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The article presents information on agenda setting, issue priorities and organizational maintenance in the U.S. In recent decades, political science has turned to the study of agenda setting as a central aspect of collective decision-making environments. The content of the public agenda and the issue agendas of political institutions make significant social change possible. Recent studies suggest that these political institutions are engaged in both competitive relationships, as they identify and pursue both active and latent public issues, and more complex cue-taking relationships. For separated powers, the problems of co-operation and competition with one another are entwined with internal collective decision-making dilemmas.

The article presents information on presidentialization in Japan. Both academics and journalists have given increasing attention to the rising importance of prime ministers a phenomenon often referred to presidentialization. Although many commentators use the term differently, and the term blurs the line between the very different institutional contexts of a parliamentary and presidential system, one careful definition of the term is the movement over time away from collective to personalized government, movement away from a pattern of governmental and electoral politics dominated by the political party towards one where the party leader becomes a more autonomous political force.