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There has been a change in international politics since the 2008 financial crisis, thanks to a greater spread of economic resources and military capabilities. For many, it is a radical transformation that could spell the end of US hegemony in Latin America. This paper examines the proposition, beginning with a review of the concept of hegemony, which rather than being viewed as a structural characteristic is conceived of here as a "nuanced hegemony", in other words a network of asymmetric and hierarchical relations. We can observe not just one transformation then, but the emergence of a hemispheric context that could be described as "differentiated hegemony". The United States still occupies a central position, but its foreign policy is marked by subregional fragmentation and the externalisation of electoral priorities. The paper explores the effects at subregional level, focusing on the opportunities and challenges it presents to Latin American countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a world of growing international competition and rivalry between China and the United States, Latin America and the European Union (EU) are caught in the same thorny dilemma. Positioned between these global giants, both regions are facing a retorn to a Westphalian system of nation-states, which undermines their roles as emerging regional players. In view of these new global challenges in Latin America and the EU, this paper uses a qualitative and comparative approach to explore foreign policy discourses on autonomy in both regions. It examines their goals and priorities and assesses the potential regional and interregional consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In "The Yellow Wall-paper" (1982), Charlotte Perkins Gilman brings to the surface the kind of treatment women were subjected to by doctors who acted following their own -male- point of view, ignoring women's perspective and opinions completely. This short story constitutes a valuable document about the situation of women in the United States by the end of XIX century, as it unveils the contradictions of a period of important social change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Abstract: "Kosher" is a word used to illustrate the food laws of Jewish people. It's a traditional Jewish law for food. For Jews, it's more than food consumption with safety. It's regarding religious beliefs and traditions. Jews follow proper guidelines of Kosher and give the compulsion to food to be reckoned Kosher. The English word "Kosher" is derived from the Hebrew root "Kasher", which means to be pure, proper, or suitable for consumption. Kashrut is a charter that renders the foundation for kosher dietetic rule and is established inside 'Torah' which is a Jewish sacred book. Kosher dietetic rules are including all and produce a strict structure of rules and regulations which gives a sketch of foods allowed or prohibited. It also determines how foods allowed should be made, refined, and fixed before eating. The paper illustrates kosher law and food among American-Jewish people and their determination towards their religious beliefs in American land, which is not their motherland, with analysis from Philip Roth's novel Indignation. This paper also ascertains Jewish culture into the outlook of American culture which ends with a cultural clash referring to historical consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyse a corpus of 137 texts published between 1888 and 1899. These texts are included in one of the most successful Spanish-language newspapers published in the United States during the second half of the nineteenth century: Las Novedades (New York, 1876-1918). In the analysis I will determine the linguistic ideologies and the discursive strategies used for the promotion of Hispanism and Spanish language in a sociopolitical context in which the Spanish hegemony was losing all its power at an international level. Thus, the ideologies found are divided in two different categories: the linguistic ideologies that give the language a cultural value and the linguistic ideologies that make reference to the economic and commercial value of the language. The results obtained from this analysis will contribute to understand the role of Spanish language in the United States. Furthermore, this paper presents an unpublished corpus of clear historiographic interest that contributes to clarify the panorama of Hispanism in a country like the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper frames the history of the Second Empire in Mexico within the international context, studying the influence of the situation and the European conflicts of the time, the diplomacy developed by Maximilian and the role of the United States before the French Intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alexander the Great is a historical figure who has caught the interest of the academic and artistic world. In cinema, we must highlight the films by the American directors Robert Rossen and Oliver Stone. This paper reflects on the idea of empire that is developed here considering that the United States is the current empire and that both filmmakers show a critical position with certain policies of their country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As defined in economic theory, artificial intelligence (AI) can be considered an industry. In this context, two simultaneous processes are observed: concurrence and cooperation. The current dispute between China and the United States for world leadership in AI should be placed against this background. Thus, the description in this paper of concrete policies and measures that the Chinese regime pursued to promote its AI industry and identify its strategy to increase its influence on the standardization processes in the emerging industry is extremely important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the evolution of the trilateral trade relationship between Mexico, the United States and China, and its main characteristics, from 1993 to 2020, through the application of vector autoregressive (VAR) models at different points in time. More specifically, trade links between these economies have been transformed from a first phase of little significance to a second phase with profound interrelationships since 2001, and finally to a current consolidation stage, despite the current increasingly complex environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is, based on the theory of complex systems (Arthur, 2009), to reconstruct the inventive activity of lead-acid batteries used in electric vehicles. Based on the information from the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) database, and based on the methodology developed by Strumsky and Lobo (2015), it is possible to represent different degrees of inventive novelty (origination, new combination, recombination and reuse), as well as measuring the increasing technological complexity of lead-acid batteries. Evidence shows that the lead-acid battery is an increasingly complex technology. It is a rival technology but is also complementary to the nickel-metal-hydride and lithium-ion batteries used by electric and hybrid vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ostensibly, Joe Biden's victory over Donald Trump in the 2020 presidential elections should have placed United States international policy back on a familiar path. However, despite the prevalence of a highly traditional vision of US foreign policy, the Biden administration has maintained significant continuities with the previous administration, as reflected in the policy towards China and the withdrawal from Afghanistan. In part, this is due to the constraints produced by the deep divisions that exist at domestic level. This paper aims to unravel the fundamental elements of Biden's foreign policy, focusing on possible ideological and doctrinal elements, strategic priorities, and any continuities and changes relative to his predecessor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent electoral successes of right-wing and far-right actors in different parts of the world have prompted discussion on various topics: the causes of their rise, their characteristics and strategies, the motivations of electorates and the depth of the right-wing shifts in a range of societies. This paper proposes key themes for systematising this debate and some clues to understanding the rise of the right in such diverse and heterogeneous national realities. It also suggests recovering a constructivist conceptualisation of "authoritarian traditions" in order to analyse the mobilisation strategies, behaviour and coordination of right-wing groups from a perspective that highlights their dynamic and innovative nature. This approach allows us to (re)think authoritarianism as the result of symbolic practices and discourses that are assembled, (re)invented and updated to serve various purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper by David Quammen, author of the recommended book Spillover. Animal infections and the next human pandemic, makes a brief synthesis of the latest research on epizootic diseases, caused by viruses that jump from other animal species to the human species, and is a sort of addendum to the epilogue of the Spanish version, entitled "We were the ones who created the coronavirus epidemic". In this paper Quammen argues that U.S. has fared worse than other countries not because it lacked information or funding but because it failed to learn the lessons of the last outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The racial segregation established in the United States at the end of the 19th century was the object of criticism and rejection by certain sectors of American society, who formed various organizations that channeled this discontent and tried to structure a response that would put an end to the situation of inequality. The 1950s and 1960s accentuated the struggle for civil rights through new forms of resistance and criticism of the segregationist regime. This new situation was the subject of an abundant musical production that, in the form of protest songs and songs for freedom, served as a vehicle of expression for the Civil Rights Movement of the African-American community, expressing its aspirations and frustrations. The objective of this paper is to compile and examine the portrait that these compositions cultivated of the struggle for Civil Rights through the events that marked this claim. In order to reach this goal, this article will take into account both the actions of protest whose purpose was to obtain a new legislation that would put an end to racial segregation and the violent reactions that it provoked in the Southern states. I will analyze the lyrical contents of the songs which will allow us to determine the positioning of the singer-songwriters and determine their approach to the struggle against segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper exposes the historical development of the right of confrontation in the United States, which is included in the Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution, specifically in the Sixth Amendment. It starts identifying its origin on the Common Law, continuing with its development at the dawn of the Declaration of Independence and its eventual incorporation in the Bill of Rights. The paper also emphasizes the causes that explain why this right developed in a more specialized and broad manner in the thirteen colonies than in its English predecessor. Finally, the paper illustrates the importance of the right of confrontation as the angular stone of the adversary system, and also identifies all its contemporary manifestations in the United States criminal process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the diplomatic work of Antonio Carrillo Flores, Mexico's ambassador to the United States, between 1958 and 1964. Using Carrillo's personal archive, I show that his experience in the Mexican economic bureaucracy was fundamental in strengthening the commercial and financial relationship with that country. I also show that, with pragmatism, he used the Cold War logic to promote a Latin American economic agenda and look for alternatives to reduce dependence on the United States. I divide the work into two parts that correspond to the Republican administration of Eisenhower (1958-1960) and the Democratic administration of Kennedy (1961-1964), ending with the appointment of Carrillo as the Mexican Secretary of Foreign Affairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic crises can be analyzed as part of the economic cycle and from different theoretical perspectives. The article considers economic crises or recessions, in general, as capitalism's own mechanisms to alleviate its contradictions and restore, at least partially, the previous accumulated imbalances. The period 1970 to 2020 covers eight economic crises, some of which determine changes in the internal structure, economic policy trends and the functioning of the U.S. economy, as the main center of the world economy. The purpose of this paper is to examine the set of economic crises of the last fifty years in a panoramic manner, to evaluate them as part of the process of major economic transformations and associated economic policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the word indio and the concepts underlying it, in American documents from 1494 to 1905 written in Spanish. The paper examines the syntax, the semantics and the contexts in which indio appears, to shed light on the relationships between indio and other actors of the American society, like español, and to shed light on the conceptual changes along 400 years. The paper analyzes various independent syntactic and semantic variables; for instance, the general frequency of the word during four centuries, the textual genre in which indio preferably appears, the quantifi- cation, the individuation, and the semantic classes of verbs. In all variables, it is clear a strong social asymmetry for indio and the low social class status that indio had always in Spanish America. There are some important grammatical and conceptual changes in the 18th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a vision of the perceived threat and prejudice that the inhabitants of the metropolitan area of the Valley of Mexico express in relation to undocumented Central American migration in transit through Mexico. For this objective, an instrument was developed and implemented, having as background the Theory of Subtle and Manifest Prejudice (Pettigrew and Meertens, 1995) and the Theory of Integrated Threat (Stephan and Stephan, 2000). The results support that there are differences according to educational level, the occupation of the participants, and the quality of contact with migrants. It is concluded that the inhabitants of the ZMVM present low levels of prejudice and perception of threat in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I analyze the figure of the bridge and its key role in the development of Woolf's arguments in Three guineas. I will argue that the bridge symbolizes the notion of point of view elaborated by the author: a situated and differentiated perspective constructed from the experiences of women. I will argue that a different experience results into the construction of a non-hegemonic, different point of view that provides an "other" knowledge, the knowledge of outsiders. As a consequence, the unsolvable dilemmas as seen from the dominant perspective can be resolved if they are approached from the perspective of outsiders, which has epistemological and axiological implications. I will also argue that these ideas are to be found decades later in contemporary feminism, both as acknowledged legacies and through unexplored affinities. Finally, I will showcase thematic and methodological affinities between Woolf's approach, Anglo-Saxon feminist epistemologies and those of radical women of color in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of who owns large companies and how they are organised is overdue in the study of Latin American elites, especially at transnational level. It is a limitation that has hampered debates on the emergence of transnational business elites in the region. This paper identifies the owners of the largest companies in Latin America and analyses the networks they form. The results reveal the formation of an interlocking ownership network between a small number of transnational owners, most of whom are financial corporations in the United States and Europe. These findings allow us to discuss regional integration and the dominance of economic models imported from those territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines secondary sanctions as part of the triangular relations between the United States, the European Union and Cuba. The analysis - built on Dittmer's (1981) strategic triangle theory and Womack's (2016) studies of asymmetric relationships - questions the evaluation of sanctions carried out by the US Departments of State, Commerce and the Treasury, noting that, by prioritising the impact on the target's economy, the evaluation ignores other fundamental effects of the sanctions in terms of triangular relations with allies and alternative powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper puts forward a set of academic proposals for the Colombian health care system's adequate incorporation of the right to try experimental treatments conceived in the United States. It explains the differences between the Colombian and the American health models regarding access to non-conventional drugs. A comparative qualitative method is used, which, by contrasting, would provide solutions to incorporate the right appropriately into the national health model. The research concludes that, for the right to be adequately adopted, it is crucial to take out voluntary policies that ensure experimental treatments, introduce presumption of fact on patients' economic capacity to avoid shifting the burden of proof, eliminate medical committees for the approval of these drugs--notwithstanding the fact that physicians may consult their risks and benefits with other medical bodies--, and incentivize credits and tax exemptions for insurers and manufacturers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into an analysis of illegality in migration, from a migrant perspective. To do this, established and assimilated historical practices in selected groups of Mexican migrants were analyzed according to immigration status and settlement area. The argument presented here is that illegality has a functional character for the reproduction of the migrant trajectory. This is demonstrated using a comparative analysis of the way migrants' decisions allow them to integrate their trajectories into two contexts which show unequal development. Such integration determines its functionality independently of the existence of restrictive migration policies in nation-state contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes five excerpts from the North American Free Trade Agreement (nafta) that have been subjected to intervention, through a work of erasures and overlays to the original document, which appear in the intervention as a mellow-grey watermark, in Hugo García Manríquez's Anti-Humboldt. This article aims to read the original document along with the bold words selected by the author in order to extract a sense that challenges the increasingly tightened migration policies on the United States-Mexico border. What this approach produces is a counter-discourse that proclaims for the territorial opening and the decriminalization of the border crossing. This work thus presents an oblique proposal which highlights the segregationist ideology hidden behind the proclamations of freedom and harmony of the agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

this paper analyzes the first two attempts at the creation of science and technology policy in Ecuador from the role of various stakeholders: scientists, politicians, and industry. The institutionalization of this policy first emerged in 1973 as part of the "nationalist and revolutionary" military dictatorship of Rodriguez Lara, and as part of the proposed import substitution industrialization (ISI) in response to the oil boom. The second attempt took place during the return to democracy in 1979 and was based on the enactment of the Law on the National System of Science and Technology and on the creation of the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología. This paper discusses the narrative of the events rather than the cause. It examines social macro processes through the lens of various stakeholders (political and economic national conditions and international influences). Furthermore, the definition and implementation of policies is explained via political cultures; implicit and explicit scientific technology Policy; and technological scientific paradigms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an empirical analysis of how US unconventional monetary policy has affected Latin American countries. First, we estimate the effects of US monetary policy announcements on sovereign bond interest rates, exchange rates, and stock market indices for a set of emerging countries, including five Latin American economies. We found that QE announcements in 2008/2009 and the tapering talk in 2013 generated sizable sovereign yield and exchange rate fluctuations. We further find, just in a few cases, some excessive response of asset prices in Latin American countries. In the second part of the paper, we estimate a simple model that measures the influence of country-specific macroeconomic fundamentals on the transmission of US financial disturbances. An estimated model including the inflation rate, the CDS spread, the ratio of official reserves and market capitalization explains some of the observed cross-country heterogeneity of spillovers from US monetary policy announcements. Under this model, a greater impact from the normalization of US monetary policy can be expected in Latin America relative to other emerging economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of this paper to elaborate a cost-benefit analysis to estimate the convenience of investing in a new prison within San Pedro Cholula, a municipality located in the Method: We use a methodology proposed by Canavagh P. David and Mark A.R. Kleinman (1990) who develop a cost-benefit analysis of building a prison in the United States considering four concerning participants: government, families, enterprises and society. Results: Based on an Internal Rate of Return of 48% and a cost-benefit relation of 1.77, it turns out that the construction of a new facility is convenient and recommendable under the present tenets. Conclusion: Overpopulation and precarious conditions prevail in most Mexican prisons nowadays. Corruption, violence and permanent violations of human rights are business as usual and the Cholula prison is not the exception. That is why, a new facility, away from the urban area is not only necessary but urgent, in order to improve the general conditions of the local population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Official Development Assistance (ODA) received a new boost at the start of the 21st century, but this did not translate into a meaningful decrease in poverty and inequality on the periphery. In Latin America, under the leadership of governments called progressive or post-neoliberal, significant advances were observed to this effect, with the Movement for Socialism (MAS) in Bolivia paradigmatic in terms of socioeconomic development and the political and cultural inclusion achieved. Beginning with a critique of US ODA to Latin America, and considering the case of Bolivia, this paper seeks to open up potential ways of underpinning a theoretical line in the political praxis of development that maintains a positive sense of this notion, and which is at the same time able to break with the neoliberal perspective and dispute the scepticism of post-structuralist radicalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a cultural institution, the press plays a fundamental role in documenting and forging the public image of migrants. This paper analyzes two thematic axes in the post 9/11 narrative of the New York Times on migration. The image that was created during the year following the terrorist attacks presents on the one hand the Mexican migrant as a potential terrorist and on the other hand migration as a global problem. It is fundamental to problematize the rhetoric about contemporary migration by inserting it in the ideological roots that defined that moment and in the historical framework of the Mexico-United States relationship. The media rhetoric post 9/11 contributed to the emergence of a new international agenda by globalizing this representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes to construct an analytical framework to indentify the real contribution of financial system (FS) to argentine economic development. This construction is performed on four dimensions: i) «Quantitative»; Is it reasonable amount borrowed by banks? ii) «sectorial»: SF favors activities than can promote diversification, integration and modernization of the productive structure iii) «territorial»: FS lending helps break the divergent growth pattern of our territory? iv) an «actor» dimension: FS helps break the logic of concentrating wealth accumulation. The paper is organized in three parts. First introduce basic concept that will be used in the rest of the paper, second assess the performance of FS under the four dimension considerer. We conclude that despite the huge potential of FS for development, its configuration in our country has been very poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present the initial results of a study on Maya-Yucatecan migrant women who have settled permanently in Los Angeles, California. The reasons that led them to migrate are addressed as well as the way they came to the United States and joined the work force. Certain aspects that permitted their insertion into Los Angeles society are highlighted, together with identity recovery practices to show that adaptation to the host culture is slow, irregular and incomplete, but enough for them to deploy survival strategies. The paper is based on the assumption that female migration lends this phenomenon specific characteristic that warrant special attention. Accordingly, the analysis of the document is based on an interpretation of the meaning of the actions, for which the content of ten in-depth interviews conducted in Los Angeles in 2012 was used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Death penalty has been accepted through the years by the United States as a useful way to deal with criminals. Th is practice was in accordance to a system which required swift justice. The appearance and development of the rule of law in which individual rights were recognized increased the opposition to this measure. Capital punishment has been abolished in almost all Western countries, but in the case of the United States many local legislatures include death penalty statutes. Th is paper has the purpose of approaching the ever-changing debate surrounding this practice in the United States, in order to review diff erent sceneries that have modified both how the executions take place, replacing public executions in favor of private ones, and the public perception regarding them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The studies on the American democracy promotion policy towards Francoist Spain have been many years relegated once taken for granted the propagandistic nature of the American public discourse. However, in order to assess what were Washington’s real aims and determinants in its relations with Franco and his regime, in the first part of this article we briefly examine the changes operated in American geostrategic conceptions from the 30s onwards. In the second part, in what constitutes the core of this paper, a more detailed focus is put on the examination of the Spanish case from the documentation on Spain between the years 1945-1973 preserved in the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) at College Park, Md. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the structural decomposition developed by Blanchard and Quah (1989), this paper investigates how the local supply and demand impulses and the monetary policy of the United States affect the evolution of economic variables such as the unemployment rate and inflation. The variables to be used arise from the development of a theoretical model that incorporates aspects of the particularities of the economy of Puerto Rico with the economic theory. According to the results the shocks of supply and demand have transitory effects, however, the effects of monetary policy remain persistent. Aspects related to the regional and sectorial effects of monetary policy, as well as the way in which the economic system is constituted, the scope of fiscal policy and the use of monetary rules are relevant aspects when analyzing empirical evidence and also represent a contribution in examining the effects of US monetary policy on unincorporated regions and territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the migration processes and labor incorporation of two professional groups of Mexicans in the United States: engineers and nurses. Certification standards, the ability of migrants to act as agents, and the involvement of various actors in the migratory process are analyzed in order to understand how differentiated labor paths are built within and between each occupational group in the US labor market Other structural factors that helped to understand the processes studied were the motivations to migrate, family and professions networks, and gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The threat of transnational organized crime is a major concern in the international arena. This article, based on qualitative interviews with 133 migrant smugglers operating in the border between Mexico and the United States, aims to examine if migrant smuggling networks operating in Mexico carry terrorist to the United States. This paper concludes that although half of the respondents thought that the terrorists could reach the United States using migrant smuggling networks, none had direct knowledge about the passage of terrorists through the border between Mexico and the United States. Moreover, the data collected indicate that it is unlikely that Mexican migrant smugglers could stablish alliances with terrorist groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we obtain expressions for both the tax benefit of debt and the return on equity, when the company and the debt grow, under the non-integrated tax system prevailing in the USA. Then we develop the equivalent expressions under a totally integrated tax system. The main contribution of this paper is the extension and generalization of the company valuation and cost of equity formulas to a tax system different to the one used in the USA, but prevailing in many other countries in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore the research of the seedbed group, examining the imaginary concept students have in relation with the undergraduate training program at the university. Initially, the semantic universe on research seedbeds group is recognized through the technique of free association; after, these ones were evaluated through a structured interview in order to know the reasons why they can be assigned for seedbeds groups. Finally, based on students' consideration; emotional skills, social and scientific competences were investigated, which every researcher must open in their field of exercise. In this research paper, 72 students from seedbeds group of Colombian public university participated. The results are presented under a descriptive - exploratory model and they include the approach of the complementarities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper advances a theoretical model to explain the processes of change in military organizations. It begins by setting out the main theories that have been advanced in order to explain the origin of these processes. It then applies the integrative theoretical model to a case study of particular relevance: the innovation processes of US special operations forces in the fight against Al Qaeda after the 9/11 attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to determine the effect of labor income prior to migration on the income obtained by migrants in the destination economy, in the case of temporary Mexican migrants in the United States. The data used comes from the Emif Norte survey conducted between 1999 and 2009. High relative and absolute mobility is observed. Hourly income is multiplied by a factor of four in the destination economy, while the effect of a 10 % increase in labor income in Mexico results in less than a 1 % increase in labor income in the United States. The results show that labor income in Mexico has little predictive power for the job performance of Mexican migrants in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses previous research on the Mexican case regarding poverty dynamics and social mobility, in order to know the main findings of the literature. The objective is to draw up research questions and hypothesis to continue researching this theme in the future. The introduction discusses the importance of poverty dynamics as a research perspective for Mexican case. The second part describes the main findings of the literature on intergenerational mobility. The third part describes the main findings of the literature on intra-generational mobility and poverty dynamics. The last part discusses the evidence presented and draw up research questions and hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides a vision of economic cycle chief features, and the characteristics of current pattern of accumulation in the USA, established at the beginning of last century 90's, as of the analysis of the financial and economic crisis by the end of 2007. It assumes its most recent antecedents in economic relations and capitalist economy policies prevailing tendencies since the end of the 1970's, 1980's, and 1990's, which created the distinctive political, regulatory and institutional conditions of current North American imperialist economy, chiefly based on external financing through deregulated global capital markets. The paper also presents the chief functioning mechanisms of USA economy within this scope, as well as it goes briefly over the possibilities of its reconfiguration and establishment of a new international economic order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Spirobolellus has a worldwide distribution, including Asia, Australia and America. In this paper, we describe a new species of Spirobolellus collected in Viñales, Pinar del Rio province between 1941 and 1946. The new species differs from others because it is bigger and the curved shape of posterior gonopodes. Additionally, the sternal process is wide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States of America, the electronic promissory notes are subject to regulation under the definition of "transferable records" established in both, state law and federal law. Part of this regulation was developed in order to facilitate the issuance and electronic circulation of these negotiable instruments in real estate, and to facilitate the granting of mortgages, offering the alternative of making the entire process electronically. In this paper we address the study of these negotiable instruments, with particular emphasis on the requirements that allow the processing of electronic files in conditions equal to those of traditional documents issued in paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the principal concepts of social class, occupation, and social stratification, and their contribution to the analysis of the social determinants of health (SDH), and reviews empirical studies conducted in Latin America that use employment relations as an SDH. The review focuses on studies of the relationship between health and social class based on neo-Weberian or neo-Marxist perspectives. A search of the BIREME Virtual Health Library and the SciELO database found 28 articles meeting these characteristics. This relative dearth contrasts with the profusion of papers that use these approaches written in Europe and in the United States, with a long tradition in the analysis of SDH. In this regard, the political and programmatic implications of research on social class and employment relations are different from and complementary to studies of health gradients associated with income and education. Globalization of employment relations requires the development of new concepts to explain and measure the mechanisms of action of the SDH going beyond what is strictly labor related; in particular, the importance in the current Latin American reality of the impact of informal work on health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to debate the new paradigms of international development aid, with a specific focus on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and their implementation within the context of Latin America. The paper will start drawing both the conceptual framework and the international environment, and afterwards will provide readers with an analysis of a success story occurred in the Department of Antioquia (Colombia). A further analytical approach will be proposed to appraise the potential of the North-South and South-South developmental co-operations. These may be linked one to each other with the first strengthening and widening up the second, thus creating innovative enabling environments for fruitful exchanges between local actors and organized civil societies of the North and the South of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents, based on a documentary research and content analysis, a chronological journey through the reality of Ibero-America regarding the topic of information literacy -INFOLIT. This journey begins in 1985, when the first work on the topic was published, until our days, when the papers are mainly related to the inclusion of information literacy into the curriculum and the use of e-learning platforms and Web 2.0 for teaching and learning information competencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1910 and 1915 the American Museum of Natural History carried out several expeditions in Colombian territory. Taking into account recent studies on U.S. cultural imperialism and science and imperialism, this paper analyzes the collections of birds from these expeditions to explore the role of North American imperialism in science, as well as the role of North American science in the expansion of the United States in the first decades of the twentieth century. The paper illustrates how theories of race and migration shaped the way in which North American naturalists appropriated and comprehended Colombian nature. Likewise, the paper explores the perspective of Colombian naturalists towards the expeditions, concluding that, far from being mere puppets of North American interests, Colombians used the relationship with U.S. naturalists to pursue their own agendas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]