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Objectives. Numerous studies of biosystems indicate the distinct role of quasi-one-dimensional molecular structures in the transport of energy, charges, and information. Of particular interest are the studies on the collective dynamics of quasi-one-dimensional lateral structures in liquid crystalline membranes and the possibility of local excitation transfer through such structures. In this paper, we developed a model for the collective dynamics of quasi-one-dimensional domain structures in lipid bilayers interacting with the environment. The objective is to study the mechanisms of the directed energy transport in liquid crystalline lipid membranes.Methods. In this paper, the percolation domain structures formed as a result of phase separation in multicomponent lipid membranes are considered to be quasi-one-dimensional domain structures. The model distinguishes two subsystems interacting with each other and differing in their structural and dynamic properties, i.e., the membrane surface formed by polar groups of lipid molecules and the internal hydrophilic region of the membrane formed by acyl chains of lipids. The acyl chain subsystem is simulated using the Ginzburg-Landau Hamiltonian which considers the dependence of its dynamics on temperature close to the lipid melting phase transition temperature Tc.Results. Analysis of dynamic states has shown that elastic excitations moving at constant rate in the form of solitons may exist near temperatures Tc in the considered quasi-one-dimensional domain structures. In addition, motion of the elastic excitation region (kink) along domain structures in the acyl chain region causes the formation of acoustic soliton, i.e., the compression region in the polar group subsystem moving in concert with the kink displacement. The soliton localization region covers about 10 molecules and depends significantly on the interaction parameter of the polar group and acyl chain subsystems. Soliton moves at a subsonic speed determined, in particular, by the magnitude of an external force.Conclusions. The model developed in this paper shows that liquid crystalline domain structures in lipid membranes exhibit properties of active media, wherein the formation and displacement of localized elastic excitations on macroscopic spatial and temporal scales may occur. The proposed molecular mechanism of the soliton transport along quasi-one-dimensional domain structures may be used for describing the directed energy transfer along lateral domain channels in biomembranes and the cooperative functioning of the membrane bioenergetic and receptor complexes.

Objectives. The theory and methods of spline approximation of plane curves given by a sequence of points are currently undergoing rapid development. Despite fundamental differences between used splines and those considered in the theory and its applications, results published earlier demonstrate the possibility of using spline approximation when designing routes of linear structures. The main difference here consists in the impossibility of assuming in advance the number of spline elements when designing the routes. Here, in contrast to widely use polynomial splines, the repeating element is the link “segment of a straight line + arc of a circle” or “segment of a straight line + arc of a clothoid + arc of a circle + arc of a clothoid.” Previously, a two-stage scheme consisting of a determination of the number of elements of the desired spline and subsequent optimization of its parameters was proposed. Although an algorithm for solving the problem in relation to the design of a longitudinal profile has been implemented and published, this is not suitable for designing a route plan, since, unlike a profile, a route plan is generally a multivalued function. The present paper aims to generalize the algorithm for the case of spline approximation of multivalued functions making allowance for the design features of the routes of linear structures.Methods. At the first stage, a novel mathematical model is developed to apply the dynamic programming method taking into account the constraints on the desired spline parameters. At the second stage, nonlinear programming is used. In this case, it is possible to analytically calculate the derivatives of the objective function with respect to the spline parameters in the absence of its analytical expression through these parameters.Results. An algorithm developed for approximating multivalued functions given by a discrete series of points using a spline consisting of arcs of circles conjugated by line segments for solving the first stage of the problem is presented. An additional nonlinear programming algorithm was also used to optimize the parameters of the resulting spline as an initial approximation. However, in the present paper, the first stage is considered only, since the complex algorithm of the second stage and its justification require separate consideration.Conclusions. The presented two-stage spline approximation scheme with an unknown number of spline elements is also suitable for approximating multivalued functions given by a sequence of points on a plane, in particular, for designing a route plan for linear structures.

Objectives. Over the past few decades, multiple knowledge management models have been developed by many research groups studying the innovation process in companies. However, these knowledge and information management models are rather general, and do not consider the dynamics and variability of technology development. This implies involving specific organizations in different types of knowledge generation activities. The paper aims to reveal the importance of a knowledge management system in micro- and nanoelectronics technologies as well as identify and systematize the sources of knowledge in the scientific and technical field.Methods. In this paper, the method for analyzing the relationship between key business indicators of the companies is applied. The results are then represented in a causal loop diagram. The stakeholder analysis method is also used here.Results. Three relevant trends in developing the knowledge management system for knowledge-intensive enterprises involved in micro- and nanoelectronics technologies are identified with respect to the social, commercial, and scientific and technical aspects in research organizations. The key sources of knowledge on micro- and nanoelectronics technologies include universities, institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences, industry-specific institutions, customers, manufacturers, and consumers. Also, the authors consider digital twins to be a promising source of knowledge on micro- and nanoelectronics technologies.Conclusions. The analysis of the technology life cycle curve using the example of micro- and nanoelectronics allows correlating single stages of this life cycle with specific activities during which new knowledge is generated. These activities include fundamental and applied research, requirements management, implementation in manufacturing, and operation analysis. For microelectronics, they correspond to the areas of emergence, peak of inflated expectations, trough of disillusionment, slope of enlightenment, and plateau of productivity on the technology life cycle curve.

Objectives. The paper deals with the equivalence of program schemes. According to A.A. Lyapunov and Yu.I. Yanov, the founders of this theory, a program scheme is understood as a program model wherein abstraction from contensive values of operators and expressions is performed. In this case, the program structure containing symbolic notation of operators and expressions remains unchanged while maintaining their execution sequence. The programming language model presented in the paper contains basic constructs of sequential languages and is the core of the existing sequential programming languages. The paper aimed at developing an effective algorithm for studying equivalence (nonequivalence) of program schemes of sequential programming languages.Methods. An algebraic approach to specifying semantics of programming languages was used for studying the equivalence of program schemes.Results. A process semantics being the new algebraic approach to specifying the formal semantics of sequential programming languages was proposed. The process semantics was specified by matching programs (program schemes) with a set of computation sequences. The computation sequence was understood as the execution sequence of actions (commands and tests) of the program. Two types of concatenation operations (test–command and command–command) and the merge operation, which properties are given by axiomatic systems, were defined in the introduced semantic domain. The finiteness of the semantic value representation in the form of systems of recursive equations was proved. The algorithm for proving the equivalence (nonequivalence) of systems of recursive equations characterizing semantic values for a pair of program schemes was proposed, which implies the equivalence (nonequivalence) of programs in the strong sense.Conclusions. The paper demonstrates the efficient use of the proposed algorithm for proving the equivalence of sequential program schemes excluding side effects when calculating expressions, i.e., sequential computation of the expression more than once does not change anything. The example of proving the equivalence of program schemes by two methods—the well-known de Bakker–Scott fixed-point induction method and the method proposed by the author—is given. Comparison of the above methods testifies not only to the new method′s effectiveness but also to its significant simplicity, proved in practice by students who performed corresponding tasks when studying the Semantics of Programming Languages at the Institute of Information and Computing Technologies at the National Research University Moscow Power Engineering Institute (Moscow, Russia).

The article is devoted to the issues of numerical calculation of the characteristics of the electromagnetic field of radiating apertures. Тhe radiating aperture is a universal electrodynamic model used in the analysis of a special class of antennas, in particular, mirror and horn antennas, in the study of diffraction phenomena, in the planning of radio wave propagation paths, and when solving problems of wireless transmission of electric energy at a distance. The structure of the electromagnetic field of a radiating aperture in the intermediate and far zones is of the greatest interest according to the needs of practice. However, the theoretical solutions of these problems are usually difficult to obtain, except for some special cases related to the far zone. This leads to the development of appropriate computational models. This paper is aimed at generalization and systematization of experience in developing software for the simulation of electromagnetic field characteristics of radiating apertures in the intermediate and far zones. This paper considers an approach to developing a computational model of a radiating aperture that may be used to calculate the characteristics of electromagnetic field in the intermediate and far zones. Examples of results obtained for circular and ring apertures describing the structure of their electromagnetic field are given. Examples of flight diagrams of a circular aperture are given. The effect of “searchlight” localization of the electromagnetic field in the intermediate zone of a circular emitting aperture is demonstrated. The effect of mutual compensation of neighbouring Fresnel zones using the circular emitting aperture model is demonstrated. A program was developed for calculating the characteristics of the electromagnetic field of radiating holes in the intermediate and far zones. The results can also be used as illustration material for teaching the academic disciplines “Electrodynamics and radio wave propagation” and “Microwave devices and antennas”.

In the paper Sloan Digital Sky Survey DR14 dataset was investigated. It contains statistical information about many astronomical objects. The information was obtained within the framework of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey project. There are telescopes at the Earth surface, at the Earth orbit and in the Lagrange points of some systems (Earth–Moon, Sun–Earth). The telescopes gain information in different frequency ranges. The large quantity of statistical information leads to the demand for analytical algorithms and systems capable of making classification. Such information is marked up well enough to build machine learning classification systems. The paper presents the results of a number of classifiers. The handled data contains measures of three types of astronomical objects of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey DR14 dataset (star, quasar, galaxy). The CART decision tree, logistic regression, naïve Bayes classifiers and ensembles of classifiers (random forest, gradient boosting) were implemented. Conclusions about special features of each machine learning classifier trained to solve this task are made at the end of the paper. In some cases, classifiers’ structure can be explained physically. The accuracy of the classifiers built in this research is more than 90% (metrics F1, precision and recall are implemented, because the classes are unbalanced). Taking these values into account classification task is supposed to be successfully solved. At the same time, the structure of classifiers and importance of features can be used as a physical explanation of the solution.

The paper proposes an approach based on the use of mathematical methods for modeling the behavior of the designed web application and user behavior. This approach allows an evaluation of the usability of this application. The paper discusses the models of user interfaces (UI), which are used to assess the convenience of site navigation. The possibility of using two classes of UI models is shown – structural-logical (ontological) and probabilistic. Models of the first class are used to assess the degree of comprehensibility of the proposed UI navigation on the search web resource in the accepted terms. For this, mathematically defined measures of similarity between the elements of the UI and their relationships and the elements of a hypothetical (but plausible) model of the user’s perception of the search area in a given subject area are used. In particular, the paper substantiates the possibility of using Jaccard and Levenshtein lexicographic distance metrics as such measures of similarity. Probabilistic models are based on Markov chains. With the help of these models, in the presence of reliable statistical data collected during the trial operation of a web application or its prototype, it is proposed to estimate the average number of user steps required to solve a specific problem of finding information about a subject area object. The paper provides some recommendations on the use of similarity measures to improve the usability of the UI of web applications. In addition, data on the technique for estimating the probabilities of transitions of Markov chains and semantic connections are presented. To clarify the features of the UI analysis models proposed in the article, the website of the RTU MIREA Admission Committee (https://priem.mirea.ru) is provided with a fairly simple organization that provides a search for information about admission and training at the University. The application of the approach described in the paper, along with traditional methods of testing the usability of UI, will increase the overall level of usability of applications, and thereby reduce the cost of identifying and correcting related errors.

The paper addresses the development of technology for controlling access to digital portals and platforms based on assessments of personal characteristics of user behavior built into the interface. In distributed digital platforms and portals using personal data, big data is collected and processed using specialized applications using computer networks. In accordance with the law, the data is stored on internal corporate servers and data centers. Special attention is paid to the tasks of differentiation and control of access in modern information systems. Wide availability and mass scale of services should be accompanied by more careful control and user verification. Access control to such systems cannot be ensured only through technologies and information security tools; efficiency can be increased through software and hardware architectural solutions. The paper proposes to expand the currently developing SIEM technology (Security information and event management), which combines the concept of security event management and information security management, with blocks of user behavior analysis. As a characteristic that can be measured without overloading communication channels and is independent of the type of device used, the psychomotor reaction time is proposed, measured as the performance of actions with the interface. A technological solution has been developed for implementation in a wide range of digital platforms: banking, medical, educational, etc. The results of experimental research using a digital platform of mass psychological research are presented. For the research, data from a mass survey were used when answering (in the form of a choice from the available options) to questions about the level of education. Analysis of the reaction time data showed the possibility of standardization and the same indicators of specific users when answering different questions.

The paper presents an overview of studies on the influence of the main parameters of ferrites on their ability to absorb electromagnetic radiation in the megahertz range (more than 10 dB). The main advantage of ferrites is a high refractive index (more than 1000) in the megahertz range due to the combination of high values of magnetic and dielectric permeability, which makes it possible to produce radio-absorbing coatings of small thickness (less than 10 mm) that effectively absorb electromagnetic radiation. Studies show that the attenuation of the power of electromagnetic radiation reflected from the surface of the ferrite is due to both interference processes and the processes of dissipation of electromagnetic energy during propagation in the ferrite. The inversely proportional relationship between the refractive index and the frequency of electromagnetic radiation in the megahertz range provides the condition for the interference minimum of the reflected radiation at a constant thickness of the ferrite coatings. A high refractive index slows down the speed of propagation of electromagnetic waves in ferrites, which enhances the processes of dissipation of their energy. The paper presents studies on the influence of the basic chemical composition of ferrites, alloying additives, microstructure parameters and technological modes on their magnetic and dielectric permeability. Studies have shown that an excess of iron oxide in excess of stoichiometry, which provides the semiconducting properties of ferrite grains, significantly increases the dielectric constant. High values of the dielectric constant of ferrites are provided by a combination of the dielectric properties of grain-boundary layers and the semiconducting properties of the grains themselves, which form the barrier capacity of grain boundaries according to the Okazaki mechanism. Alloying ferrites with oxides TiO2, Bi2O3, CaO in an amount of up to 1 wt.% allows increasing the electrical resistance and dielectric constant of grain-boundary layers, providing an increase in the dielectric constant of ferrite as a whole. It has been established that the formation of a dense coarse-grained structure provides an increase in both the magnetic permeability and permittivity.

This paper considers various methods of effective media as a tool for studying both optical and magneto-optical properties of various nanostructures, primarily magnetic nanostructures. Formulas for finding diagonal and non-diagonal components of the permittivity tensor for all basic approximations of the effective medium were obtained explicitly. These formulas are valid for both nanocomposites and granular alloys. The possibility of predicting various optical and magneto-optical properties of such structures is discussed using the example of the transverse Kerr effect as a promising non-contact method for studying nanostructures for a ferromagnetic nanocomposite (CoFeZr)x(MgF2)100-x. A possible application of the obtained formulas is discussed. Various methods of effective media make it possible to study nanostructures in a wide range of values of the concentration of the metal (magnetic) component Х. The paper notes and discusses the contribution of various mechanisms that affect the physical properties of such structures, especially in the IR region of the spectrum, where the quasi-classical dimensional effect is most pronounced. The form factor of nanocomposite particles and the average particle size are such contributions that can be taken into account. The contribution of the quasi-classical dimensional effect to the diagonal and non-diagonal components of the structure's permittivity tensor is analyzed within the framework of the Drude-Lorentz model. The problem being solved in this work is relevant, since interesting and important effects are observed in magnetic nanostructures, such as the Kerr effect, anomalous absorption, giant magnetoresistance, tunnel magnetoresistance, and many others. These effects play an important role in modern electronic devices, which makes this work particularly relevant.

A review of robotic systems is carried out. The paper analyzes applied hardware and software solutions and summarizes the most common block diagrams of control systems. The analysis of approaches to control systems scaling, the use of intelligent control, achieving of fault tolerance, reducing the weight and size of control system elements belonging to various classes of robotic systems is carried out. The goal of the review is finding common approaches used in various areas of robotics to build on their basis a uniform methodology for designing scalable intelligent control systems for robots with a given level of fault tolerance on a unified component base. This part is dedicated to extreme robotics and the generalization of the conclusions for the whole review. The paper notes the possibility and necessity of developing common approaches to the creation of robots of various sizes and purposes. It is noted that, in contrast to many foreign countries, in the Russian Federation developers must consider the serious limitations on the electronics components, which do not allow for the free conversion of technologies between civilian, military and space robotics. In this regard, it is proposed to analyze the interchangeable Russian and foreign microelectronic components, to find technical solutions in the field of the control systems and communication between them, which could be implemented both in foreign and Russian microelectronics, and to create on their basis a conceptual model of scalable intelligent control system with a required level of fault tolerance. The model should be based on a unified set of components.

In the present paper some special features of the Russian nanoindustry are researched. The object of the research is the nanoindustry that is taken into account as a complex structure of the organisations in the Russian Federation, which develop knowledge-intensive production at the nano scale (1-100 nm) with high added value and unachievable earlier technical features and possibilities for different industries. The main theme of this paper is an observation of the set of factors, which have influence on the future of the nanoindustry in Russia. The main goal of the research is to analyze factors of the nanoindustry development in Russia by means of the methods of the formal logic, induction and deduction and by means of the analysis of the open statistical sources. The research is of immediate interest due to the quick development of the nanoproduct world market. It's quite new and includes a lot of actual scientific results. At the same time the Russian sector is still at the beginning stage of search of potentially valuable results of the knowledge-intensive productions. In the paper the modern state of Russian nanoindustry is presented and is held under investigation. It is compared to the nanoindustries in other countries. The SWOT analysis of the Russian nanoindustry development has been made. The advantages and weaknesses of the Russian nanoindustry are taken into account. The possibilities and threats to the Russian nanoindustry market are described. The conclusions of this research can be used in the long-term and short-term forecasts of the Russian nanoindustry development.

In the paper the mathematical models describing connection between two time series are researched. At first each of them is investigated separately, and the ARIMA(p, d, q) model is constructed. These models are based on the time series characteristics obtained during the analysis stage. The connection between two time series is confirmed with the aid of cointegration statistical tests. Then the mathematical model of the connection between series is constructed. The ADL(p, q) model describes this dependence. It’s shown that for the time series under investigation the orders p, q of the ADL(p, q) model are connected with the ARIMA(p, d, q) orders of the describing each series separately. This step makes the set of the investigated ADL(p, q) models much smaller. In the previous papers it was also shown that the ARIMA(p, d, q) automatical fitting functions in popular packages use limitations on the p, q orders of the time series process: q ≤ 5, p ≤ 5. The wish to use the simplest models is also built in the structure of the Akaike (AIC) and Bayes (BIC) informational criteria. In the paper the maximal values of the ADL(p, q) model orders are supposed to be the orders of the appropriate ARIMA(p, d, q) series. In the previous work it was shown that using high order ARIMA(p, d, q) it is possible to fit the models better. In this paper the experiments on the ADL(p, q) models construction are presented. The wage index and money income index time series pair is researched, and also the gas, water and energy production and consumption index/real agricultural production index pair is investigated. The data in the 2000–2018 time period is taken from the dynamic series of macroeconomic statistics of the Russian Federation.

This paper discusses the effect of the distribution of the granules size in nanocomposites on physical properties within the framework of the quasi-classical size effect. Methods of effective medium for describing nanocomposites are discussed. This paper also notes and discusses the contribution of various mechanisms that affect the optical and magneto-optical properties of such structures, especially in the IR region of the spectrum, where the quasi-classical dimensional effect is most pronounced. The Droude-Lorentz mode describes the contribution of the dimensional effect to the diagonal and non-diagonal components of the effective medium's permittivity tensor. The lognormal distribution of the granule size characteristic of many nanostructures is considered. Based on this approach, the dependences of the standard deviation on the value of the integral as a function of the average size of the granules were obtained. Based on the normalization condition, the numerical value of the standard deviation of the r values and the average particle size were analytically determined. This paper also discusses the fundamental significance of the results obtained – the possibility of applying this approach to all possible distributions. The found value of the average size of nanocomposite granules makes it possible to model various properties of nanocomposite structures, first of all, optical and magneto-optical properties, with the help of known methods within the framework of the effective medium approximation. This is especially important for describing the percolation transition in nanocomposites. The problem being solved is important and relevant, since many interesting and important effects are realized in such magnetic nanocomposites, such as the magneto-optical Kerr effect, the anomalous Hall effect, the giant magnetoresistance, and many others. The results obtained allow us to better describe materials that are widely used in modern electronics and nanoelectronics.

This paper derives a formula for calculating the velocity of arbitrary point in the field of view of the satellite camera in the process of orbital imagery of the planet's surface. The formula describes the velocity as a function of the point coordinates in the image fixation plane, the focal length of the imaging camera, the orbital parameters of the satellite, the angular velocity of the planet’s rotation, the coordinates of the satellite’s true anomaly in the orbit, the orientation angles of the imaging camera relative to the orbit, and the angular velocity of the camera. The paper also provides examples of the formula use for calculating the velocity field of image points for different sets of imagery parameters.The formula is derived under the assumption that the planet is a homogeneous absolutely solid body, shaped as a ball, and rotating at a constant angular velocity; as a result, the satellite moves in a Keplerian orbit, with the planet located at one of the orbit’s foci. Despite this idealization, the derived formula can be used in developing algorithms for remote sensing of the Earth, for building and optimizing the image blurring compensators, for solving the problem of blurred image recovery, and for a number of other problems related to satellite imagery preparation, execution, and processing the results.

The article explores the trinitarian systems used in the natural and technical sciences. Various types of trinitarian systems are considered. A systematic analysis of trinitarian systems was carried out. The article proves that the trinitarian system is the simplest complex system. The paper examines the relationship of trinitarian systems with the theory of categories. It is shown that the trinitarian system serves as the basis for categorical analysis. The paper proves that the trinitarian system is the simplest multigraph. The trinitarian system allows transforming spaces of different curvature into each other. The trinitarian system in linear systems defines a cyclicity, which can entail: development, degradation or bifurcation. Triangulation essentially develops a trinitarian approach and can be considered as the use of a trinitarian system to solve theoretical or technical problems in areas such as, for example, psychology, social sciences, politics, geometry, and ground surveying. The general conclusion is that the Trinitarian system is a universal instrument of cognition.

The paper presents a complex model of the dynamics of virus epidemies propagation in computer networks, based on topological properties of computer networks and mechanisms of the viruses spread. On one hand, this model is based on the use of percolation theory methods, which makes it possible to determine such structural-information characteristics of networks as the dependence of the percolation threshold on the average number of connections per one node (network density). On the other hand, the dynamic processes of stochastic propagation in computer networks of evolving viruses are observed when anti-virus programs become outdated and postponed. The paper discusses the concept of percolation threshold, provides an equation for the dependence of the percolation threshold of a network on its density obtained by analyzing numerical simulation data. The dynamics of virus epidemies were studied through two approaches. The first one is based on the description of transition diagrams between states of nodes, after which a system of kinetic differential equations for the virus epidemies is constructed. The second is based on considering the probabilities of transitions between possible states of the entire network. A second-order differential equation is obtained in this article, and a boundary value problem is formulated. Its solution describes the dependence of the network blocking probability on the blocking probability of an individual node. The solution also makes it possible to estimate the time required to reach the percolation threshold. The model incorporates the evolutionary properties of viruses: previously immunized or disinfected nodes can be infected again after a certain time interval. Besides, the model incorporates a lag of the anti-virus protection. Analysis of the solutions obtained for the models created shows the possibility of various modes of virus propagation. Moreover, with some sets of values of differential equation coefficients, an oscillating and almost periodic nature of virus epidemies is observed, which largely coincides with real observations.

The paper considers position-sensitive photodetectors (PSP), which are designed to detect the source of electromagnetic radiation in the optical range and determine the coordinates of the irradiated area in real time, as well as to track moving optical objects. In particular, data are presented on photodetectors based on photosensitive epitaxial CdSe/mica layers with an unconventional layout and switching of electrical contacts. The output signal of such PSP is the transverse potential difference that appears between its two contacts after exposure of one of the areas of the photodetector. These PSPs can be an alternative or competition to existing photocells due to high accuracy, speed, ease of manufacture and low cost. But there are significant obstacles for their wide application. First, it is an analog type of output signal, which prevents its further processing. And, second, it is difficult to calibrate “manually” a newly made photosensor: it takes a long time associated with the accumulation and processing of large amounts of data. The introduction of computer technology and the creation of an information-measuring system allow us to process the output signals of such photodetectors with high accuracy and speed in real time. To solve this problem we have developed a stand for the study of position-sensitive photodetectors, which is presented in this paper. This stand allows digitizing the signal received from the photodetector, in real time, with high accuracy to determine the coordinates of the irradiated area on the photodetector and explore its characteristics such as the specified value of the dark current of the photodetector, light current at a certain illumination, and output voltage. At this stand, position-sensitive photodetectors based on the CdS/mica system were studied. It is shown that the characteristics and parameters of photoreceivers measured on this stand coincide with theoretical ones, within the error limits. Recommendations on the use of the standare given.

Modern radio communication means to provide safe data transmission due to adapting radio channel to the actual noise environment. It is impossible to conduct proper comparative tests on various radio stations offered by manufacturers and to compare objectively the results obtained in field without actual signal parameters and noise environment instrument inspection at the reception point. The paper considers tactical level radio communications system operation when jammed with powerful impulse noise of various nature. It suggests a device enabling to assess the main parameters of impulse noise, namely desired signal and additive noise mixture envelope effective value, impulse noise envelope effective value, impulse noise duty factor. To provide measurement independence from a specific realization of a decoder it is suggested to use the envelope of a signal received by a radio station. The developed device uses standard radio channel data batches as measuring signals and does not require changing radio channel or radio network algorithms and timing charts. A method to assess the effective value of desired signal envelope and additive noise mean-square value when the received signal involves impulse noise is suggested. The paper demonstrates that valid assessment of desired signal and additive noise mixture is possible in case of setting aside selection values affected by impulse noise. A device separating symbols affected by impulse noise from those that are not affected is suggested. Formulas that allow synthesizing the device operation algorithms are obtained. The structure chart of the measurer is developed; the algorithms used to assess measured parameters are given.

In the paper changes of the Russian citizens’ welfare are explored. The time lapse of the data is: 2000-2018. In the first part of the paper the representative individual samples of “The Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey - Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE)” data of the 2008-2017 time period are analyzed. The 10%-95% quantiles of the salary have been constructed with the regard to year inflation, and their behavior has been analyzed. In the second part the monthly wage index based on the dynamic series of macroeconomic statistics of the Russian Federation data (2000-2018) has been explored. The mathematical models of the wage of this time lapse have been presented. They are based on the ARIMA (p, d, q) models with d≤5, p≤5. Forecasts of these models have been compared to predictions of the models with parameters p = 6 or q = 6. The constructed models have made better forecast than the automatically fitted ARIMA model with d≤5, p≤5. They have been compared using two metrics, and also the Akaike information criterion (AIC) has been considered. The seasonal factors of the wage index have been taken into account. It has been shown that the lags of 6 and 12 months are connected to the today wage index; there are maxima of this value situated at the end of the year or in summer. It’s explained with the vacations which traditionally take place in summer, and also officially held vacations in January. The further research is going to target the trend - seasonal - noise decomposition of time series. Statistical packages which are often in use have got different methods to compute the ARIMA coefficients. That fact is also going to be under research.

The paper considers the properties of a number of commercially available Russian nitrilebutadiene rubbers (NBR) containing approximately the equal acrylonitrile amount (from 26 to 33%) in the macromolecule, but differing in the method of synthesis and isolation. The assessment ofthe influence of residual emulsifier content and also such surfactants as rosin and stearic acid introduced as technological additives on some NBR properties was performed. The technological properties of model compounds based on these NBR, in particular, Mooney viscosity, minimal and maximal torques during curing, and scorching time were determined. It was shown that both residual emulsifier amounts and introduced surfactants decrease the viscosity of the compounds and increase the curing time. It was noted that rosin acts in a different manner in comparison with stearic acid. In particular, stearic acid acting as an interstructural plasticizer affects viscosity decrease in a greater degree. The mechanical performance of vulcanizatesbased on rubber compounds considered in the paper was also determined. It was shown that the surfactants effect on the mechanical properties is negligible and is within the measurement accuracy. Nevertheless, the NBRs obtained with various emulsifiers differ essentially and can’t be replaceable without revising both the rubber compounds recipes and processing parameters. The vulcanizates resistance to some organic solvents and water was also studied. It was shown that the acrylonitrile content in the rubber macromolecule is the key factor affecting the resistance to non-polar solvents. At the same time it was found that the vulcanizates containing residual emulsifier amounts tend to the swelling index increase. In general, the surfactants effect on the swelling index is ambiguous, and it requires deeper research.

On July 28, 2017, the Government of the Russian Federation approved the program "Digital Economy of the Russian Federation". In the conditions of digital economy, when information in digital form is a key factor in the production of all spheres of socioeconomic activity, paper documents will be actively replaced by electronic ones, and handwritten signature - by its digital counterparts. However, the transition to digital data requires the updating of existing technologies and concepts. Special attention in the program "Digital Economy of the Russian Federation" is given to the issue of creating a trusted circuit, within the framework of which it will be possible to exchange various data in digital form, store and process data, and provide the necessary and sufficient level of confidence in this data. Unlike a paper document signed by analog signatures, the authenticity of which can be verified by handwriting examination, the authentication of the document raises a number of questions. How is it possible to confirm the authenticity of information in digital (electronic) form? How to identify the information creator? How should the author's unique label be assigned to information? And so on. It is necessary to have some tool that uniquely confirms the authorship in electronic form. One of the fastest-growing areas and, to date, the main attribute of ensuring a sufficient level of trust in the data in electronic form is the electronic signature. However, there are subtleties, specific features and rules for working with this technology, which you need to know in order for the electronic signature to become more tightly integrated into our life. This article describes the main aspects and some features of using electronic signatures in the Russian Federation.

The paper presents an analysis of the current state of research on separation flowsheets based on the combination of distillation and phase separation processes, as well as heteroazeotropic distillation. It is shown that the works of foreign researchers devoted to the study of flowhseets with decanters are more focused on finding ways to reduce energy consumption by introducing additional separators, a combination of several methods (extractive and heteroazeotropic complex columns with external decanters. The task of synthesizing all possible separation flowsheets is not considered in these works. In this paper, a complete set of flowsheets of different structures based on the combination of distillation and phase separation processes, including the use of columns with an external decanter, is proposed for water - butyl acetate - methanol and methanol - heptane-water ternary mixtures separation. Aspen Plus and NRTL model were used for mathematical modelling of phase equilibrium (the relative error of describing liquid-vapor and liquid-liquid equilibrium is less than 5%) was chosen as a method of research. Operating parameters for distillation columns (the number of theoretical plates, feed plate, reflux ratio) and the total energy consumption were obtained for each case. The necessity of using a double feed-plate column for separating of propanol-1 - water - butanol-1 and ethyl acetate - water - butyl acetate ternary systems was explained by the presence of extractive effect. Analytical review of modern publications and results of own research allowed to formulate a number of recommendations for the synthesis of energy effective flowsheets based on a combination of distillation and phase separation processes.

The paper assesses the importance of corporate receivables to the financial position of companies nowadays. The process of streamlining corporate accounts receivable relates to maintaining their value within such limits which would be sufficient to ensure covering shortterm corporate accounts payable without having to resort to additional sources of financing. The contents of the research paper is presented in two logically connected parts. Part one reviews the methods and approaches to corporate accounts receivable management which have been established in financial theory. Part two presents an analysis of the accounts receivable of six Bulgarian public companies. According to achieved financial results, each company has been positioned within a matrix illustrating the correlation between accounts receivable and sales volumes, following the Gentry-De La Gаrzа model. The views of the authors on related issues are based on the conducted research and are presented as research findings and conclusions.

In this paper, the problems associated with the process of local ion-beam deposition of the material from the gas phase is analyzied. It has been established that the ion-beam deposition of a material from the gas causes a redeposition effect, exposure time and the current of the primary ion beam which is significantly influence on it. The necessity of modeling the ion-beam deposition process is substantiated to for reducing the size of the area of redeposition. An analysis of existing models has shown that they do not take into account all the technological parameters influencing the process of local ion-beam deposition. The refined mathematical model for predicting the focused ion beam deposition rate of platinum from the gas phase takes into account the magnitude of the region of overlap of the primary ion beam is proposed in this paper. Investigations of simulation results have shown that the deposition rate increases with increasing of overlap area. The values of the overlap region at which the deposition process passes into the etching process is determine and the relationship characterizing the beam current and the overlap region where deposition rate has maximum is established. It is shown that when the structures are deposited at the maximum deposition rate (determined in the simulation), the size of the region of the redispersion decreases.

The continuous increase in amounts of data processed on board of modern heavy trucks and complication of onboard systems and units functioning algorithms have led to the need to transfer the functions performed by a motorist to automatic robotized systems. Therefore, new solutions in the field of system architecture for on-board heavy truck information and control systems are required. The paper deals with the problems of information and control systems design for robotic heavy trucks control. In the paper the concept of hierarchies, functions and subsystems of control in complex ergatic systems like the control systems of modern heavy trucks as well as the control levels characteristic features have been considered. The concept for both the organization of information-measuring and executive systems in the form of mechatronic modules and adaptive correction mechanisms for vehicle movement control have been proposed.

The paper observes matter about identification of operating area at Faraday balance (area for positioning of test specimens with a small volume). This matter is given coverage to reference deficiently and it’s necessary to evaluate magnetic susceptibility values of specimens - based on purpose obtained coordinate characteristics of magnetic field induction between pole pieces of such balance. The paper shows that such identification may be quite effective when given characteristic (usually it is non-linear and doesn’t yield to desired linear even local approximation) is curly, i.e. has an inflection. It may possible making a linear approximation of rather shortly characteristic’s response region, i.e. establish a stable value induction gradient (according to accepted criterion sample poisoning). It also may possible getting visualized extremum view of gradient induction characteristic (in the vicinity of its gradient value are relatively stable).

The paper analyzes development of the "Technology for the decorative processing of materials" course for students. The course was created in 1992 in order to train personnel competent both in the field of design and in that of materials science. The paper treats the conditions of teaching students in the present and the prospects of graduates’ activities. On this basis, the academic and scientific problems which need to be solved for the successful future development of the course have been defined. The academic problems comprise the following points: selection of university entrants specializing in the field, training of the students in the process of working on interdisciplinary projects, determination of the spheres of scientific research for the master course students with the aim of providing their professional growth. Among the scientific aspects of the course development are considered, firstly, the problems of adaptation of modern technologies for the individual production which does not require special production conditions (great power, additional personnel, specialized spaces). Secondly, problems which the graduates of the "Technology for the decorative processing of materials" course would have to face in the process of creating fundamentally new objects by way of filling traditional forms with new electronic contents (“smart” electronics), or in the process of forming “smart”, comfortable and accessible environment. Special treatment is given to the problems connected with the universal design which must also be a field of expertise for the present-day course graduates. The paper suggests ways of solving the stated problems on the basis of the modern society’s demands towards science and education, in particular on the basis of expert analysis of products and environments from the positions of the universal design.

Paper analyzes the experience of the A.A. Maksimov Space Systems Research Institute in the development of automated system providing the reliability and safety of the Plesetsk Cosmodrome rocket and space vehicles and ground space infrastructure facilities operation, formulates rational guidelines of further enhancement of the large man-machine systems operation control informational support technology. Paper gives the rough estimate of the benefit gained as the result of new information technologies introduction into the cosmodrome ground space infrastructure facilities operation control practice.

In the paper we present the method of calculating the particle size distribution of the initial granules overgranulated by the “fattening” technology. We have developed a number of different ways for solving the problem for the continuous and periodic (transition) process. Knowing the particle size distribution is very important for calculating and planning the production of granulated products, such as fertilizers and many others. Fattening is a process of overgranulating the initial pellet by the powder (with or without binding) by rolling in different devices, including plate granulators. The calculation results obtained with the use of the models are represented as a series of graphic dependencies. A comparison of the proposed calculation methods with those previously known is also given. A block diagram of the implementation of the algorithm is also presented in the paper.

The paper analyzes the communication matrix coefficients reagiruemostey simple subsystems and the coefficient matrix formed independent subsystems simple reagents chemically reacting systems with chemical kinetics. He showed that the coefficient matrix and the matrix of coefficients reagiruemostey formed independent reagents simple subsystems have the following Items supplied: symmetry; reagiruemostey coefficient matrix in the second subsystem is the sum of simple and symmetric nonnegative definite matrices, at least one of which is positive definite, due to different mechanisms of chemical reactions. Also property of these matrices simple subsystems as matrices susceptibility is positive definiteness of these matrices. The symmetry of these positive- definite matrices follows from the principle of independence stages kinetic mechanism of chemical transformations. Under such constraints matrix corresponds to the general features of the kinetic mechanism of chemical transformations. The paper shows that when comparing potentially streaming method of modeling chemical reactions in a closed system of chemically reacting with traditional chemical kinetics of these two methods are equivalent. Proposed potentially streaming method is preferred in the absence of the detailed mechanism of complex chemically reacting systems. If the total kinetic information is not available, it is preferable to use the proposed potentially streaming method agreed with the non-equilibrium thermodynamics.

Objectives. Emerging as a response to the global threats presented by the COVID-19 pandemic, the changing nature of problem-solving in the field of information technology associated with economic globalization, including possibilities of remote working, imposes new requirements on the competencies and skills of future professionals. This, in turn, requires adjustments to the higher education process. Agile project management methodologies such as Scrum, along with Infrastructure-as-Code approaches in information and telecommunication infrastructure management, and Documentation-as-Code approaches in documentation development, aim to present design, development, testing, and documentation as short cycle iterative processes to permit the rapid and transparent addition of new product value in discrete portions. Applied to the education sphere, this approach implies new knowledge and practical skills of students that can be easily and transparently measured in the process of mastering a discipline. The present paper aims to develop methods of applying modern software development techniques to training students of technical specialties.Methods. The use of reproducible research methods and agile design practices while organizing and managing practical tasks for students is proposed.Results. Contemporary tools used in software development based on Git hosting services (GitLab and GitHub) are presented alongside reproducible research paradigms in distance education using the R Markdown format by RStudio.Conclusions. In addition to increasing the involvement of students in the process of practical tasks, the proposed approach can be used to reduce the workload of teachers when checking and evaluating student working results.

In this paper we considered the granules formation process using the "fattening" technology in a granulation bowl. Development of rolling overgranulation technology primarily due to the need to obtain granules of larger size with much better quality indicators than those that can be attained in granular towers. Also, this technology gives granules with a complex chemical composition. Fattening is the process of overgranulation of an initial pellet by powder (with or without binding) by rolling in different devices, including bowls. The mathematical description of various embodiments of the process: with or without the birth of pellets. Besides, the process of fragmentation of the granules is considered separately. Fragmentation is usually an undesirable process, but sometimes it is not possible to get rid of it. The calculation results obtained by the models are represented as a series of graphic dependencies. We also develop algorithms that allow for the effect of fragmentation and agglomeration in arbitrary ratios. A block diagram of the implementation of the algorithm is also presented in the paper.

The goal of this paper is to present a proof that for the logistic map the period-3 begins at . The third-iterate map is the key for understanding the birth of the period-3 cycle. Any point in a period-3 cycle repeats every three iterates by definition. Such points satisfy the condition ,and they are therefore fixed points of the third-iterate map. This fact and the so called tangent bifurcation for the logistic map, as well as the fixed points definition, are used for finding the value. The algebraic treatment utilizes some properties of symmetric polynomials in three variables. For the purposes of this paper, the bifurcation diagram for the logistic map is also presented, as well as a program in Mathematica for its construction.

This paper briefly reviews some perspective methods of synthesis successfully used in recent years in inorganic chemistry. Emphasis is placed on spark plasma sintering, synthesis in flux metal and synthesis of nanoparticles and clusters in ionic liquids. Besides, the paper briefly discusses some other approaches to inorganic synthesis, the use of which is perspective in the near future.

Objectives. Terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) is currently a promising research method in pharmacology and medicine due to the high sensitivity of terahertz radiation to the chemical composition and molecular structure of organic compounds. However, due to the chirality of many biomolecules, their analysis is performed by THz irradiation with circular dichroism. In particular, circular dichroism of THz radiation allows the study of “soft” vibrational movements of biomolecules with different chiralities. Therefore, when studying such biological materials, accurate control of THz radiation parameters is essential. The paper describes a method for characterizing THz radiation polarization on the example of a black phosphorus source material.Methods. The analysis of polarization parameters of THz radiation experimentally obtained by THz-TDS and using terahertz polarizers was performed by mathematical modeling of the interaction between THz radiation and a ZnTe crystal as a detector.Results. Two schemes of terahertz spectroscopy with the ZnTe crystal as the detector were discussed in detail. The polarization parameters were determined using one or two wire-grid THz polarizers. An expression for approximating the dependences of the peak-to-peak amplitude of THz radiation on the rotation angle of the wire-grid THz polarizer for these cases was derived. The impact of the terahertz electric field intensity value on the shape of polarization dependences was considered. The rotation angle of the polarization ellipse of THz radiation emitted by the surface of a bulk-layered black phosphorus crystal illuminated by femtosecond laser pulses was determined.Conclusions. The amplitude of the THz radiation electric field intensity begins to impact the shape of polarization dependences when its value becomes comparable to or exceeds 40 kV/cm.

Objectives. The paper discusses usability as the concept underlying many contemporary design trends and accompanying technological development in various industrial, graphic and digital contexts. A formulation of the concept of usability in digital design contexts is advanced based on the evolution of industrial design.Methods. Using the historical research method, usability is shown to be characterized by unification of form as applied to the relationship between a person and a design object. This conclusion has been applied to digital design using the analogy method. Basic principles of usability assessment in design are outlined, along with impacts on further development. Requirements for a designed product in terms of usability analysis should be fulfilled taking into account the principles of universality that constitute a basis for a universal design system.Results. When developing UI/UX design objects, the usability of a digital product is considered in terms of universality based on rational visual image principles of industrial design and taking contemporary requirements in graphic, digital, and website design into account. Examples of industrial and digital design developments carried out by students using the concept of universal design are presented.Conclusions. The usability of a design object can be shaped by using universal principles applying in both industrial and UI/UX design.

Objectives. One of the topical tasks in the development of radio electronic systems for various purposes is a sharp increase in the volume and data transfer rate between the elements of the system. This problem is most successfully solved using fiber optic technology, which has no alternative to meet a number of indicators. The use of optical fibers (OF) as a physical medium made it possible to transfer large information flows over considerable distances. Increasing the capacity of communication systems is pushing manufacturers to develop new OF brands with improved optical and operational characteristics, which makes it possible to improve various optical components that use an OF as an active information transmission medium. The dual-channel single-mode wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) multiplexers/demultiplexers, which are one of spectral selective splitters types, are most widely used in fiber-optic communication systems. Among the advantages of WDM, it is worth to note the transmission of a large amount of information over one OF by the arrangement of channels at different wavelengths and the ability to transmit signals of several wavelengths simultaneously in both directions via one OF that do not interact with each other (duplex communication). During operation, WDM multiplexers can be subjected to various external influences that affect the operation and stability of the device parameters. Currently, there are no data on the effect of OF bending on the optical characteristics of WDM multiplexers. In this regard, it is important to study this dependence, which includes measuring the parameters of optical isolation and insertion loss. The purpose of the study is to work out the manufacturing technology and investigate the manufactured WDM multiplexers based on certain types of bend-resistant OF.Methods. For the formation of two-channel WDM multiplexers, the technology of fused biconical tapering was used, which makes it possible to achieve low insertion loss along with a high degree of channel isolation in the wide temperature range.Results. In the paper, the possibilities of manufacturing fiber multiplexers based on bend-resistant fiber Corning SMF-28 Ultra were discussed. The results of manufacturing and studying the experimental samples of WDM multiplexers optical characteristics were presented. It was established that the use of SMF-28 Ultra quartz fiber made it possible to significantly reduce the deviation of the channel optical isolation in the event of mechanical stresses in the multiplexers OF structure. Conclusions. The possibility of creating two-channel multiplexers with low bending losses and optical isolation up to 20–22 dB was experimentally shown. Possible mechanisms of the influence of the multiplexer fiber twisting on the optical isolation of channels were considered. The results obtained showed that when mechanical stresses in the fused structure of the multiplexer occur, the change in the optical isolation coefficient at two operating wavelengths does not exceed 1 dB.

Objectives. The aim of this paper is to analyze the electromagnetic safety of 50Hz industrial frequency electrical networks in residential buildings when using workplaces equipped with personal computers (PCs), as well as to develop recommendations on reducing the impact of levels of industrial frequency electromagnetic fields on human health in residential premises.Methods. Electromagnetic fields in residential premises with the single-phase TN mode industrial frequency power supply system regulated by the Rules of Electrical Installations Design were measured and calculated in accordance with Russian and international legislative documents.Results. It was established that electromagnetic fields induced by TN networks in workplaces equipped with PCs might increase significantly and even exceed the maximum permissible level of 25 V/m and 0.25 μT recommended by Sanitary and Epidemiological Standards. Residential buildings are not subject to the requirements of the Energy Supervision services; therefore, any unprofessional modification of electrical networks in residential premises, including the use of unapproved extension cords, may result in sparking, high-frequency harmonics, and, in turn, conditions which impact human health, as well as electric injures, fires, and gas explosions.Conclusions. It has been shown that IT (TT) mode symmetrical two-phase electrical networks may function efficiently for decades without accidents and effects of industrial frequency electromagnetic field on humans, as they are used in medical institutions, defense enterprises, and state institutions. Thus, legislative transition to installing IT (TT) systems in residential buildings, replacement of existing TN power supply systems with IT (TT) system, and legislative strengthening of requirements for household protection and commutation devices, may also be required to reduce man-made disaster risks in residential buildings.

This paper addresses the fundamental principles of generalized Boltzmann physical kinetics, as a part of non-local physics. It is shown that the theory of transport processes (including quantum mechanics) can be considered in the frame of unified theory based on the non-local physical description. The paper can be considered also as comments and prolongation of the materials published in the known author’s monograph (Boris V. Alexeev, Generalized Boltzmann Physical Kinetics. Elsevier. 2004).

Objectives. The most important distinguishing feature of satellite communication networks (SCNs) is topology, which consolidates the scheme for combining nodes and communication channels into a single structure and largely determines the main characteristics of communication systems. The following topologies are used in SCNs: fully connected, tree-like, ring-shaped, and radial (“star” type). The topology can be changed depending on the tasks being solved; for example, to ensure high reliability rates. The most frequently used indicator characterizing the reliability of communication networks is the readiness factor. Considering the SCN as a complex recoverable system, it is advisable to analyze the operational readiness factor along with the readiness factor. This paper investigates the influence of the network topology on the reliability of the SCN.Methods. Queuing theory was used to analyze the flow of events, that is, the flow of failures and recoveries.Results. Assuming that the exponential Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) model can be used for a central node with a radial network topology, the time dependences of the operational readiness factor were obtained. The reliability of networks with ring and radial topology was compared in terms of the operational readiness factor.Conclusions. To achieve a higher reliability, it is necessary to use an SCN with a radial structure. For example, on a time interval of 12000 h, the operational readiness factor of a two-node SCN with a radial structure is 0.9, and for an SCN with a ring topology with the number of nodes 2, 3, 4, it is 0.7, 0.59, and 0.5, respectively. The study also showed that radial topology is more efficient even with less reliable nodes, that is, with higher failure rates. The advantage of a radial network topology increases as the number of nodes increases. However, in an SCN with a radial topology, failure of the central unit leads to complete degradation of the entire system.

Objectives. The purpose of the paper is to compare the adequacy of mathematical models of vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) and their ability to reproduce the phase behavior of the ternary system benzene–cyclohexane–chlorobenzene using different experimental data sets to evaluate binary interaction parameters.Methods. The research methodologies were mathematical modeling of VLE in the Aspen Plus V.10.0 software package using activity coefficient models (Non-Random Two-Liquid (NRTL), Wilson) and the Universal quasichemical Functional-group Activity Coefficients (UNIFAC) group model, which allows for independent information. For the benzene–cyclohexane–chlorobenzene ternary system, the use of the NRTL equation is warranted because it provides a better description of the VLE experimental data.Results. The diagram construction of the constant volatility of cyclohexane relative to benzene lines revealed three topological structures. Only one of them can be considered reliable because it corresponds to the experimental data and coincides with the UNIFAC model diagram constructed based on independent UNIFAC model data. The results indicate that to study systems containing components with similar properties, it is necessary to improve the description quality of the available data sets (the relative error should not exceed 1.5%).Conclusions. The reproduction of the thermodynamic features of various manifolds in the composition simplex obtained by processing direct VLE data can be used to supplement the adequacy of the model. For the cyclohexane–benzene–chlorobenzene system, the best NRTL equation parameters are those regressed from the extensive experimental VLE data available in the literature for the ternary system as a whole.

The article deals with the issues of synthesis and analysis of information-measuring and control systems of quadrocopters. The main sensors and modules used to determine the parameters of the coordinates of quadrocopters are given. The speed-controlled electric drives used for control and the features of their choice are considered. The coordinate systems (fixed and mobile) and the kinematic scheme are given, according to which a system of differential equations is presented. The system describes the dynamics of the quadrocopter movement and takes into account the expected smooth movement of the quadrocopter with small roll and pitch angles. A functional scheme and a mathematical model of the information-measuring and control system of the quadrocopter in the form of a block diagram are developed taking into account the influence of delays in the receipt of information from the sensors of the quadrocopter parameters. A special feature of this work is to take into account the specific characteristics of the elements: adjustable electric drives (both direct and alternating current), parameter sensors (barometers, accelerometers, rangefinders, etc.). The paper studies an illustrative algorithm for the operation of the informationmeasuring and control system of the quadcopter. The type and parameters of the controllers of the quadrocopter control systems are determined. Special attention is paid to the settings for the control contours at the corresponding coordinates. The influence of the controllers of the coordinate control systems of the information-measuring and control systems of the quadrocopter on the effects of the interaction of coordinates is considered. The simulation results are presented. The optimal number of control loops for the coordinates of the information-measuring and control systems of the quadrocopter and the optimal type of settings for obtaining smooth transients (without overshoot) and for excluding the interaction of coordinates on quality indicators are determined.

General Purpose computing for Graphical Processing Units (GPGPU) technology is a powerful tool for offloading parallel data processing tasks to Graphical Processing Units (GPUs). This technology finds its use in variety of domains – from science and commerce to hobbyists. GPU-run general-purpose programs will inevitably run into performance issues stemming from code branch predication. Code predication is a GPU feature that makes both conditional branches execute, masking the results of incorrect branch. This leads to considerable performance losses for GPU programs that have large amounts of code hidden away behind conditional operators. This paper focuses on the analysis of existing approaches to improving software performance in the context of relieving the aforementioned performance loss. Description of said approaches is provided, along with their upsides, downsides and extents of their applicability and whether they address the outlined problem. Covered approaches include: optimizing compilers, JIT-compilation, branch predictor, speculative execution, adaptive optimization, run-time algorithm specialization, profile-guided optimization. It is shown that the aforementioned methods are mostly catered to CPU-specific issues and are generally not applicable, as far as branch-predication performance loss is concerned. Lastly, we outline the need for a separate performance improving approach, addressing specifics of branch predication and GPGPU workflow.

Objectives. This paper presents data on the development and study of the structural properties of iron-doped crystalline silicon (nc-Si/SiOx/Fe) nanoparticles obtained using the plasma-chemical method for application in magnetic resonance imaging diagnostics and treatment of oncological diseases. This work aimed to use a variety of analytical methods to study the structural properties of nc-Si/SiOx/Fe and their colloidal stabilization with citrate anions for in vivo applications.Methods. Silicon nanoparticles obtained via the plasma-chemical synthesis method were characterized by laser spark emission spectroscopy, atomic emission spectroscopy, Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The hydrodynamic diameter of the nanoparticles was estimated using dynamic light scattering. The toxicity of the nanoparticles was investigated using a colorimetric MTT test for the cell metabolic activity. Elemental iron with different Fe/Si atomic ratios was added to the feedstock during loading.Results. The particles were shown to have a large silicon core covered by a relatively thin layer of intermediate oxides (interface) and an amorphous oxide shell, which is silicon oxide with different oxidation states SiOx (0 ≤ x ≤ 2). The samples had an iron content of 0.8–1.8 at %. Colloidal solutions of the nanoparticles stabilized by citrate anions were obtained and characterized. According to the analysis of the cytotoxicity of the modified nanosilicon particles using monoclonal K562 human erythroleukemia cells, no toxicity was found for cells in culture at particle concentrations of up to 5 µg/mL.Conclusions. Since the obtained modified particles are nontoxic, they can be used in in vivo theranostic applications.