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This paper deals with the reactivation of three test benches of high, medium and low power electric generators for hydraulic energy conversion in the University of Carabobo Hydraulic Laboratory. The method involves three stages: i) Description of three high, medium and low power electric generators for hydraulic energy conversion, ii) Rehabilitation of three high, medium and low power electric generators for hydraulic energy conversion and iii) Evaluation of performance indexes of high, medium and low power electric generators for hydraulic conversion. The results indicate that for the low power electric generator, the position angle of the distributor blades is an experimental factor that has a significant effect on the response variables studied. With respect to the medium and high power electric generators, the most influential factor on operation and power generation is the flow supplied.

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the impact of fiscal instruments for Colombia on two of the country’s main issues: income inequality and informality, phenomena that have been exacerbated by the pandemic. For this purpose, we built a DSGE model whose main differentiating element is the level of liquidity of households. The model carried out various simulations of transfers to households, and we examined the effects of these on different macroeconomic variables. We conclude that for the economy to return to the same fiscal adjustment it had before a transfer, the government will somehow have to increase the productivity of the formal sector, as this increase will have a positive effect on growth, increase income taxes and employment, and decrease informality.

The neorealist approach to institutional change has the merits of emphasising the importance of the Dominant Social Bloc (DSB) in institutions, and of integrating economics, society, and politics in the formation and breakdown of the DSB. Since this approach was not designed for Colombia, it is necessary to integrate certain characteristics, such as economic dependence, armed conflict, and drug trafficking. This paper presents the first theoretical adaptation of the neorealist approach for a Latin American country. This extended theoretical framework evinces the role of crime and violence in providing political stability to an accumulation regime that satisfies the demands of a narrow DSB.

The Great Recession (2008-2013) worsened the labor market position of young Spaniards. despite governments launched labor market reforms in 2010 y 2012 to improve labor stability, permanent employment accounted for only 10 percent of total new contracts. This paper tries to disentangle which factors are hindering the promotion of open-ended contracts to stabilize Spanish young workers into permanent employment. These analysis use panel data from the MCVL (Muestra Continua de Vidas Laborales). The results indicate that, although having an open-ended contract increases the probability of being employed after two years, only 50 percent of these initial contracts survive. The structure of labor demand explains this instability.

The recognized biogenic production corresponds to corporal materials, and ethological structures (ichnofossils). Ethological structures include bioturbation, bioerosion, and biogenic granule-classification structures. Biogenic materials and structures traditionally include biogenic aggregates (such as fecal pellets or castings and coprolite grapstones); bioturbation structures or ichno-structures (burrows, tracks, trails, and root penetration structures); biogenic granulo-classification or biostratification structures (algal and bacterial stromatolites of graded bedding of biogenic origin); bioerosion structures (borings, scrapings, and bitings); and biolitites (e.g., reef structures). This paper presents a new classification system for biogenic materials applicable to the fossil record. It summarizes our efforts to standardize terminology, use new and existing terms, correct any contradictions in some terms, and facilitate teaching and learning processes related to this subject. In our proposal, biogenic production is used for any materials or structures produced, built, modified, or used by living organisms. Biogenic production includes the following five groups: direct production (corporal, biodeposition, bioexhudation, and bioclaustration materials and structures); bio-modified materials and structures (predation, bioerosion, and bioturbation); bio-built materials and structures (biofoodcaches, bioconstructions, and biostratification structures); microbial induced materials and structures; and biotools. All types of biogenic production have examples in the sedimentary record.

The transportation sector has been fundamental in Colombia and faces serious consequences in terms of traffic accidents. This paper examines the relationship between accidentability and most outstanding road infrastructure factors in ten urban stretches of Neiva in the period 2017-2018, following the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the International Road Assessment Program (IRAP) for developing countries in order to characterize the state of road infrastructure of the selected points. The results showed that the central sections of the city tend to be related to the day, time, type of vehicle and victim, attribute and direction of the road. The motorcyclist was the road actor most vulnerable to injuries and fatalities, Saturday and 8:00 am was where more crashes occurred. The road infrastructure factors contributing to accidents highlight the relevance of the environment in the city.