indicators of that process, and also that the regulations were partly fulfilled by the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An intense process of state development, which generated social intervention and new capacities to produce public policies, took place since the forties in Argentina. This phenomenon was accompanied by trends towards an increasing centralization of the political power in the Executive branch of the government. Within this context, this paper attempts to explore these processes from a perspective based on a provincial jurisdiction, constructing an account that locates the history of this political entity within the more comprehensive story of the structuring of the Interventionist State. In order to achieve this purpose, the history of one provincial health department and its relationships with the Federal State organizations are analyzed, trying to unravel the reactions that the provincial state elaborated to the process of centralization of social policies, which accompanied the emergence of Peronism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intervention on the "Biblioteca Vigil" evidences other effects of last Argentina's dictatorship (1976-1983): cultural genocide. Specifically, on February 25, 1977, a group formed by members of the armed forces, security services and civilian professionals, took their installations under the figure of "normalizing intervention". A subsequent disposition dated April 1977, began the settlement of its outstanding equity. Indeed, his case falls under the common dictatorial actions on the fields of culture: persecution, censorship, illegal detention, torture and disappearance. However, this exhibits unique features: firstly, settlement assets ensued uninterruptedly over thirty years being closed late 2008. Also, is still in a process of intervention normalizing. In this paper we describe the various attempts and recovery stages of the institution, the strategies implemented and obstacles political, cultural and legal. The object of this study is to visualize a pending agenda: cultural crimes and economic crimes that do not prescribe in the context of genocide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tries to make a revision of the conflicts, negotiations and coexistences that characterized the configuration of the pedagogical field in Argentina during the 1930s, as well as recognizing the place that the New School occupied in it. This school of thought was not totally consistent as a whole: in fact, there was a wide range of interpretations about these ideas. In the Argentine pedagogical field of this decade, the relationship between the State and the educationalists who promoted New School's ideas was not always characterized by imposition or transgression. The New School wasn't an outsider in the educational system and the educational policy received its influence. Argentine promoters of New School that gathered around La Obra tried to present themselves as innovators in terms of pedagogical knowledge in order to appear as the only group capable of transforming the educational system as well as the only qualified to become spokesman for all the teachers in the country. This paper will analyze the underlying logic of the speeches of teachers and educationalists. It will be stated throughout this article that even though the Argentine pedagogical field had close connections with politics, it also followed its own path. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses popular wisdom and memory transmission regarding State terrorism and forced disappearance, which are circulating among youth living around Hospital Posadas, located in Haedo, a province to Buenos Aires, Argentina. At this hospital, there was, under the military dictatorship (1976-1983), a Clandestine Imprisonment Center, where people were kept prisoner as disappeared. Therefore, at this facility both practices of health restoration and torture and murder perpetration coexisted. Through thirty indepth interviews carried out among neighbor young people, the existence of manifold knowledge fractures and memory transmission about State violence is verified, being a result from the social relations breakthrough that used to articulate the neighborhood and the hospital, and from the material life conditions promoting undifferentiated historical and political time awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Modernity there was formed an idea of the body centred on the regulation of the life of the population (bios) and on the "disciplinamiento" of the body of the individuals (biopoder). In the beginning of the 20th century in Argentine, in the context of the "social question", one appealed to the representations concerning the idea of the social body and of the body of the individuals. To the body of the Nation he imagined it under the notions of disease and health, integration and exclusion. Since then, the metaphors of the social body have not stopped being present in the rhetoric of the national discourse in different contexts. This paper study the diffusion and intervention of the medical speech (hygienist and eugenista) in the school institution by the intention of acting on the body of the small students to the effects of moralizing his behaviors and of guaranteeing an integral formation that was preserving his physical and intellectual health while they were estimated as the civil futures of the republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the activities that took place in the frame of the "Civic Action Plan" of the National Gendarmerie, in particular focusing on the creation and development of the "Gendarmería Infantil". We hold that the plan aimed at integrating and improving the image of the Gendarmerie in the society, and that the experience of the Gendarmería Infantil was an attempt to influence on the socialization of children and youth by a sector of the military regime. The intention of influencing the education of youth and boys can be seen in the establishment of ties between them and security forces socialization values of these forces and participation in ceremonies strongly associated with its principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article cross-examines an aspect that characterizes the Argentine literary avant-garde of 1920's: the attempt of making a great divide between Art and other practices, an effort that had previously emerged in Modernism by the turn of the century. In this paper, I will inquire about the elements which contributed to strengthen that division and, in that way, confirmed the existence of a literary space imagined as autonomous. Thus, I will examine the nature of the contributions to a discourse about Art, which in this context is understood as a self-ruling realm wholly devoted to formal interests. Also, attention will be given to the delimitation of literary boundaries. Consideration of the production of the contemporary Spanish intellectual, José Ortega y Gasset, will be crucial as his writings and lectures were very well-known at that time in Argentina. It is well known Ortega y Gasset's strong influence over young Argentine intellectuals in 1910's as well as his close friendship with Victoria Ocampo in the 1930's, but little is known about his role and influence on the Argentine intellectual scenario in the 1920's. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In October, 1934, on the occasion of the International Eucharistic Congress, one million Catholics gathered at Buenos Aires to show their faith and support of the Catholic Church. Those public meetings went on for ten years, as part of a Catholic political mobilization -The Army of Cristo Rey- in times of a strong political radicalization. This paper examines the characteristics of this phenomenon, which combined in a unique way three elements: the hierarchy of the Church, Catholic activists and common Catholic believers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes, from a gender point of view, the relationship between education, women citizenship in two foundational moments of Argentinean educational system: 1894-1994. It focuses on the theoretical and political feminist genealogies at the time when the bourgeois revolution in education was thought as a mainstream for political change, namely it was crucial to debate about who must to be educated and how. The debate took place in the Argentinean case at the end of the 19th Century, and the result was the 1420 Law. But a century of educational practices were fading the traces of political polemics and putting in the scene pedagogic and technical issues. A new discussion about education, politics, and women citizenship takes place in the '80s with the return of democracy. At the same time a deep transformation of social structure occurred. The discussion culminated with the 24195 Law, in 1994. It took place at a singular crossroad: the return of citizenship questions, changes in the social structure (the so called new inequities), a sensibility about differences (sexual, racial, cultural differences). In this situation the debate about women's education as citizens was crossed by a deep tensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

German literature written abroad is still an unsolved problem in Germanistic studies. This is justified, on the one hand, by the complexity it represents as an object of study and, on the other hand, by Germany's peculiar historical situation due to its role during World War II. Even if by the late 70's this phenomenon was studied in German academic spheres, it is still difficult for Germanistic studies to view the object in its specificity and to get rid of undervaluing judgments, which consider German literature written abroad with the same parameters as those for literature written in German-speaking territories. This paper aims at showing from which perspectives it is possible to research literature in German written abroad, considering the specific case of German immigrants in Argentina, and taking into account some contributions of Epistemology that complement and enrich Germanistic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows some instances of the differences between the discourse politicians used to legitimate the educational reform in Argentina in the 1990s and the reality of schools by the time the Federal Law of Education was actually enacted and put into practice. These are based on a revision of magazine and newspaper articles on the specific area of technical schools. The construction of a clearly unauthentic "encouraging" framework was a tool which accompanied the implementation of the Federal Law of Education in a popular context that was in fact unfavourable to the changes proposed by the government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]