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Objective/Context: This paper aims to analyze the vast, varied and lasting presence of the little-known revolutionary rhetoric exploited by Francisco Franco throughout the dictatorship in Spain. To this end, this rhetoric is connected with the different contexts in which it was used and with the terminology employed in those same years by thinkers or politicians linked above all to the Falange. Methodology: As this article is interested in the public discourse of Franco's regime, it has examined in detail and qualitatively the content of Franco's public speeches. For this purpose, we have resorted to the official compilations made under Franco's regime and, because of their selective and incomplete nature, also to newspaper sources. Thus, more than a history of intellectual or political ideas, this work is linked to their public and pragmatic dimension and delves into the complex practical functioning of ideologies. Originality: With few exceptions, Franco's rhetoric has not been studied in detail, and even less in the revolutionary rhetoric. The originality of this study lies in the fact that it is the first specific and analytical approach, although not quantitative, to Franco's revolutionary rhetoric. For example, it explains its unknown survival until the 1960s and even the 1970s, so that it outlived the so-called defalangization of Francoism. Conclusions: Franco's revolutionary rhetoric was characterized by great flexibility and imprecision. It underwent many changes over the years and coexisted with other central discursive frameworks, such as the Cruzada's. It was a crucial factor in the discursive legitimization of Francoism, especially in its initial years. Compared to the Cruzada, with which it complemented, it stood out for its elasticity and pretended transversality. In addition, it was connected with a legitimacy of exercise, not of origin, which was, in fact, more easily connected with the present and the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the gender wage gap in Spain by analyzing data from the 2018 Spanish Structure of Earnings Survey to quantify the gap and decompose it into the explained and unexplained gaps using three different "discrimination- free" distributions (Reimers, Cotton and Jann). As covariates, in addition to seniority at work, studies and type of contract, common in the literature, they introduce occupation. The study treats full-time workers separately from part-time workers. This distinction is important due to the characteristics of the Spanish labor market, where part-time contracts predominate among women. The results show that part-time female employees are less discriminated against than full-time female employees, and that at lower levels of education and in lower skilled occupations The results show that part-time workers are less discriminated against and that at lower levels of education and in lower-skilled occupations, women's wages are closer to those of men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of the review of publications on urban communication and communication and city in Latin America and Spain. The aim was to identify the theoretical approaches and potential research guidelines for study this field. The results include the relationship between communication-city-urban from transversal categories of study such as language, discourse, social interactions and media, through processes of representation, spatial mediation, symbolic appropriation, marketing, urban transformation, citizen participation, and expression of senses. In conclusion, from perspectives as the sociological, political, cultural, economic, human and technological, since the 90's have been able to consolidate a large variety of research that ratify urban communication as an field of multidisciplinary study which contributes widely in discussions on the problems brought about by the growth of cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze what historical knowledge teachers are assessing and how they are assessing it in compulsory education in Spain. For this purpose, 359 exams and 3127 questions have been used in the Region of Murcia (Spain) in the courses in which history is mainly taught: 3rd Cycle of Primary Education, and 1st, 2nd and 4th Cycles of Compulsory Secondary Education. We have analyzed the type of exercises, the content evaluated, the cognitive skills required to answer the questions, and the presence of concepts about history of first and second order. The results show the predominance of questions that require rote-learning of conceptual-factual knowledge, with a great lack of procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the problem of the regulation of foreign labor in Spain. We trace different strategies developed for the purpose of regulating labor in different historical periods, basing our methodology on the comparison of legal texts from the past (16th century onwards) to those that fulfill a similar function at present: to implement policies intended to employ workers in agriculture. We also deal with the similarities observed between the Prussian system for establishing a flow of Polish workers in East Prussia (19th century) and the system for the recruitment and supply of foreign workers created by the Unió de Pagesos farmworkers' union in Catalonia, Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the large increase in international migration has challenged the traditional conception of citizenship based on nationality and confined to the borders of the nation-state. Several contributions point to the need to take into account key elements in order to expand the concept in a cosmopolitan context. Nevertheless, the role of immigrant women is hardly discussed. This paper aims to contribute to this debate by presenting a critique of the traditional concept of citizenship. The article also introduces the role of immigrant women in the practice of citizenship through their everyday experiences. From a transnational perspective, we argue that immigrant women promote a more inclusive citizenship due to their links with grassroots organizations and informal spaces of participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]