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This paper examines secondary sanctions as part of the triangular relations between the United States, the European Union and Cuba. The analysis - built on Dittmer's (1981) strategic triangle theory and Womack's (2016) studies of asymmetric relationships - questions the evaluation of sanctions carried out by the US Departments of State, Commerce and the Treasury, noting that, by prioritising the impact on the target's economy, the evaluation ignores other fundamental effects of the sanctions in terms of triangular relations with allies and alternative powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The trip to the United States involved Martí in a journey to another language. To adapt himself to the new space that welcomed his long exile in the U.S., he had to acquire the language that he had once called "barbaric," English. This article explores not only the translations José Martí made of those who, either as precursors, founders or followers were linked to the Transcendentalist circle, but also their thoughts about the mechanisms involved in the translation process. From his definition, in the sense that translating is transpensar a paper, it is that Martí's translation style and the new perspective that it brings to the original work are considered. Finally, the study of those translations is essential to set up a thinking network among Martí, Emerson and Whitman and, thus, to complicate and reconsider the influence that a tradition of Anglo-Saxon origin had on the development of Martí's literature and thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the time of the 10th anniversary of the opening of the detention centre in Guantanamo Bay, many are wondering about the reasons of its very existence in a country that purports to be the defender of the rule of law and human rights. To answer this question, this paper reviews the development of the regulations (both US and international humanitarian law) that are applied to the detainees. It also examines the violations of basic principles of law that have occurred and continue to occur, such as denial of access to ordinary courts and the right to a trial in case of detention, as well as breaches of the protections and guarantees provided by international humanitarian law. Finally, the author analyses the reasons that have allowed the centre to remain in operation despite President Obama's pledge to close it, which he made early on in his term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia Contemporanea is the property of Historia Contemporania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)