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The paper presents the procedure and results of investigation of hot hardness of deposited high-chromium cast irons with different level of alloying of 450Kh30M, 500Kh22B7, 500Kh22B7M7V2F, 300Kh25S3N2G2 type as well as 500Kh40NS2GRTs nickel-carbide-chromium alloy. It is determined that hot hardness of deposited metal to significant extent depends on presence and types of carbides in metal structure. With relatively low-alloy high-chromium cast irons the hardness drops at rise of temperature and increases at chromium content up to 30% and carbon to 5%. Alloys doped with chromium, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten and vanadium keep high hardness up to 650 °C temperature. Niobium is important for indicated alloys. It plays a role of modifier delaying growth of primary chromium carbides and forming solid cubic niobium carbide. Nickelcarbide- chromium alloy preserves high hardness up to 650 °C temperature due to presence of high concentration of higher chromium carbides in a nickel-based matrix. Wear resistance of deposited alloys drops with rise of temperature in accordance with drop of deposited metal hardness. 12 Ref., 3 Tabl., 3 Fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers an approach for selection of filler material in TIG welding of titanium alloy VT22. It is shown that weld metal obtained using pilot flux-cored wire PPT-22 is a representative of transient class of titanium alloys, to which VT22 alloy is referred to (coefficient of β-stabilizing of such metal equals 1). This wire can be used for argon-arc welding of high-strength titanium alloys VT22. Mechanical properties of such welded joints after heat treatment reach the level of base metal indices. Application of PPT-22 wire in restoration argon-arc surfacing of VT22 alloy parts provides their high service characteristics. 15 Ref., 4 Tabl., 5 Fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the effect of dispersed particles of refractory compounds (Al2O3, MgO, ZrO2) added as cold filler to 1.6 mm flux-cored wire, on modification of the dendritic structure in low-alloyed weld metal of C-Mn-Cr-Ni-Mo-Si-Cu system of K65 strength class. Obtained results do not allow making an unambiguous conclusion on the mechanism of the effect of refractory oxides on dendritic structure modification. 5 Ref., 6 Tabl., 14 Fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mathematical fallacies are such statements in the chains of arguments that cause subtle mistakes. Using them in the process of teaching Mathematics can contribute to increasing students’ interest in learning the material as well as helping them acquire a firm and lasting knowledge in mathematical concepts and theorems. In brief, the connections between sophisms, paradoxes and paralogisms, as well as the differences between the terms „sophism” and „fallacy“, are explained. The socalled mathematical howlers and examples of them are presented in connection with the subject in consideration. This paper includes examples of the use of fallacies in the Algebraic curriculum in schools, in line with the current mathematics programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High biotechnology potential of marine microorganisms as producers of enzymes has been driving extensive research of their diversity and biological features in recent years, including the active screening of glycosidases of marine bacteria for commercial applications. The aim of this paper was to study the ability of bacteria isolated from the bottom sediments of the Black Sea to produce glycosidases of various specificities, as well as to investigate the possibility of using coordination compounds of germanium to increase the enzymatic activity of bacteria of the genus Bacillus. Methods. The cultivation of bacteria was carried out in submerged conditions; maltose and rhamnose were used as carbon sources. Glycosidases activities were determined by the Romero and Davis method, protein - by the Lowry method. Coordination compounds of germanium were used as effectors of biosynthesis and activity of α-L-rhamnosidase in concentrations of 0.1 and 0.01%. Results. Based on the screening of 12 glycosidases activities (β-D-galactosidase, β-D-glucuronidase, α-D-mannosidase, α-D-xylosidase, α-D-fucosidase, β-D-xylosidase, β-D-glucosidase, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminidase, N-acetyl-β-D-galactosaminidase, α-D-glucosidase, α-L-rhamnosidase) among 10 cultures of Bacillus, α-L-rhamnosidase activity (0.03-0.18 U/mg protein) was detected in 8 strains. Culture of Bacillus sp. 19 was the most active. Decrease in α-L-rhamnosidase activity of a Bacillus sp. 19 was observed after introduction of germanium complexes (0.1 and 0.01%) into the growth medium. We showed that bis (bipyridine) chloromodynam (II) bis (citrato) germanate (IV) octahydrate and tris (bipyridine) nickel (II) bis (citrato) germanate(IV) monohydrate can be used to increase α-L-rhamnosidase activity of Bacillus sp. 19. Conclusions. α-L-Rhamnosidase activity of marine strains belonging to the species of Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus atrophaus, Bacillus subtiliswas shown for the first time. Activation of α-L-rhamnosidase from Bacillus sp. 19 by coordination compounds of germanium was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tries to present the full picture of the presence and acceptance of the work by Blaze Koneski in the Slovak linguistic and literary science. Considering the fact that the complete picture of Koneski's character in Slovakia has not been studiously presented so far, the research has gained archival character, since we endeavored to present the available facts, regarding the elaborated phenomenon as much as possible. As a kind of introduction to the reception of the work of Blaze Koneski's creative opus in the Slovak Republic, it should be noted that the Macedonian scholar did not fail to exhibit in his own papers, among other things, his very precise and argumentative views on the history and for the development of the Slovak language. It is particularly important in this domain that the view of Koneski for the Slovak language, namely, is almost always set in correlation or in comparison with the situation and the position of the Macedonian language in the historical context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the concept of family in contemporary Serbian language was presented based on on the material of all relevant Serbian (Serbo-Croatian) dictionaries: the etymological aspects from the Skok's etymological dictionary, the historical aspects from the Vuk's dictionary and the Dictionary of Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts, modern understanding of this concept from the thesaurus Dictionary of the Serbo-Croatian literary and the folk language Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts and the Dictionary of literary Serbian language, additional linguistic aspects (derivational and associative) from the Semantic-Derivative Dictionary, the Associative and the Reverse Associative Dictionary, the encyclopedic aspects on the definitions of this term from encyclopaedias, in addition to the material of texts: folk proverbs, newspaper texts and the texts from the electronic corpus, as well as on the material of the survey, in accordance with the methodological foundations of the Lublin cognitive ethnolinguistics school and the program of the EUROJOS seminar which proposes the development of a volume of the Axiological lexicon of the Slavs and their neighbors devoted to the concept of FAMILY. It has been shown that the family in the language image of the world of the speakers of the Serbian language is conceptualized as a multidimensional dynamic concept that includes psychosocial, (psychological and social), biological / genealogical (existential) and cultural (axiological) dimension, and which in the knowledge of language speakers, occurs in the form of two models: 1) an ideal / idealized family and 2) a real family, wich are valued on the basis of their comparison, realized as an ambivalent relation to the basic values of the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the antiplane stress state of a composite half-space obtained by junction a homogeneous layer and half-space with interphase tunnel cracks and absolutely rigid inclusions, which is deformed by an absolutely rigid die with a plane base acting on the boundary plane of the half-space under the influence of periodically changing loads in time. The governing system of SIE with respect to the amplitudes of the contact stresses acting under the die, the jump of stresses acting on the long sides of the inclusions and the dislocation of the points of the crack edges was obtained. In some particular cases, the method of mechanical quadratures carried out a numerical analysis and revealed patterns of change in stress fields and deformations depending on the physical and mechanical and geometric characteristics of the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of quality of life (QOL) assessment in patients with tumors of the cranioorbital localization who were hospitalized and operated in the department of central nervous system pathology of «National Centre for Neurosurgery» JSC, Nur-Sultan from January 2016 to September 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the features of joining titanium alloy PT-3V to steel 08Kh18N10T by diffusion welding with application of an interlayer of ultrafi ne nickel powder, produced by thermal decomposition of nickel formate Ni(COOH)2+2H2O. Comparison of the structures of welded joints of these materials for presence of intermetallic phases in welding without interlayers and with a nickel interlayer at different mode parameters was performed. Application of ultrafi ne nickel powder at temperatures of 965 and 890 °C leads to formation of a continuous layer of solid intermetallics. At the temperature of 790 °C the diffusion zone has a multilayer structure, differing from the microstructure of steel-titanium joint, produced without the nickel interlayer. Mechanical rupture testing of the welded joints showed that suffi cient strength properties are achieved at application of an interlayer of ultrafi ne nickel powder at lower temperature and pressure, preventing intensive growth of intermetallics. The highest values of ultimate strength were achieved at welding temperature of 760 – 790 °C and were equal to 346 MPa on average. 13 Ref., 3 Tabl., 4 Fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is shown that in submerged-arc surfacing with the impact of constant transverse magnetic field the coefficient of melting of electrode wires of 3-5 mm diameter increases by 25 – 30%. It is experimentally established that at the impact of an alternating field at unchanged level of the transverse component of induction, the effect of increase of the coefficient of melting depends on the frequency of this field. At increase of the field frequency up to 10 – 20 Hz, the increment of the coefficient of melting decreases to zero values. A procedure was developed for determination of the minimum level of transverse component of field induction in the electrode drop zone, at which the drop is detached from the melting electrode tip. It is shown that the effect of lowering of the coefficient of melting at increase of the field frequency is due to reduction of pulse duration. The paper gives the calculated data, allowing determination of optimum values of induction and frequency of the alternating field, at which the coefficient of wire melting at submerged-arc surfacing (welding) is increased. 8 Ref., 4 Fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with a relatively new type of three-dimensional sorbents that are called metal-organic frameworks. The chemical compounds of this kind can be regarded as crystal sponges since they are microporous solid phases with exclusively large area of accessible internal surface. The most expressive manifestation of the peculiarity of the metal-organic frameworks is the topological equivalence of the metal-organic frameworks with principally different chemical nature. This phenomenon is sometimes called an isoreticular paradox. Such sorbents possess an exclusive identity of pores which is provided by the crystalline order in their structures. In its turn the crystalline order of the structure imposes severe restrictions on the geometry and topology of cavities in the structure frame and on the spatial symmetry of the structure itself. Revealing the characteristic features of structure forming in metal-organic coordination polymers enabled to estimate the relative frequencies of possible spatial structures of metal-organic frameworks. The isoreticular paradox originates from the finite number of formally possible Fedorov groups being aggravated by the sharply uneven distribution of the probabilities of these groups in real crystal structures. An atomic configuration of a frame cavity is isomorphic to a concave polyhedron. The symmetry of such polyhedra is to comply with the crystal lattice. We have found eleven Hessel groups that correspond to possible cavity polyhedral and estimated the relative probabilities of cavity configurations in the frame structures. The structural design of framework sorbents should provide the topologic combinations of atomic complexes and molecular linkers providing the cavity configurations of the above mentioned eleven types and forming the centrosymmetric spatial structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the history of flux-cored wires appearance and their application as remelted material, both in micrometallurgy (surfacing), and in large-scale metallurgy (electroslag remelting and foundry). Features of technological processes with fluxcored wire application in each of the considered areas are shown. At present technologies ensuring improvement of metal quality in foundry are developing the most actively. Prospects for flux-cored wires application in surfacing from the viewpoint of improvement of their production technology and development of new compositions of deposited metal have largely been exhausted. Technologies of surfacing in a current-supplying mould have certain potential for a wider application, particularly in the field of producing composite layers. Electroslag remelting of metal, as in the years of its development, is mainly focused on producing ingots of a large mass and diameter with application of monolithic electrodes of a large cross-section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carried out investigations and practice established that the quality of welded joints of pipelines, meeting the modern requirements largely depends on the quality of treatment of ends of groove edges of their butt joints prior to welding and on the quality of assembly of pipeline components directly before welding. The paper presents the results of experimental, technological and design works carried out at the Scientific and Engineering Center of Welding and Control in the Field of Nuclear Energy, on creating a facing tool for metal pipes of a diameter from 76 to 108 mm. It is shown that, in comparison with the best foreign analogues, the designed facing tool has a number of significant technological and operational advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of a examination of structure and properties of the samples produced by laboratory melt of rail metal (in lightly deformed and cast state) obtained by electroslag remelting after flash-butt welding of rails. The examinations showed that microstructure of weld metal and heat-affected zone in both cases differs by homogeneous dense structure. Fracture of the samples took place mainly in the heat-affected zone. Strength of welded joints from metal in cast state is lower, than lightly deformed one, which is apparently caused by coarse grain, size of which can be refined using heat treatment. Rail steel of electroslag remelting in cast and lightly deformed state has a level of mechanical properties made to non-thermostrengthened rails K76 on GOST R 51045 and DSTU 4344 that reveals the perspectives of application of electroslag remelting for manufacture of rails, including rail tongue, applied in cast steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774), signed after the Russo-Ottoman war of 1768-1774, the Ottoman Empire lost the Crimean Khanate. It thus became nominally independent state and its first ruler was pro-Russian Şahin Giray. The new status of the Khanate was confirmed by the Aynalıkavak Agreement signed in 1779 between Russia and the Empire. As a ruler, Şahin Giray inaugurated a modernization process in the Khanate, but faced fierce opposition and a revolt started in 1782. Using the upheavel as a pretext, the Russians entered the Khanate and annexed it the following year. Being the first Muslim territory lost the enemy, it was a severe blow to the Ottomans. Thereafter, the Ottoman rulers tried to develop military and political strategies in the Caucasia to regain the Khanate. An important part of the military strategy was to build a fortress in Anapa, a strategically important place on the Russian frontier. Moreover, contacts were established with the local tribes with the aim of collaborating with them against the Russian threat. Focusing on the Anapa fortress, the aim of this paper is to study the military and diplomatic strategies employed in the Northern Caucasia by the Ottoman Empire to take back the Crimean Khanate from the Russians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To confirm the hypothesis of the existence of several characteristic types of supranational innovation systems (SNIS), which can be found and identified, and to which all national macroeconomics in the world belong to with more or less degree of approximation, national and foreign experience in the development of appropriate classifications was considered. That includes: threelevel taxonomy of national innovation systems (NIS) of the world (dated from 2005) with a special emphasis on innovation, dissemination of information and knowledge; two-level taxonomy of NIS of technologically developed OECD countries (dated from 2006); as well as the classification of tax populations, dated from 2018 (European, Chinese-East Asian, Indian-South Asian, Maghreb-middle East) and based on the "long" development trends. The considered approaches to supranational systems' classification allow to estimate in detail their similarities and differences, depending on the structural elements, as well as the "weight" or the degree of influence of each main element on the final efficiency. However, these examples are more specific and narrowly focused than the developed typology of the SNIS-2018. The alternative scientific and methodological approach, offered in the paper, which is made on the basis of cluster analysis of 95 countries of the world, different in terms of economic and technological development, as well as geographical location, allows us to determine four distinctive types of SNIS in the context of the "Quadruple helix" model - co-evolutionary interaction of scientific, educational, industrial, economic, political and socio-cultural complexes. According to the proposed taxonomy has been allocated: type A SNIS - "developed countries with primarily inclusive institutions" - is a highly efficient type of innovative systems, which occupies the 1st place in the majority of classification criteria, except for the development of socio-cultural environment (2nd position); type B SNIS - "developing countries with mixed extractive-inclusive institutions with a strong socio-cultural component (predominantly Muslim and Buddhist-Hindu types)" - an average efficient type of innovative systems, which occupies the 1st place in terms of socio-cultural development, the 2nd - in terms of production, economic and political situation, the 3rd - in terms of the development of scientific and educational complex; type C SNIS - "developed countries and developing countries with mixed extractiveinclusive institutions with a strong informal component (including post-Soviet type)" - is a weakly efficient type of innovative systems, which mainly occupies the penultimate (3rd) place in most classification criteria, except for scientific and educational (2nd position) ones; type D SNIS - "developing countries with primarily extractive institutions" - is a lowefficient type of innovative systems, which occupies the last (4th) place in all classification criteria, forming the lower limit of the estimated range. The current situation of Ukraine in the context of the developed typology was characterized as follows: Ukraine belongs to type C SNIS; key indicators of the optimized sample lag behind the image of the average leader in its cluster; most of the target indicators belong to the group of state-political complex, which characterizes the low level of efficiency of national socio-economic institutions; according to the indicators of scientific and educational complex Ukraine's position is not significantly inferior to the leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the monetary policy of leading Central Banks of the world that have been successfully used to overcome the global financial and economic crisis of 2008-2009 and now is also an important determinant of the modern development trends in the global economy. The last decade (the last ten years of the XXI century) is the period of the Fourth industrial revolution. But at the same time, this is a period of global spread of financial instability, including overcoming the consequences of the global financial and economic crisis of 2008-2009. Advanced developed countries, which today are the world's technological leaders in Industry 4.0, managed to overcome this crisis, primarily through monetary mechanisms. For this purpose, a non-traditional monetary policy was invented and applied for the first time, which included: quantitative easing with a corresponding rapid growth of Central banks' liabilities; de facto proactive maintaining a plurality of their goals, including ensuring financial stability and reducing unemployment; expanded participation of Central banks in financing government budget deficits with blurring the difference between monetary and fiscal policies. The measures taken helped to overcome the recession in the developed world and the transition to the trajectory of an economic growth. Current measures to normalize monetary policy, which the United States began, provide for a gradual increasing in the key interest rates and shrinking balance sheets of central banks. However, de facto, in much of the developed world (EU, Japan) the era of unconventional monetary policy is still going on. In general, the impact of these policies can be assessed in different ways. But it is difficult to deny two main conclusions. First, when it is necessary to overcome obstacles to the economic development, specialists and politicians of advanced countries do not hesitate to abandon market dogmas and apply new, non-traditional regulatory instruments, which were previously considered unacceptable. And the second conclusion is that, as a result, among other things, of these nontraditional instruments' implementation, the U.S. Dollar and the Euro have retained their leadership among the world currencies. This, in turn, means that the United States, as well as other advanced countries, that are a part of a narrow group of global monetary centres, despite the negative consequences of industrial offshoring, retains the chances of holding a leading position in the field of advanced industrial technologies, since these technologies are no longer just cyberphysical, but cyber-financial-physical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes a model for studying the influence of a concentrated mass distributed along the plane of an elastic layer on the characteristics of an elastic waveguide. Dispersion equations are obtained for the phase velocity of symmetric and antisymmetric vibrations. The limiting cases are considered and numerical calculations are given for the phase velocity of the wave. The influence of a concentrated mass on the velocity of a surface wave is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we study the propagation of elastic-spin waves of the Love type in two-layer magnet-nonmagnet media. The case is considered when one edge is free and the other is fixed. The condition for the existence of the elasticspin waves is found and the corresponding dispersion equation is obtained. A comparative numerical analysis was then carried out to determine the degree of influence of the magnetic properties of the layer on the dispersion picture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reflects the philosophical quest of the founders of neurosurgery. It is shown how the philosophy of neurosurgery is practically implemented through clinical thinking and conceptual approaches to surgical interventions on the brain and spinal cord. Special emphasis was placed on problems of ethics and humanism in neurosurgery with the analysis of the contradictions in it and the ways of their resolution. The importance of philosophical positions in the development of a new direction – preventive neurosurgery was explained. It has been established that it is philosophical approaches that allow preserving the integrity of neurosurgery as a single clinical discipline in the context of increasing technologization and differentiation, as well as a systematic approach to the patient. «Tree of the philosophy of neurosurgery» was developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, studied the species diversity. It is a weighted average number of species per unit area within the types of land (geosystems). At the same time, the share of participation of each species in the structure of the geosystem was taken into account. The object of research is geosystems as territorial units, identified within the boundaries of the national park „Braslaw Lakes“. The performed spatial accounting and analysis of species diversity allows judging about the environmental features of a natural area with a special management status, and the possibility of comparing geosystems identified by a single criterion, but different in size, configuration and location, allows making forecasts for development prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theory of electric contacts assumes an experimentally-verified inverse proportionality of electric transient resistance from applied load. The paper shows that this condition is not fulfilled at small compression forces of different-sized contacts, which take place, in particular, in excitation of electric arc by contact or breakup of thin conductor. Measurements of electric resistance of near-contact area between thin (0.75 mm diameter) conductor and sheet of steels St37 (steel 10) and 1.4301 (08Kh18N10), brass CuZn37 (L63) and aluminum alloy AlMg3 (AMg3) showed that there is an increase of electric resistance due to elastic deformation of contact surface under effect of local loading in rise of forces to specific limits. Under experiment conditions a boundary force made 2-3 daN, depending on mechanical characteristics of metal. Out of these limits a generally accepted functional dependence becomes effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of the author's analysis is the issue of legal protection of pet animals. Through analysis of applicable provisions contained in the Act on Animal Welfare of Serbia, on one hand, and the fundamental principles and provisions set out in the European Convention for the Protection of Pet animals, on the other hand, this paper attempts to point out the degree of legal protection that pet animals are awarded under domestic legal regulations, as well as to answer the question of compatibility of the national legislation with the international standards set out in the mentioned European Convention regarding the above mentioned question. In addition, since the legal protection of pet animals is also regulated by relevant by-laws in our law, the analysis of certain aspects of protection provided to pet animals, specifically the Decision of the city of Novi Sad on keeping of domesticated animals, the paper attempts to draw attention to compliance of the solutions adopted in this legal act, with the fundamental principles of protection, provided to pets by laws or the Act on Animal Welfare of Serbia. Finally, in order to provide a more comprehensive insight in terms of achievement of the legal protection of pets in Serbian law, the paper analyzes the types of unlawful conduct of the owner or the holder of the animals, as well as their respective sanctioning prescribed in specific laws or bylaws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses fiduciary agreements, which, as a form of contract, that is the means of securing obligation and legal claims, are regulated by provisions of specific laws and codifications in some of the European Union countries. Even the Montenegrin legislator enacted a special law governing these legal matters, however in the Serbian law fiduciary agreements fall into the category of innominate contracts. Fiducia originates in the Roman Law and constitutes the first common form of the pledge law. The Latin term fiducia means „trust“, since these legal matters were, first of all, based on the trust between contractual parties. This paper addresses the institution of „trust“ as it is the Anglo-Saxon counterpart of the fiduciary agreement. Etymologically, „trust“ has the same meaning as the term fiducia - trust. Due to their advantages, fiduciary agreements are not even uncommon in the domestic legal practice, while there are certain, as we have already announced, theoretical, but also practical concerns arguing admissibility of this legal matter. These arguments mainly come down to the thesis (mentioned above) that entering into the fiduciary agreement results in violation of the ban on performance of contract lex commissoria in the pledge law. Nevertheless, I provided explanation that differences between contracts of pledge and fiduciary agreements clearly point to the conclusion that fiduciary agreements may not be treated as a pledge, hence they are admissible, that is, they are concluded on the principle of contractual freedom as an imperative norm of the Law on Obligations. Fiduciary agreements (in relation to the realistic means of security) offer to the creditor a higher level of security, reduce the period of payment of his claims, also providing practical benefits for the debtor himself. The paper presents the reasons supporting the view that it would be advantageous for the Serbian legislator, in the process of harmonisation of the legislation in the field of Civil Law with the European Union law, to regulate the institute of fiduciary agreements under the special law, integrate it into the Law on Obligations or make it a part of the future Civil Code of the Republic of Serbia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction emphasizes that the paper deals with the analysis of the economic effects of the EU Directive on trade with pollution permits. The ideas of trading with pollution permits have their theoretical origins in the economic analysis of law. The second part provides an overview of the two main trading systems with pollution permits. In one system is limited the total mass of pollution that can be traded. This system is essentially a pure tradable permit system. The second system is based on trade with pollution reductions in the future. This section, also pointed out the existence of the possibility for manipulation with the market for pollution permits. There is also a review of basic forms of manipulation. The third part is dedicated to a comparative analysis of the effectiveness and efficiency of various trading systems with pollution permits. Special attention is given to the impact of the opportunity cost on preferences by certain companies. In the fourth part the paper analyzes the Directive of the European Commission 2003/87 and 2009/29 on trade with pollution permits, and the expected results in the reduction of pollution for each of them. The fifth part of the paper predicting the behavior of companies within the EU as a result of the Directive 2003/87 and 2009/29. In the sixth and final section the paper concludes that: trade with pollution permits can be an effective instrument in the battle against environmental pollution. But unfortunately sometimes could produce unintended results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Just as there isn't a generally accepted meaning of the term law, there still isn't a completely clear and defined meaning of the term autonomous law. There is a big interest for the autonomous law in practice and theory, sociology and law anthropology. Five main meanings are attributed to this term: autonomous law as a theoretic notion, a subsystem of law, source of law, law of work and autonomous identity law. When it comes to autonomous law as a theoretic notion it is closely linked with the idea of legal pluralism. This paper follows the development of the understanding of legal pluralism from Duguit, Ehrlich, Petrazycki, Gurvitch, through, Evan, Llewellyn, Hobel, to Vanderlinden and Jean-Guy Belley. The paper ends with 'a new legal pluralism' which has a tendency to become the only right school (legal orthodoxy). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers taxes related to passenger cars and possibilities of their use in order to reduce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, this paper considers ecological potential of non-recurrent taxes in connection with the purchase and registration of passenger cars, periodically charged taxes on the use of passenger car and excises in the European union. At the end, the author presents legislation related to motor vehicles taxes in Serbia and analyzes their ecological functions, and points out the shortcomings of the existing legislative solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the issue of regulation of the right of natural and legal persons to environmental information, in relevant international legal documents. There is a survey of certain international conventions which envisage this right in their field of regulation. The right to access the information is in details regulated in the Aarhus Convention, which comprises significant part of this paper. This kind of regulation of the right to environmental information has performed a significant influence on states and international organizations, which created their domestic and international rules, using the solutions from this Convention. The European Union has enacted a significant number of directives on the right of a public to receive environmental information. The special emphasis will be on the work of the Aarhus Convention's Compliance Committee which has a significant role in supervising and deciding about the compliance with the application of the Convention in its member states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was characteristic agrarian country. Agriculture was basic branch of the economy in all parts of the state. One of the most important issues in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was agrarian issue. Various and specific structure of land possession in different parts of the country and revolutionary mood in villages among the peasants, were the reasons which justified taking actions to organize and carry out agrarian reform in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The legal regulations were very important for proper execution of democratic land reform. The author explains the most important legal regulations that were passed in the course of the democratic land reform in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The administration which was responsible for organization and execution of democratic land reform in Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes is also briefly shown in the paper. The paper also presents how implementation of agrarian legislation and functioning of agrarian administration looked like in practice through an interesting case of medium-sized holding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legal position of illegitimate children according to 19th century Montenegrin legislature is examined in this paper. Provisions on personal rights, property rights and rights of succession of illegitimate children are presented and critically analyzed. Children born out of wedlock were not equal to children born in lawful marriage. Therefore, significance of legalization of illegitimate children regarding improvement of their legal status is accentuated. As non-marital relationships were condemned in patriarchal Montenegrin 19th century society, illegitimate children were considered a product of sin and family disgrace. Hence, legislative attempts to protect their interests and improve their legal position are emphasized in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper offers analysis of two issues. The first is the overview of the legal basis of international family law and it's sources under the Treaty of Lisbon on the Functioning of the European Union, and the second the case law of the European Court of Justice. Since 1999, when the Treaty of Amsterdam came into force, four regulations were adopted in matters of international family law as secondary sources of EU law, and three of them came into force. National courts of Member Staes are bound to apply directly three regulations, but so far only the interpretation of Brussels II bis Regulation has reached the European Court of Justice. Some of the judgments of the Court could be of interest for Serbian private international law. The reason is in the fact that the Court gave rulings on issues and concepts which are not defined in Serbian law, so they could influence the development and definitions of the those in the course of drawing up the new Act of Private International Law in Serbia. The paper reviews the Sundelind Lopez, the Hadady, the Case A. and the Mercredi judgments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is focused on semantic peculiarities, derivational restrictions and specific combinatory properties of the lexical units in gradual paradigms of глубокий ['deep'] - неглубокий ['not deep'] - мелкий ['shallow'], широкий ['wide'] - неширокий ['not wide'] - узкий ['narrow'] type in Russian. Among factors which determine the speakers' pragmatic attitudes to the non-identity of gradual paradigm member properties, the hyperonymic status of adjectives - general designations of some parameter (глубокий, широкий), type and significance of semantic modifications (negation, insufficient degree, etc.) are thought to be the leading ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dislocation of the femoral component of the endoprosthesis is one of the most common complications after hip total arthroplasty. The best way of prevention is to prevent the development of primary instability. Even with the proper positioning of endoprosthesis components, there are dislocations associated with the weakness or defect of the capsular-connective structures of the joint. Today, a lot of ways have been developed to strengthen and restore the posterior structures of the capsule of the hip joint with the help of auto and allomaterials, differing in the method of fixation and physical and chemical characteristics. The paper proposes a method of restoring and strengthening the posterior structures of the capsule using polypropylene mesh implants. Objective: to construct a model of the hip joint capsule after capsulotomy with the help of the specialized software program and to determine the hardness of the defect closed with a polypropylene mesh. Methods: the study was made in a software complex based on the finite element method. A calculation model was constructed consisting of capsule and endoprosthesis femoral head. Two methods of sewing the dissected capsule were studied: seam thread and polypropylene mesh. In the control model, the capsule was not fixed. Results: pictures of the distribution of stress-strain state in the system «endoprosthesis - joint capsule» were obtained. Conclusions: under the conditions of the kinematic loading of the model, the smallest sizes of the capsule cut opening are in case of its closure with the mesh. In the case of thread, they were 8.5% higher. The values of equivalent stresses in the model with the mesh were the largest: in the capsule of the joint by 23.8%, the endoprosthesis head - by 60.4% compared with the thread fixation. The obtained results indicate that the mesh model is more rigid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the main technological features which should be taken into account during design, manufacturing and mounting of tanks from 9 % Ni steel for liquefied natural gas storage. They include preparation for welding, selection of welding processes and materials, modular assembly of the tank in site, application of ultrasonic peening of welded joints for stress relieving. 8 Ref., 6 Tabl., 5 Fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the approaches to theoretical investigation and mathematical models of physical processes running in the anode layer of high-current (~102 A) electric arcs, burning in inert gas at atmospheric pressure. Numerical studies of anode processes in electric arcs with nonevaporating (water-cooled) anode, as well as in welding arcs (arcs with evaporating anode) were performed. It is shown that anode potential drop in the considered arcs is negative, having an essentially nonuniform distribution in the region of anode attachment of the arc. The latter circumstance largely determines the pattern of electric current flowing and energy transfer between arc plasma and anode (arc contraction on the anode or discharge distributed over anode surface). A procedure of calculation of effective anode drop in electric arcs is proposed, allowing for the above change of anode potential drop along the anode surface. 32 Ref., 1 Tabl., 15 Fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the promising directions and obtained results in the fields of welding and related technologies, pursued in Belarus at SSPA «Powder Metallurgy», including friction stir welding, additive technologies, flame spraying of powder materials and electrospark coating. Comprehensive development of works in the field of additive technologies is achieved by application of equipment, which ensures polymer and metal 3D-printing, production of metal powders and additional compaction operations. Alongside research performance, this equipment is used for product manufacturing. A unit with a system of recording the welding mode parameters was developed for conducting experimental studies and practical application of friction stir welding. Computer modeling programs (Deform, Sysweld, Ansys, etc.) are used during performance of investigations and development of technological processes and tool designs. Tool manufacture is performed in experimental production, in particular by the methods of powder metallurgy and additive technologies. New scientific and practical results were obtained on development of processes and equipment for flame deposition of coatings from powder materials on parts of various functional purposes, using high power jets (up to 125 kW). Investigations were performed and equipment was developed for forming thick-layer (up to 5000 - 7000 μm) electrospark coatings with application of electrode-anode vibration of 22 kHz frequency. 18 Ref., 8 Fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the possibility of identification of gifted in Mathematics students based on Jean Piaget’s phenomena. It shows that by conducting some of his phenomena - the ones related to mathematical knowledge in particular - it allows to calculate the mental age of a student and after that their intellectual level to be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents some results of a 30-year research conducted in the Scientific Centre of Radiation Medicine on the health conditions of Armenian contingent of the Liquidators of the Chernobyl NPP accident. The first place in the structure of the reasons of death rate is occupied by oncological diseases, while the second place-by illnesses of system of blood circulation. Authentic dependence of death rate on year of participation of liquidators in works on the Chernobyl atomic power station is revealed, that testifies about dose dependences of death rate. The dispersive factorial analysis has shown that influence of the radiating factor prevailed over age only in the first years after failure. The latent period of oncology incidence was defined to range from 20 to 25 years for different organs. The shortest latent period is noted in case of gastroenteric cancer. According to the formulas of the forecast developed in the Scientific Center of Radiation Medicine and Burns, the essential increase in percent of disease on this class within the next 5 years is expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the expansion of Internet capabilities, distance learning is actively developing in the world, as well as in Ukraine. Distance learning is gradually becoming the standard throughout the world. The term "online school" is becoming popular and it consists of distance learning through various communication platforms and videoconferences with the teacher. There are various training systems. This approach will allow students to go deeper into the material studied by not only visualizing the studied object, but also ability to rotate 3D objects, and go around using VR content. This approach is based on a person's visual perception, when the text is reinforced not by figurative thinking, but by a parallel representation of the image on the screen in order to avoid mistakes of perception and misunderstanding. The paper describes the basic principles of creating a learning system for distance learning based on the game platform Unreal Platform 4. Game platform allows you to create from scratch a product that will include the management of the objects' actions and the creation of various simulations that may not necessarily be physically correct or real. The proposed learning system is a new generation of distance learning system. The constituent elements of the work with the teaching material are sequentially described. A block diagram of creating a test lesson on the discipline "Design systems" is presented. The block diagram shows in detail the computer programs in which the work was carried out and the processes that were performed. Features of work with the learning system are considered in detail. It's been created the animation assistant, which makes the learning process easier. Test training courses were created in ONPU about 3D modeling in CAD. The advantages of using the game platform for creating a learning system are shown. The training system was approved at the regional competition of startups SpringUp in Odessa. New training courses for students of specialty 122 "Computer Science", specialization - "Computer Design" are being developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a solution to the problem of optimizing the processing of incoming information from a UAV for object recognition in the absence of the necessary amount of initial information. The proposed private methods of object recognition can be easily implemented on computer equipment, which are located both on board the UAV and at a ground station. These methods make it possible to promptly receive an answer to the correctness of the decisions made regarding the object being explored. In the practical construction of recognition systems that are used in UAVs, it is necessary to use large amounts of data on the signs of objects. The construction of logical systems of recognition of objects containing a large number of classes and features, and the evaluation of their effectiveness is associated with considerable difficulties. The most significant indicator of the effectiveness of the recognition system is the probability of the correct solution of problems of recognition of unknown objects. With other things being equal, in particular, under conditions of optimal processing of a posteriori information, the value of this indicator is the higher, the greater the amount of incoming information is used in the recognition of this object. Moreover, under certain restrictions imposed by the signs used in recognition, the probability of a unique solution to the recognition problem increases and increases. The implementation of priorities in the field of creation and use of UAVs should be based on the use of high-tech achievements and world experience in the use of UAVs, taking into account the state of development of the national research and production base and the realization of the accumulated scientific, technical and technological potential of Ukraine in the information, aviation, space, telecommunications and related areas, the availability of appropriate infrastructure in Ukraine, and also taking into account the real economic, geopolitical and military requirements and capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article identifies the factor of production, associated with smart industrialization, and provides modeling results of the corresponding production function on the example of manufacturing industry in Germany, as a country where the "Industry 4.0" development program has been announced and is being implemented at a nationwide level. It is argued that the existing approaches that takes into account scientific and technological progress within the design of production functions are not suitable for modeling the transformation of the impact of production factors in the process of smart industry formation, since scientific and technological progress in most papers is represented not by a specific measurable indicator, but simply by a natural series of numbers, reflecting the part of the change in production that is not explained by changes in the factors considered. It has been found that in German manufacturing industry output is growing while labor and capital expenditure decreases, which indicates the influence of at least one more factor related to the transition to the new technological mode - the smart industry. The difficulties of assessing the impact of the "smart factor" on production have been identified: both objective (the interdependence of computerization factors and the difficulty of distinguishing the contribution of each of them) and subjective (complete absence or fragmented statistical information). Based on the analysis of statistics, it has been found that the costs of software and databases are the most accurate indicator, reflecting the impact of the computerization factor on the output. A model, that is a modification of the Cobb-Douglas production function, has been designed, in which the added value in the processing industry is used as the endogenous variable, and the number of hours worked (labor factor), the cost of machinery and equipment with a 1 year lag (capital factor) and the cost of software and databases (computerization factor) are the exogenous factors. When analyzing the modeling results, authors found that computerization has turned into an important production factor and demonstrates the potential to replace other factors of production - labor and capital. The model can be used to substantiate the directions of smart industry development at the macro level, as well as the basis for developing criteria for assessing the level of enterprise "smartness" at the micro level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper V.V. Bolotin's theory of construction of structural and continual models of reinforced by beams bodies is developed (with the construction of general variation functional). Further, private theory of moment theory of elasticity with constrained rotation is constructed, which is adequate to the continual theory of reinforced bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper highlights main issues of restorative treatment of patients with stroke. Article devotes attention to main neurological syndromes which demand conduction of rehabilitation measures. It distinguishes four main periods of post-stroke states and main issues of rehabilitation measures during critical period. Article describes most prioritized methods of rehabilitation at critical period of stroke and fundamental factors of rehabilitation potential of patients. Outcomes of care among patients which were exposed to early comprehensive restorative treatment were analyzed. It is noticed that patients at early restorative period have higher level of recovery of lost functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with development of the technology of high-frequency welding in manufacture of thin-walled spirally-welded pipes by adding activators to the weld zone and pressure application to improve the strength characteristics of welded joint metal. Investigations are based on scientific principles of theoretical fundamentals of welding, materials science and problems of metal strength. A feature of the considered welding technology is the fact that during heating of the edges to be joined by high frequency currents the activators, having lower melting temperatures, go into the liquid state, bind surface contamination and transport it to the surface at pressure application. Edges of the cleaned metal are joined as a result of running of diffusion processes at temperatures close to base metal melting temperatures. Essentially, the process of joining at the final stage proceeds with the weld metal being in the solid phase. Obtained weld width is not greater than 4 - 8 ~m. Weld metal consists of the base metal being welded, enriched in activator elements. Near-weld zone structure is close to that of the base metal. Thin-walled spirally-welded pipes can be produced with a high quality of welded joint at a high welding speed. 21 Ref., 3 Tabl., 5 Fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of diagnosis and treatment of patients with liver abscesses. In the surgery of Dnipropetrovsk Regional Hospital named after І.І. Mechnikov 183 patients diagnosed with liver abscess aged 18 to 81 years were treated. In 118 (64.5%) patients the period from the first complaints to the diagnosis was up to 1 month, in 48 (26,2%) from 1 to 3 months, in 15 (8,2%) from 3 to 6 months, in 2 (1.1%) from 6 to 12. To diagnose abscesses of the liver ultrasound of abdominal cavity, computer tomography, laparoscopy were used. Treatment of liver abscesses included both conservative therapy and surgical intervention. Only 14 (7.6%) patients received conservative treatment. Surgical treatment included minimally invasive interventions under U.S. control, laparoscopic, open drainage and resection techniques. The method of choice of surgical treatment for patients with uncomplicated liver abscesses with a diameter of 3 cm or more was echocontrolled peritoneal pelvic drainage, performed in 146 (79.8%) patients. Complications of surgical treatment were found in 15 (8.2%) cases: drainage dislocation - in 12 (6.6%) patients, purulent fistula - in 1 (0.5%), intestinal obstruction - in 1 (0.5%), peritonitis - in 1 (0.5%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let M be a compact two-dimensional manifold and, f∈C∞(M,R) be a Morse function, and Γf be its Kronrod-Reeb graph. Denote by Of={foh∣h∈D} the orbit of f with respect to the natural right action of the group of diffeomorphisms D on C∞(M,R), and by S(f)={h∈D∣foh=f} the corresponding stabilizer of this function. It is easy to show that each h∈S(f) induces a homeomorphism of Γf. Let also Did(M) be the identity path component of D(M), S′(f)=S(f)∩Did(M) be group of diffeomorphisms of M preserving f and isotopic to identity map, and Gf be the group of homeomorphisms of the graph Γf induced by diffeomorphisms belonging to S′(f). This group is one of the key ingredients for calculating the homotopy type of the orbit Of. Recently the authors described the structure of groups Gf for Morse functions on all orientable surfaces distinct from 2-torus T2 and 2-sphere S2. The present paper is devoted to the case M=S2. In this situation Γf is always a tree, and therefore all elements of the group Gf have a common fixed subtree Fix(Gf), which may even consist of a unique vertex. Our main result calculates the groups Gf for all Morse functions f:S2→R whose fixed subtree Fix(Gf) consists of more than one point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies and compares the concepts and programs of codification of the Slovak and Belarusian languages related to folklore and folklore texts. The parameters and methods of folklore actualization, reflected in linguistic works and observed at different stages of formation of studied standard languages, are identified and analyzed. V. Karadžić's codification activity was chosen as a basic level and factor of typological nature, which influenced the formation of codification concepts in the analyzed and other Slavic languages that did not have the status of official ones. Types of folklore actualization are identified by comparing the methods and specifics of the publication of classical genres of folklore and verified on the basis of closely related, but typologically different standard languages - Czech in relation to Slovak and Russian in relation to Belarusian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides the results of investigation and engineering developments being a basis for working out a technology and technique of performance of electroslag welding with consumable nozzle of the strengthening elements of construction columns of high-rise building. An experience of application of new apparatuses and special technological fixture in performance of welding operations under assembly conditions was demonstrated. 15 Ref. , 7 Fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulsed arc welding is characterized with periodically varying arc power and due to its peculiarities allows solving complex technological issues in development of unique structures, rising efficiency of welding processes, deposit corrosion-resistant alloys on steel. Up to the moment there are a great number of producers of welding equipment introducing in their production the ideas of application of pulsed welding. However, data on effect of pulsed arc welding on the welding thermal cycles have odd nature and, therefore, it is difficult to carry out comparison between the thermal cycles typical for stationary and pulsed arc welding. In welding of high-carbon steels there is a problem of reduction of weld metal stirring with a base metal and due to this increase of welded joint cold crack resistance. Successful application of pulsed arc welding for solution of the problems mentioned above provoked a need in the comparative investigations of effect of modes of pulsed arc welding on parameters of the welds, HAZ and welding thermal cycles in comparison with stationary arc welding produced with high-alloy welding consumables. This was the main aim of the investigations, the results of which are given in this paper. Ref. 31, Fig. 8. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]