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This paper reviews Forrahue. Matanza de 1912, written by the Mapuche writer Bernardo Colipán and co-authored with the Forrahue indigenous community located in Southern Chile. The book is a testimonial text that acts as a legal document and seeks to restore the truth in the context of Chile's historical account and collective memory. This text includes diagrams, photos and fragments in various types of handwriting, which we consider relevant in the reading and interpretation of this cultural artifact. From a symbolic perspective, the book is the place where the unburied bodies rest, allowing both the Chilean and Mapuche communities to mourn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Levinas's work is explicitly placed within the heritage of the Phenomenological school. Nevertheless, he repeatedly uses notions drawn from the religious tradition, especially Jewish, up to the point of stating that Judaism is a "category of being". This paper analyses the role of Judaism as a category, beginning with a reconstruction of this notion in the most influential authors within Levinas's philosophy. Finally, the role and meaning that this categorial structure take on in Levinas will be shown, through the examination of four main components: the exposition of alterity as separation and glory; the relationship of responsibility as election and substitution; the understanding of temporality as creation and redemption; and the prophetical understanding of language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Idea of Phenomenology is the result of the first course in which Husserl presented disciplinary developments after the transcendental turn occurred around 1905. It is therefore not only an important document of this turning, but also a high-impact work on the subsequent phenomenological tradition. In this paper we study three aspects of the category of enigma (Rätsel): the way in which it characterizes transcendence, the figure of objectors and the issue of donation and its modes. This analysis will highlight unexplored aspects of transcendental phenomenology at its early stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an outline of some ways that lead us to think about the necessity of memory, inherent to the experience of the present. We will work around three thematic lines within the field of philosophy of history: first, the relation between the past and our present; second, the problem of the personal disposition of the subject of historical knowledge and his inevitable belonging to the present at the level of action; and the sense of a possible historical experience where the individual and the collective intersect each other, in relation to the question of establishing whether it is appropriate to make an exhaustive remembrance of those who died because of the armed conflict in Colombia. With this purpose, we will point out to a series of elements drawn from Benjamin's philosophy of memory so as to rehearse some possible connections with the philosophies of forgetfulness, remembrance and memory proposed by Nietzsche and Bergson. Thus, we seek to establish the reality of the past that is based on the virtual existence of recollection and, from there, to determine the ability of the latter to be updated in the form of vital forces, committed to making a future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a reflection on subjectivity in the context of consumer society, discussing two alternative approaches: on the one hand, the identification between subject and commodity, traceable, among others, to Bauman, and, on the other hand, Žižek's interpretation of subjectivity as an emerging surplus of the conflict within the symbolic order. The resulting exchange between these alternatives shows the constitutive relations of the subject of consumption in the dimension of desire, in the margin of freedom, and in the role of reflexivity. Finally, the understanding of the relationship between the subject and the material world is proposed as a constructive performativity of subjectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an approach to the discourse analysis applied to the media under the Cognitive Linguistics. This qualitative research aims to analyze the conceptual metaphors related to the public education found in the opinion pieces. A content analysis for conceptual metaphors was carried out in two opinion pieces posted in 2017 in two Chilean cyber-media. The results show that the metaphors allow to conceptualize and characterize accurately the viewpoints communicated in the opinion pieces. In particular, the conceptual metaphors analyzed show the complex nature of the concept Public Education by associating it mostly with two source domains, loot and building, which emphasize some characteristics and valuation. Likewise, both opinion pieces coincide that the current situation is due to the policies adopted by the Chilean State, which is characterized negatively in those pieces by using the metaphor to attribute it some human traits like the cowardice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to disclose the response capacity of the Health Information Systems (HIS) in Colombia to support an inspection, surveillance and control model (ISC) driven towards the monitoring of the risks undermining the access, use and quality of the health services. This paper is based on a descriptive cross-sectional study under a risk management approach including a review of the regulations framework dealing with the threats to the effective enjoyment of the right to health (EERH) and the characteristics of the information reported by the actors in the system, which is required to carry out the said monitoring. The data supporting the monitoring to the health care processes and its impact on the population health are not enough to appropriately oversee the risks involved. Advantage should be taken from the changes currently taking place in the health system in order to rethink how the system performance is taken as monitored object. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the researches conducted in Latin America on education for health during the last ten years, identifying the different conceptual developments proposed about this theme and the criticism made about it. Methods: This is a qualitative research describing the state of the art; forty articles from Brazil, Colombia, Cuba and Mexico, and retrieved from searches in Pubmed, Lilacs, Redalyc, Scielo, Ovid, Science Direct, Oxford Journals, and Dialnet were examined. Results: The education for health is a multifocal and polysemic field with different purposes and theoretical trends. It was found that most of the authors cared for assuming a stance regarding this field, though few of them undertake the task to conceptualize both education and health. Conclusion: Different visions about education for health were perceived; however, this work criticizes the poor articulation observed in the papers between theory and practice on this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper identifies the socio-economic and demographic determinants of the potential demand for microcredits in Argentina using Logit type estimation techniques based on a random, stratified and non-proportional survey covering 5.700 households in 20 urban sectors. The paper runs two regressions, one for the demand for microcredit with productive purposes and another for the demand for microcredit to improve or enlarge housing. It is concluded that the type of employment, labor informality, age, marital status and debt reoccurrence are determinants of the probability to apply for a microcredit for both purposes. Future research could replicate this methodology for different time periods to strengthen our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents different conversations on management and organizations that have been published in ten of the main Latin American journals in the time period 2000-2014. The unit of analysis consisted of 3.210 papers classified in four conceptual axes: Management Theory, Organization Theory, Organizational Studies, and Research and Education in management and organizations. For the categorization, the Atlas.ti software, version 7.5, was used, complemented with content and frequency analysis methods. Thematic trends in management and organizations, the most prolific authors, the cooperation networks, as well as thoughts on research and education in this field were identified in this study. The results of the research invite to reflect on the basis of management and the implications of its interventions on organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the first part of a detailed and in-depth analysis of the various criteria on costs developed by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, specifically with regard to the substantive consideration of this issue, for instance: normative basis, origin according to type of representation, criteria for quantifying and exoneration of this in the sentences of the Tribunal. The aim of this paper is to provide university researchers and potential litigants in the Inter-American System with the criteria used by the Continental Court, which show the practical treatment of the institute beyond generic and purely theoretical considerations frequently exposed in different forums. As will be seen below, this paper shows that the lack of legislation regulating the issue of costs, has adversely impacted the legal security of the system, given the different approaches that the Court has established in its resolutions in regard to this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 4 September 2012, the official beginning of the peace process between the Colombian government and the FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia), there has been much discussion about the possible application of the doctrine of command responsibility in the prosecution of international crimes by national courts. However, the scope of this doctrine, as developed in international criminal law, should be differentiated from the notion of criminal liability by omission under the Colombian Criminal Code (CCC). This paper explores the forms of criminal liability and the factual hypothesis that the doctrine of command responsibility covers. It also examines some decisions of the Colombian courts in which the notion of criminal liability by omission of armed force members is applied (especially with regard to the general provision contained in article 25 CCC), indicating some legal problems that have arisen in this regard. This paper seeks to demonstrate that the doctrine of command responsibility and the general provision of article 25 CCC, though closely related, are not the same. In doing so, it claims that Colombian courts should apply norms of the criminal code’s special part to cover some factual hypothesis which are not covered by article 25 CCC, but still fall within the scope of the doctrine of command responsibility as defined, for example, in the Rome Statute. Finally, it maintains that the confusion of these two regimes of criminal liability could lead us to transfer into the Colombian legal system some of the problems faced in the application of international criminal law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to show that truth is neutral with respect to metaphysics and epistemology. In other words, the paper states that in order to make an analysis about our daily use of truth discourse, it is not necessary to refer to neither the nature of the world nor the nature of our epistemic capacities. The text is composed by three sections. In the first one, it makes explicit the common-sense intuitions which seem to bring truth to either metaphysics or epistemology. In the second one, the text analyzes the role of the predicate «is true» in our natural languages. In the third section, the intuitions aforementioned are considered with the purpose of examining its intuitive status and its alleged relationship with both metaphysics and epistemology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purposes of this paper are to explore the state of implementation of the Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) Programmes and their contribution to the construction of integrated social protection systems in Latin America on one hand, and to discuss the most important achievements and challenges in fighting against poverty in Colombia. With this target, the article begins with a brief review of the overall situation of the CCT Programmes in Latin America. This is followed by a comparative analysis of actions undertaken in some countries in the region in order to face the main threats related to the public policies to eradicate poverty. It enables to draw an analysis about the management of such challenges in Colombia. Finally, the last part of the paper suggests some hypotheses and proposals in order to address the problems identified above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impulsivity is a widely studied construct and has been characterized by a lack of consensus among authors about its definition, characteristics and assessment. This has provoked that impulsivity can be seen as a complex construct. We have conducted a systematic review of impulsivity in adolescents, in order to identify the different definitions, analyze the measures that are used to assess impulsivity and point out the different features which are related to the research on impulsivity. The literature was collected in an exhaustive search from several databases: Web of Knowledge, Scopus, PsycINFO, Scielo, Redalyc, Google School and Cochrane, where a set of 3,457 papers was selected. From this initial set, we reviewed 108 papers. Our results showed the definitions of impulsivity, the population, the evaluation measures and the relationship with other variables. We concluded that, (a) impulsivity has multiple definitions, (b) the most used measure to assess the construct is the MFFT and (c) we found that impulsivity has been research on topics such as behavioral problems, cognitive measures, assault and family issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to show that truth is neutral with respect to metaphysics and epistemology. In other words, the paper states that in order to make an analysis about our daily use of truth discourse, it is not necessary to refer to neither the nature of the world nor the nature of our epistemic capacities. The text is composed by three sections. In the first one, it makes explicit the common-sense intuitions which seem to bring truth to either metaphysics or epistemology. In the second one, the text analyzes the role of the predicate «is true» in our natural languages. In the third section, the intuitions aforementioned are considered with the purpose of examining its intuitive status and its alleged relationship with both metaphysics and epistemology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an embedded system that detects in real time the movement intention to control a prosthetic hand. This work shows that using temporal characteristics of simple calculation can provide subsets of feature vectors discernible enough as to use simple pattern classifiers. Thus, this paper proposes a classifier, which is based on the minimum distance from the centroid of the groups characterizing the movements to identify, by modifying the known algorithm K-nearest neighbors. Movement intention classification results obtained from the developed system are shown: using the percentage of success as an effectiveness measurement, by conducting tests over three persons with healthy muscles. The experimental results show that this system can be used effectively for the control of execution of four motor primitives on a prosthetic robotic hand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this historiographic paper is to carry out a critical analysis about one particular moment of the scientific trajectory of María Martina Casullo (1940-2008). In the first place, the article reviews her studies about the risk factors in adolescents from an epidemiologic-preventive approach since 1985. Secondly, the work points out how these epidemiologic studies concerning depression, suicidal risk and psychological unease were the kickoff for the analysis of the salutogenic or protective processes that prevent people to fall ill even when facing adverse environmental situations. Finally, this study concludes that these researches are the main record of the field that subsequently Casullo defined as salutogenic or positive psychology in Argentine at the end of 20th century. Thus, this paper critically analyzes the naturalized and whig tradition in psychology that has neglected the ideological and political conditions of the emergence of positive psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like other cognitive skills, the ability to reason causally changes during the course of development from early childhood to adulthood. There is, however, no agreement about how its development occurs. In this paper we propose a theoretical analysis to understand this process, namely, the idea that causal reasoning is a domain-general ability that is gradually enriched by the refinement of metacognitive skills, which allows reasoning independently from the immediate context. This proposal is based on the analysis of evidence of causal reasoning in young children, as well as evidence of integration of these skills during early adolescence with processes of argumentation and explanation. The paper also points out some methodological differences in studies with children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the theoretical perspective of market orientation proposed by Narver et al. (2004), this paper analyzes its relationship with innovation success and the moderating role of market and internally focused learning orientation. By ordinary least squares estimation of linear regression function it was found that reactive market orientation has a positive linear effect on innovation success. Meanwhile, proactive market orientation has an inverted U shaped effect that is moderated by market focused learning orientation. The paper demonstrates that each orientation type effects depend on the learning process type. It therefore follows that the enterprise's innovation success would have better results when combining an adequate market orientation and the learning process type applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses two central issues: the first one briefly presents two stages of anthropological development of Paul Ricœur's anthropologic deployment, as an effort to think human being with a renewed logic. The second one states that in such philosophical journey a plus of meaning is inserted into the language of faith which accompanies the anthropological development itself and, in turn, exceeds and contains the philosophical specific task, and also makes clear how such an assignment exceeds the explicit aims of the French author. In other words, this paper only seeks to outline a 'gesture of openness' in contemporary philosophy, accepting its heritage, and assuming renewed hues, deeps and scopes, allowing the philosophical work and human being go beyond themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to identify different profiles of emotional regulation, and to see if they differ in academic stress coping strategies. The participants were 487 physiotherapy students (74% female) from different universities, aged between 18 and 40 years. The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and Cuestionario de Estrés Académico (CEA) were applied. A total of three emotional regulation profiles were obtained in the cluster analysis. The first one is composed of students with low emotional regulation, a second group with mixed results was obtained and a third cluster shows students with high emotional regulation. Statistically significant differences in all the coping strategies were found between the profiles of low and high emotional regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper analyses the psychometric properties of the My-School (MS) 3D simulation program, which was designed to detect students at risk of drug abuse and bullying. In particular, two empirical studies have been carried out to evaluate, on the one hand, the content validity of the scenes, and on the other, the validity criterion (predictive) of the software. Specifically, in terms of the evaluation of content validity, the results showed the existence of a substantial agreement among the expert judges regarding the relevance, coherence, clarity and low bias of situations. In relation to the criterion validity, there were no differences between the answers given in the program and the interviews. The MS software thus has adequate validity properties for detecting students at risk of substance use and bullying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to show how important the ecclesial cultural heritage has been for The Church's work, its historic evolution and legislative development both regarding ecclesial and civil issues. The current society has been producing different legal-civil frameworks for the heritage protection. These tools should be used by The Church according to the call made by the Roman Pontiffs in the recent years. Therefore, this paper seek to let known some legislative tools concerning both the civil and the canonic law to allow a better efficiency in the protection of this heritage, focused mainly in the Colombian case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that the evaluation of religious truth claims is one of the conditions for the possibility of interreligious dialogue. This thesis takes dis tance from the theories that, bracketing the truth of religious claims, suggest that it is enough with argumentative, pragmatic or ethical criteria for making dialogue possible. Firstly, it explores the role of truth in dialogue; then it analyses the features and functions of religious truth claims, showing its differences with regard to other types of truth. The last part presents two criteria to evaluate the truth of religious claims in dialogue--one based on the meaning-giving function of religion, and the other on the historical and relational character of religious truth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a reading of El pentágono, the first novel by the Argentine writer Antonio Di Benedetto. This reading tries to overcome the generic classifications that are divided between literary realism and the fantasy genre. But it also discusses the purely antirealistic interpretation of the novel. To this end, it uses the concept of imagination and proposes a hypothesis that intends to be generalizable across the rest of the work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an understanding of Juan Goytisolo's novel El sitio de los sitios as a cultural response to the crisis of traditional Western models of rationality. The article focuses on the study of the dynamics of global social decomposition and the emergence of marginal figures seeking to recover their transgressive capacity through their bodies and the appropriation of urban space. By bringing memoricide and ethnic cleansing in the novel as negative expressions of modernity, Goytisolo questions the role of the reader, the author and the novel itself as essential elements in the literary representation of reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to reconstruct how the category of aesthetic experience has become central in contemporary aesthetics. Drawing from the contribution of different theorists and philosophers of art we approach the potential and limits of this category, paying attention to both proposals that defend it, and to criticisms that accuse it of having become a new form of ideology. Apparently, the concept of work of art has become obsolete, and the understanding of contemporary art has been channeled through the concept of aesthetic experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beyond the stereotypes and simplifications of René Girard's work, this paper defends the critical, independent and complex character of his thought. One year after his death and in the 25th anniversary of his dialogue with several liberation theologians, we come back to the proceedings of the meeting. In this volume we can recognize the richness and nuances of Girard's thinking, exemplified in his perspective on the Christ's Passion, that he originally regarded as a non-sacrificial narrative, and then accepted as sacrificial, but keeping his own denunciation of the logic of sacrifice and agreeing with the theologians present at the meeting about its relation with the persistence of poverty, exclusion, and indifference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The figure of angels is present in Jewish biblical tradition and in Jewish intertestamental literature. Even though researchers speculate on the lack of a "Jewish angelology," the angel figure plays a leading role in the administration of Heaven and Earth. From the characterization of the figure of the angels in Maimonides, this paper seeks to understand why he attempts to rationalize the angelology and the political-theological implications of that rationalization. Specifically, we are going to analyze the role of angels in the administration of the universe and their relationship with men, as well as their dispute with the heavenly power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work aims to delve into the background issues that led to the protection acts of the film productions in Colombia. In addition, this paper reflects on how the legislative evolution concerning film issues occurred hand in hand with the industry growth in our country. The scope of the copyrights for every film author and interpreter in our country is also explored herein. Finally, this work studies the evolution of their copyrights and how it relates to the film industry in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Framework contracts are a frequently used tool in the legal dealings. However, they have been studied scantily in the Colombian legal doctrine despite the difficulties they posit in both the theory and the practice. This paper aims to examine the notion of framework contract in order to differentiate it from other related legal concepts, study its legal nature, and ascertain its legal effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming to contribute to the development of didactics in some fields of the education disciplines, this paper proposes some instruments to validate Didactic Learning Environments (DLE) in the context of educating language and communication teachers (LC) on and for the diversity. Under the framework of an architecture to validate the DLEs, some instruments are proposed herein to validate didactic designs built after the Design theory and the mutual intelligibility that rules practice communities where LC teachers are educated. The result is a qualitative and quantitative toolkit whose function is to assess the DLEs in two instances: as a planned design and as a design in action. The elements assessed in the first instance include: didactical design, technological mediations, and educational accessibility. In the execution instance, the assessment includes: development of the didactical design, the social relations produced due to the accessibility, and the diversity acceptance in the settings intended for teacher formation. In general, this work provides some reflections as coadjutors in shaping the design for the DLE validation instruments as a field integrated to the emerging education research processes in didactics. In particular, this proposal of instruments allows the interested parties to map the relation network created with the efforts to understand the learning processes of the narrative, at the classroom of the future LC teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Argentina is the most sued country in the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) and one of the most Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) signed (58 in total, 55 into force). Most of these lawsuits were filed by transnational corporations (TNCs) by the 2001-2002 crisis and linked to economic sectors related to natural resources. 20% of these claims are related to the drinking water and sanitation, which also makes Argentina in the country that has received claims in ICSID this sector. These are cases of social conflict and where the role of the state is evident as a regulator against the claim of protection of private property by TNCs, which highlights a legal asymmetry that favors the protection of investments on the protection of rights humans, particularly the human right to water recognized by the UN in 2010. Taking the Argentine case as a witness, this paper will present an asymmetry that violates the most basic foundations of international law, highlighting the need to revise the international investment protection regime and its relevance to the human rights obligations erga omnes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the experiences and life events regarding the cultural competence in the public health practice. Methods: A qualitative meta-synthesis covering the databases Medline, OvidNursing, OvidJournal, Embase and BVS-LILACS, including papers in English, Spanish and Portuguese between 2009 and 2014. Ten studies were included and assessed by using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme in Spanish (CASPe). The three stages of the meta-aggregation programme were applied to do the obtaining and synthesis of findings. Results: The findings were aggregated in six categories and two types of results: 1) paradoxes when providing public health care to people from different culture and 2) going beyond the barriers – the daring by the public health nurses. Conclusion: The nurses experienced and expressed their cultural competence from the paradoxical situation produced when encountering another culturally different people. They showed a stance open to both understand and make sense of the other's culture, even though it was hard to produce culturally competent interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Executive functions are a set of abilities that allow the production of adaptive behaviours to specific challenges from the environment. Mentalization refers to the way in which humans are able to discern mental states, intentions and beliefs of others through observed behaviour. This paper clarifies the way in which we should understand the relationship between these two concepts. After presenting some of the most fundamental aspects of these concepts, it is proposed that mentalization underlies, organizes, and enhances the development of executive functions, this, contrary to the dominant approach defended by Carlson Moses, and Brenton (2002) that suggests that executive functions underlie the development of mentalization. After reviewing empirical evidence for the defended alternative, the last section explores some of its applications in areas such as the study of the neurophysiological nature of the social, the subjective nature of consciousness, and the domain of psychopathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the Spanish adaptation and validation of the Guess Who 4 Sociometric Questionnaire (GW4) (Mavroveli, Petrides, Sangareau, and Furnham, 2009), which assesses the social reputation in the context of group-classroom, based on the peer assessment technique by Coie and Dodge (1988). The sample consists of 668 students from third to sixth of primary education, aged 7-13 years (M =9.6, SD=1.11). GW4 correlations with emotional and behavioral problems of child and academic performance are analyzed. The results support the reliability and criterion validity of the instrument as a brief assessment of social competence, for use in research or application to psychoeducational assessment and counseling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the mediating effect of Absorptive Capacity (AC) in the relationship between Information Technology Capabilities (ITC) and Organizational Performance, particularly financial performance (FP) and non-financial performance (NFP). The hypothesis model was tested on a sample of manufacturing and service companies, for which a structural equation by the least squares method was used. As for the results it was found that there is a total mediation of AC in the relationship between ITC and FP, and a partial one between ITC and NFP. In conclusion, to achieve the ITC impact on business results, its articulation is needed with soft organizational skills such as AC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the result of a documentary and bibliographic research carried out in the general archive of the Latin American Episcopal Council, Celam. It focuses on its contribution to ecumenical dialogue during its sixty years of history. It presents the people involved in the process, the contributions of the General Assemblies of the Episcopate and their main theological and ecumenical emphasis. It also highlights the evolution of the concepts, the influence of the Ecclesiology of Communion and of the missionary discipleship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a first instance, the following article proposes an analytical itinerary around three "cursed" words (violence, populism and Gaitanism) of the Colombian historiography. In a second instance, an inquiry is suggested over those categories and over their own digressions under the light of a non-pejorative interpretation of both populism and Gaitanism. Finally, the article exhibits an exploratory hypothesis and argues that Gaitanist populism could be thought of as a particular way of processing and stopping political violence. To illustrate this proposition two specific dimensions are described to understand the Gaitanist process between 1924 and 1948: its political-comunicative practices and the oscillations between rupture and integration in the Gaitanist discursivity. By analyzing Gaitán and his followers' discursivity, we can consider that Gaitanism, as a framework of political-communicative practices, contributed to process popular demands that diminished bipartisan tensions in Colombia in the first half of the 20th century. The construction of a popular subject, and the "face to face" presentation between the leadership and the masses in the public arena, among other elements of the Gaitanist identity, served to process --in a belligerent but peaceful way-- the political and social discontent of the time. Likewise, Gaitanism as an identity process --between 1944 and 1946-- raised as a movement that arrogated the representation of a "true country" (rupture) and the construction of a restoring order for Colombian democracy (integration). In short, the proposed disquisitions in this paper seek to highlight the relevance of thinking historical processes, such as populism, through a conceptual framework aimed at the study of political identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to illustrate how, from an extended ritual device, social forces changed in the postapartheid South Africa, helping reconciliation and the consolidation of national unity. In addition, the paper studies how the story-telling of this device creates a foundational myth: the Rainbow Nation. This article is the research result of the Line "History, Culture and Political Philosophy" at the Faculty of Political Science and Government at the University of Rosario. It presents a political phenomenon, almost religious, departing from concepts and theories of the anthropologists Marc Augé and Mircea Eliade. Based on secondary sources (videos, interviews, books, academic researches), the article showed how a sports event was applied as a ritual, which consolidated the social bases of the new political project of the South Africa postapartheid; and how from this ritual, a myth was built, a historical reference for the new nation. The article has an original approach insofar as it links anthropological concepts to analyze a political process; and illustrates the functioning and usefulness of rituals and myths in contemporaneity as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public choice theorists argue that political and administrative decentralization increases the efficiency in the delivery of public services in local communities. This paper departs from a critical stand of this perspective in studying the phenomenon of poor school performance. The Department of Atlántico is a case that deviates from the assumptions of public choice scholars, and hence its analysis serves to open an ontological and practical discussion on how to study processes of primary and secondary educational decentralization in Colombia. The use of a realist paradigm as a methodological backup to analyse a set of individual and group interviews at different levels of the government helps to unveil many of these implications. Themes identified in this study include the limited capacity of local authorities to design and administrate educational policies, the lack of clarity among the actors of different levels of the national education system about the use of state examinations, and the difficulty experienced by school directors of public educational institutions to access promptly to educational quality resources. These findings are all indicative of policy complexities omitted in the diagnostics of the sector published in the mainstream literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Argentina is the most sued country in the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) and one of the most Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) signed (58 in total, 55 into force). Most of these lawsuits were filed by transnational corporations (TNCs) by the 2001-2002 crisis and linked to economic sectors related to natural resources. 20% of these claims are related to the drinking water and sanitation, which also makes Argentina in the country that has received claims in ICSID this sector. These are cases of social conflict and where the role of the state is evident as a regulator against the claim of protection of private property by TNCs, which highlights a legal asymmetry that favors the protection of investments on the protection of rights humans, particularly the human right to water recognized by the UN in 2010. Taking the Argentine case as a witness, this paper will present an asymmetry that violates the most basic foundations of international law, highlighting the need to revise the international investment protection regime and its relevance to the human rights obligations erga omnes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main thesis of this paper is that for Socrates political virtue is accomplished exclusively in the sphere of pure language or gesture. The argument consists of three parts. First, following on from the lectures entitled What is Called Thinking?, I examine Heidegger's interpretation of the figure of Socrates in relation to the themes of language and gesture. Following on from this analysis, I remark that Heidegger overlooks important aspects of Socrates' understanding of the relation between political virtue and speech. Subsequently, based on the analysis of a central passage from Plato's Apology, I argue that virtue requires the public communicability of speech, and that it imposes itself over language and gestures as a principle of action that precedes and exceeds conceptual knowledge. Finally, I conclude by stating that political power is restricted to the medium of language, to what language itself does or says. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on the relation between discourse, knowledge and institutions, in the context of the teachings of the French philosopher Michel Foucault. The question about discourse leads Foucault to inquire about the relation between knowledge and power. The imbrication of knowledge and power that his analysis uncovers sets in motion a powerful and multiple production technology that extends with positive effects to all society and institutions. An example of this is the institution of school and in its particular rediscovery of disciplines. We briefly review the writings of humanists of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as examples of the positive effects of the idea of educating men and women in intellectual tasks through the study of school disciplines, indispensable to achieve critical thought, the core of the positive and productive effect of school learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the author reflects upon the past, the present and the future of philosophical education within the framework of a democratic mode of living, integrating three levels of argumentation: an autobiographic level, triggered by the encounter with an old school notebook that belonged to the author's father; a conceptual level, in which the author recalls John Dewey's pragmatist approach to philosophy; and a descriptive and proactive level, in which the author examines recent developments concerning the teaching of philosophy and proposes a perspective on philosophical education in tune with these. The author underscores the importance of different displacements and transformations undergone by the practice of teaching philosophy during the last century, and sets up a contrast between the old practices, intended to provide a "correct view of the world", and the urge for philosophy to provide a critique of society and knowledge. In this way, the author draws on Dewey's ideal, according to which philosophy should carry out both a critique and a reconstruction of present experience. Finally, the author sets forth ten challenges for future philosophical education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze and criticize the situation of trade unionism in Colombia throughout the use of international and comparative law, analyzing the conceptual framework of the concept of representativeness, the recognition criteria of representativeness and the prerogatives of the same. In this sense, we proceed to an analytical study of the legal device regarding the constitutional framework in order to demonstrate the inadequacy of that in respect to that design proposed by the Colombian Constitution of 1991. Similarly, a comparative perspective is adopted to enrich the reflection offering elements for the understanding of the meaning and how of the notion of union representation works. Reflection leads to highlight the mismatch between the constitutional and legal frameworks for trade union advocacy and to consider the introduction of the notion of union representation in the legal system as a central tool of promotion of trade unionism in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the system of shareholders agreements contained in Article 70 of Law 222 of 1995 and Article 24 of Law 1258 of 2008, in order to determine its scope and thus understand generally the regulation of these agreements in the Colombian commercial law and the way how are you standards relate to the general rules on obligations, contracts and partnerships, thereby seeks to sustain the possibility to conclude agreements partners in all types of companies and not only in the corporation and simplified stock. It also seeks to identify the main issues under discussion for which the work is based not only on a policy analysis, but also doctrinal, jurisprudential and includes reference to the interpretations made by the Superintendencia de Sociedades both concepts and judicial decisions related corporate agreements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reexamines data from three GICEOLEM studies, which focus on how writing and reading are included in different courses in higher education. On one side, a national survey results showed two modes of dealing with reading and writing in different courses: peripheral and intertwined. On another side, by means of observational studies, in History and Biology, the analysis of teaching situations in which teachers and students talk about what has been read or written allowed to identify, in turn, two variants of the intertwined mode: reading and writing as a means or as an end of instruction. Class observations transcripts enabled to characterize teaching practices and triangulate them with what was declared by professors in the survey. Our aim is to contribute to the debate on academic literacy instruction, offering a more detailed picture on how, why and what for reading and writing practices are dealt with across the curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to analyze how the prevention of HIV infection in Colombia -- from the 1980s until now -- has taken place, given that it is one of the main measures to control infection. We present the epidemiological context in the world and in Colombia, the development of the prevention of infection, and conclude with some reflections on the gaps and realities of what has characterized HIV prevention in our environment. Methodology: we analyzed papers and scientific articles in Spanish, English, and Portuguese from 2000 to 2016, available in PubMed Lilacs, Ebsco, Medline, Justor, and Scielo. Seventy-five articles were reviewed out of which twenty-nine selected. Conclusions: HIV prevention must move from the assistance-based approach to policies that promote human, social, and economic development, without leaving aside the fact that the general population is at risk of acquiring the infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]