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The transition to the use of paper in public elementary schools in Mexico was not easy. At the end of the nineteenth century, the use of slates had been questioned due to the health risk they represented since students often erased their writing with saliva and the material with which the slates were made did not always meet the necessary specifications. On the other hand, paper, from a hygienic, pedagogical and aesthetic point of view, was considered a superior material compared to the hardness of the slate, the shine of the surface and the lack of precision obtained in the tracing of the letters. Derived from this approach, the possibility of changing materials in official schools was seriously envisioned. However, the paper represented a very high cost. Only two paper mills could supply the schools and it was necessary to lower the price, and guarantee the supply by enhancing the distribution system. This article analyses the beginning of the conversion process of a technology for learning to write such as the slate for paper. I analyse the expense that it meant for the authorities and families, how the change was the result of a multiplicity of social, cultural, economic and political relations that intersected to give a new configuration of time, noise and established values in the classroom.

During the first decades of the 20th century, the supply of paper for the printing industries in Mexico became a problematic issue. Production difficulties, price increases and poor distribution during the monopoly of the San Rafael factory started a deep debate on the modernization and interference of the State in the paper industry. This article analyzes the transition between the private monopoly and the creation of the public company, Productora e Importadora de Papel Sociedad Anónima (PIPSA) in 1935, during the government of Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940). Through parliamentary debates, press articles and ministerial reports, the questioning of the monopoly as a public policy, the birth of PIPSA and the results in its first years of operation will be explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amate (amatl) is a handmade paper of Mexico made by Otomi Indians. This craft is made from bark of tree bark amate or jonote. It is originally developed in the states of Puebla, Hidalgo and Veracruz especially in San Pablito, Puebla. However, amate paper is sold as background Nahua paintings by artists from the state of Guerrero. Amate paper paintings are a combination of Nahua and Otomi traditions. While there have been some minor innovations, the amate paper is still done with the same basic process used in the pre-Hispanic period by obtaining a classical amate tree bark fiber. This is negatively affecting the ecosystem of the North of Puebla and forcing vendors bark in search of other species, so it is necessary to make paper amate more sustainably, including new types of bark from other species and by-products of agro-industries such as rice, coffee sugar cane, and other types of fiber that have highavailability The objective of this work was to analyze and compare the Chemical pulp of coffee characteristics, as raw material for amate paper of higher quality than that produced from the bark of other species. The results showed that the structural and chemical characteristics of coffee pulp cellulose pulp showed ease of paper making, due to its properties of adherence, formation and agglutination of fibers similar to the high quality of the final product as the amate tree bark-derived paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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El artículo presenta una conferencia dictada por Marta Acevedo el 11 de mayo de 2011 en el coloquio "Cuarenta años de feminismo en México", celebrado en la Casa de las Humanidades de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, en la cual la autora ofrece una revisión histórica del movimiento feminista en México.

El artículo habla de brujerías con papel indígena en San Pablito, Puebla, México. El papel hecho de corteza de árbol tenía gran importancia en el país antes de la llegada de los europeos. Estos papeles fueron utilizados en las ceremonias religiosas como ofrendas a los dioses. También se emplearon para adornar los ídolos, templos y palacios en varios días festivos. Después de la conquista, el papel europeo reemplazó el producto nativo.

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The article titled "Economic History of the Mexican Peso: From the Global Market to the Political Management of Currency" is a book that addresses the evolution of money in Mexico from colonial times to the late 20th century. The Bank of Mexico has aimed to provide the country with national currency and promote the development of payment systems. The book highlights the importance of security and trust in money for it to fulfill its functions properly. It also mentions moments of transition in the political management of currency, such as the financial bankruptcy of the Viceroyalty and the reintegration of the Mexican peso into the global economy after Independence. During the 19th century, different forms of political currency management emerged, including the introduction of copper coins and the use of paper money. The text provides a summary of Mexico's monetary history from the late 19th century to the present, highlighting the adoption of a floating exchange rate regime and the relevance of the Mexican peso as a global currency. The importance of understanding monetary history to effectively face future challenges is emphasized. [Extracted from the article]

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The article presents a bibliography of books received by the publication on the topic of Mexican history, including "A Return to Servitude: Maya Migration and the Tourist Trade in Cancún" by M. Bianet Castellanos, "Aztecs on Stage: Religious Theater in Colonial Mexico," edited by Louise M. Burkhart, and "Gender and the Negotiation of Daily Life in Mexico, 1750-1856" by Sonya Lipsett-Rivera.

An analysis of the scientific production and research in Viticulture and Enology on papers referring to Mexico was performed, published between 2000 and 2022, and indexed in Scopus, Google Scholar, and CONRICyT databases. The following indicators were considered: quartile, H-index, productivity by year, journal, author, and the number of citations. Seventy-nine articles were identified that include many subtopics in the area, such as phytopathology, plant nutrition, climate, quality, and physicochemical and sensory properties of grapes and wine. This analysis demonstrates the necessity of promoting scientific research on priority topics in the different wine regions to take advantage of the diversity of opportunities and challenges in Mexican viticulture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mexico, there is a lack in academic research about bisexual Health-Disease-Attention process. This paper analyzes the main problems about health-disease for bisexual people with a Social Medicine and a Collective Health approach. In order to do this analysis, this paper offers a systematization of research's discoveries related to the Health-Disease-Attention process in bisexual people. Problems on health-disease for bisexual people include worse mental health conditions in comparison to gay and lesbian people. As psychologists have few contextualized knowledge about bisexual health-disease situations, then they cannot adequately respond to bisexual people needs. Bisexual Health-Disease-Attention process is an historical and social product where the lack of visibility and the negative valuation functions as mechanisms to regulate people's sexuality, which can be reproduced in Health-Attention places, such as Mental Health ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper analyzes the characteristics of Mexico's productive and commercial integration from 1995 to 2018. It offers a framework to understand how the sectors of the Mexican economy are integrated into global value chains (gvc). The methodology developed by Wang, Wei, Yu, and Zhu (2017a and 2017b) is applied to the interregional input-output matrices of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (oecd). With this, two questions are answered: 1) What percentage of production factors used in Mexican sectors have been involved in activities of segmented production or gvc between countries? And 2) what percentage of final products produced by sectors in Mexico come from gvc activities? The results indicate that the sectors of the Mexican economy have higher participation indexes in backward linkages, which shows a higher share of imported intermediate inputs, compared to their respective participation indexes in forward linkages. The latter represents inputs from the country in exports and production of goods from third countries. Additionally, the results indicate that any policy design aimed at promoting specific activities should take into account the increasing integration of countries and their sectors gvc on a global scale, regardless of their level of development. This fact may limit the options for further integrating activities related to gvc with domestic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes empirically the existence of the credit channel of monetary policy in Mexico, that is, the relationship between changes in the target interest rate and variations in credit granted by commercial banks. The study combines aggregate information with data from the individual balance sheets of commercial banks and conducts a panel data regression analysis. The analysis is performed for total credit and its components (business, consumer, and mortgage). Additionally, by using banks' accounting information, it explores whether the transmission mechanism occurs on the supply side. It is found that there is a negative and economically significant relationship between interest rate and credit, and such a relationship is established for different types of credit. Furthermore, evidence suggests that the transmission mechanism operates on the supply side, as banks with more robust balance sheets exhibit greater resilience to changes in the interest rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper studies local governments' decisions on public debt under the Financial Discipline Law for States and Municipalities (ldfem in Spanish) in Mexico. It implies distinguishing economic and political factors and their relevance within ldfem's legal framework that defines norms and limitations for Mexican subnational governments. Based on municipal data for 2017-2019, our results prove that political variables significantly impact municipal debt. This paper highlights the elections' proximity and the incumbent mayor's electoral support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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