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Communication management in sports organizations requires not only the use of formal tools, such as an official website, fan page or official TV channel. Effective communication should also be based on informal methods, in which the main role is played by interactions between the sports organization and its stakeholders. One such form is viral marketing, which involves sharing files with humorous, social or image content on social networks, messengers, blogs and e-mail. In the case of such forms, due to the wide range and speed of spreading opinions, especially negative ones, about the company, its services or products, it becomes necessary to control the emerging opinions. Management of information with a viral potential allows you to reach stakeholders in an informal way, influencing the building of a positive image, response in crisis situations or creating communities. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the degree of viral marketing use in sports clubs. The research was conducted in October 2021 on different social media. However, due to the extensive scope of the research, this paper focuses on the social network Facebook. The research is concerned with determining the use of viral marketing potential in information management and identifying the characteristics of this form of influencing stakeholders. Due to the limited volume of the article, the main subject of the study is the Polish clubs of the highest level of competition against the background of examples from abroad. The main hypothesis of this article assumes that Polish clubs do not fully use the viral potential and communication activities are based on official messages. Communication management is based on peer benchmarking and replication of what others are doing. It is also assumed that departments responsible for communication in sports clubs do not fully use foreign models.

Today’s economic reality requires entrepreneurs to introduce many changes, especially those of an organisational nature. The period following COVID-19 pandemic will require organizations to create new values, and a broader view of responsibility, to build mutual trust, and to adapt to the new reality. This paper introduces the principles of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), with a focus on ecology as one of the areas of CSR. It can be seen that the pandemic has accelerated environmental targets in many companies. This is due not only to the regulations aligned with the governmental environmental policy, but to an increasing extent also with changing social expectations. The aim of the article was to demonstrate the applicability of ecological, environment-friendly solutions as an example of CSR in the management of sports and leisure enterprises. CPOR studies show that most young people take responsibility for the state of their environment. The training of the test subjects also plays an important role here (CBOS, Environmental Awareness of Poland, 2020) It is assumed that the introduction of eco-friendly solutions in the operation of sports and leisure businesses is noticed and appreciated only by young participants in physical activity. The survey focuses on specific environmental solutions to create a socially responsible corporate image and how these companies operate in a changing environment. The results of the studies carried out for this paper are intended to help answer the question of the importance of emphasising environmental aspects and adapting to change by integrating eco-innovation into the CSR strategies of sports and leisure companies, whether these solutions are perceived by the purchasers of sports and leisure services, as they affect their image. and whether they lead to better relations with market participants.

Purpose: The aim of the paper is to present the economic situation of two publicly listed companies: GKS Katowice (Poland) and Olympique Lyonnais (France). Both enterprises have different ownership models: Olympique Lyonnnais is a privately owned club, and GKS Katowice belongs to a municipal government. However, both clubs operate in the realities of different market economic system (Poland and France) and also at a different level of economic development. It is common that football companies function under uncertainty and risk. This is heightened by additional characteristic factors for this type of activity such as uncertainty of outcome in sports competition. The adoption of professional sport activities also automatically runs to the risk, but this is not the only problem that the company has to face. In addition, both clubs had to deal with new challenges: COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns. The paper presented the functioning of both football companies during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns. Methodology: The first part of this research study discusses some particular points of the business strategy and risk management in the context of football companies’ management. The economic and financial situation of two football companies is presented, namely: Olympique Lyonnais and GKS Katowice. The focus is on sports, economic and financial criteria to assess the standing of football companies. This paper combines the conclusions from secondary data analysis, content analysis of web­sites as well as qualitative and quantitative analysis. The study also employs a comparative analysis. Research and practical limitations: Football companies are in the need to take several actions: a) continuously search for new sources of financing and diversification of activities, b) conclude long sponsorship agreements. Building a solid financial foundation and looking into the future can help football companies get through times of various crises and the COVID-19 pandemic.

This paper explores the concept of legal translation as a Third Space through the lens of the ‘multilingual’ Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ). In many ways legal translation at that Court fits readily with the characterisation of translation as a Third Space. Due to complex internal production processes the ECJ produces texts which are undoubtedly hybrid in nature, and which exhibit distinctive features on a lexical and textual level marking them out as a product of cross-fertilisation of influences from source and target languages and legal cultures. Even the teleological approach taken towards legal reasoning at the ECJ occupies a space outside the strict confines of the texts involved. Both the processes and the product of the ECJ’s language system appear to bear all the hallmarks of translation as a Third Space. However, translation at the ECJ also challenges the concept of a Third Space. The prevailing definitions of translation as a Third Space fail to effectively conceptualise additional nuances of the specific nature of drafting and the complex nature of translation at the ECJ. This paper uses original empirical data to demonstrate that translation at the ECJ places constraints on the undefined, vague and fluid nature of the Third Space, warping the forces at work within that space. In this regard, rather than an amorphous space, the Third Space is better thought of as a determinate area which is delimited by elements of translation process which constrain it. This adapted framing of the Third Space can consequently be used to better understand and illustrate the dynamics at play in other areas of legal translation where the current concept of the Third Space is equally inadequate for encompassing the specific nature of translation practices which impact on that space-in-between.

The purpose of the article is to determine psychological factors and compare the predictor structure of legal awareness among students of historical and medical education profiles. The article is devoted to the analysis of psychological aspects of the formation of legal awareness among students who study in the medical and historical profiles of education. The paper examines the key factors affecting the development of legal awareness among young people who are preparing for professional activities in medicine and historical education. The emphasis is placed on the students’ psychological characteristics which shape their attitude to legal norms and historical context, and it is also studied how the educational process affects their legal awareness. The article includes an analysis of scientific literature on psychology, history and medicine. The results of empirical research conducted among students of higher educational institutions are revealed. The study emphasizes that the main criteria for the development of legal awareness of students of medical and historical education profiles are the legal knowledge, level of legal education, attitude to legal norms, stability of legal beliefs, value orientations, formation of legal attitudes and compliance or non-compliance with legal norms revealed in the behavior. It is noted that in order to assess the degree of formation of legal awareness of students of medical and historical education profiles, one can use the levels of development of each of its components: substantive, motivational-value, reflexive-evaluative, and personal-content. The results of the study highlight the need to integrate psychological knowledge into the educational process of future specialists in the fields of history and medicine. Based on the analysis of the results of a diagnostic study conducted among the students of medical and historical profiles, it can be concluded that the factors of formation of legal awareness in different groups of respondents have certain differences depending on the direction of their education. The students of medical profile demonstrated strong internal socially significant motives, which may expose their desire to contribute to society and help others. At the same time, they showed high self-motivation and orientation towards their own development, which is important for successful mastering of the medical subject. The article will be useful for teaching medical and historical subjects, students of these specialties, as well as everyone who is interested in the issue of psychological features of the formation of legal awareness. The problem of legal awareness of young people in modern conditions of the development of Ukrainian society is the most relevant task. At the same time, the study of legal awareness among students of the historical education profile is in a certain way predictable and has a fairly good track record in science, which cannot be said about the students of the medical profile. And this occurs despite the fact that the legal factor is key to their professional training, as the formed legal awareness not only contributes to the understanding of legal norms and ethical standards, important for protecting the rights of patients and avoiding legal errors, but also forms the professional responsibility and ethical behavior of a medical student, emphasizing not only the rights, but also the responsibilities of medical specialists to the patients, colleagues and society as a whole. Taking into account the rapid development of the medical industry and the updating of legislation, the constant clarification of legal issues provides medical specialists with upto-date knowledge necessary for high-quality patient care and adherence to the professional standards. The peculiarity of the formation of legal awareness among students of historical and medical profiles lies in different approaches to the learning process. Whereas for future historians it is critically important to understand the course of the historical development of law and analyze the influence of historical processes on the formation of legal institutions, for the future medical workers the issue of legal awareness affects their general worldview and the process of positioning themselves as specialists in the Ukrainian medical system. The relevance of this topic is determined by modern challenges, in particular, the need for general legal education of young people (not only those of profile specialties) to ensure compliance with human rights, development of democratic institutions, prevention of corruption and strengthening of the rule of law, which is especially relevant in wartime conditions. However, the issue of the predictor structure of psychological components that influence the process of forming legal awareness of modern youth remains insufficiently studied, which creates a demand for research on this topic precisely in the psychological plane. Conclusion. In general, the study revealed that both groups of students have a high level of selfrespect and a positive attitude towards themselves, which is the basis for their professional and personal development. These features can be considered as key factors in the formation of legal awareness of young people who are open to learning and observing social norms and legal principles, which is an integral part of their academic and future professional life. The obtained data can be used to enhance the efficiency of the educational process, create motivation programs and a favorable environment for the development of legal awareness and professional growth of students.

The aim of the article is to investigate and theoretically substantiate the role of project-based technologies as a means of developing multicultural communicative competence in future tourism professionals within the context of blended learning. The effectiveness of tourism and hotel business depends on a set of factors. Among them is the professional competence of employees which reflects the ability and willingness of specialists to use their knowledge and practical skills in practice, and thus forming the model of a practitioner capable of solving problems in the chosen field of activity and demonstrating their high efficiency. In addition to professional competence, a future specialist in the field of tourism must have intercultural communication competence which reveals itself through the specific way of carrying out productive activity, and is formed during the period of training at higher education institution as a part of the process of project activity. It is assumed that project activity is treated as the goal and method of learning which creates conditions for the development of skills underlying the competence. Among the skills are: creative thinking, reflection, goal setting, forecasting, choosing effective solutions, creating working teams, achieving results and evaluation of their effectiveness. The article considers the project technology as a means of the formation of multicultural communicative competence of future specialists in the field of tourism. It is stated that expedient and properly organized work on the project during the study of language material will help to form and improve specific language skills, which will lead to the development of multicultural communicative competence. The article focuses on the implementation of principles of project technology into the process of teaching foreign languages to students of speciality 242 “Tourism and Recreation”. The paper presents the analysis of the main features of project-based learning as well as the stages of work project. It also reflects the experience of application of project method in the process of the formation of multicultural communicative competence of future specialists in the field of tourism. It is proved that the use of project method in foreign language classes in the sphere of professional communication contributes to the development of students’ competencies as a set of knowledge, skills and abilities that ensure their readiness to solve specific problems in a multicultural environment. The main advantages of implementation of project technology were defined based on the conceptual analysis of pedagogical literature, own pedagogical experience, systematization of theoretical approaches and methods existing in the educational environment of higher school. It is noted that properly organized work on the project at classes on professionally oriented foreign language not only forms multicultural communicative competence, but also allows forming professional, social competences in parallel. As a result, one more goal of training in higher education institution is achieved, namely the formation of students’ project competence. It has been concluded that project-based activities not only enable students to learn the language, thereby developing multicultural communicative competence, but also contribute to the acquisition of academic skills and the formation of integrative project-based experience in the process of studying a range of academic disciplines.

The paper examines early Soviet reception of Ernest Hemingway's works. The research is based on the readers’ letters to Goslitizdat (State Publishing House) from the funds of the Russian State Archive of Literature and Arts (RGALI). A small collection of letters (1935–1936) shows readers’ reaction to the first Hemingway’s Soviet book editions: a short story collection Death in the Afternoon (1934) and Fiesta (1935). The readers unanimously condemn Hemingway for his “decadent” prose and Goslitizdat for publishing such “absurd” and “harmful” books. The only exception is a short positive review of the novel A Farewell to Arms (1936) sent to Goslitizdat in 1937. To uncover the reasons for the negative readers’ reception one should turn to the literary criticism of the 1934–1935, especially the essays by Ivan Kashkin who introduced the new author to the Soviet reading audience. A comparative analysis of readers’ feedback and critical discourse shows that the ambivalent and even contradictory image of the writer created by the critics made the readers think of Hemingway’s works as “decadent”, “bourgeois” and alien to Soviet people. Another reason was the innovative nature of Hemingway’s modernist prose which seemed obscure, confusing and unintelligible; the Soviet reader obviously preferred “clarity” and “simplicity” of Erskine Caldwell’s or Theodore Dreiser’s realistic writings. The situation changed by the 1937, when Hemingway was praised by both Soviet critics and readers as an anti-fascist writer, a heroic defender of the Spanish Republic.

The purpose of the paper is to study the images of the platonic and courtly in the protagonist’s personal relations with God in J. Donne’s “Holy Sonnets” in the context of the connection with the Petrarchan tradition. In order to accomplish this, a complex approach including elements of biographical, genealogical, typological, hermeneutic, comparative, and structural-semiotic methods of literary analysis has been used. The views of literary critics on the sources of the “Holy Sonnets” (Christian meditative practices, Bible books, traditions of English religious lyrics) have been reviewed, their connection with the Petrarchan poetic tradition has been pointed out and, in this context, one of the possible interpretations of J. Donne’s sonnet sequence has been proposed. It has been shown that three poems of the sequence – XIV, XVII and XIX – are especially important and conceptual for understanding the evolution of the protagonist’s relations with God in the “Holy Sonnets”. In the first of them, feeling his own weakness and impossibility to overcome the devil, J. Donne’s persona begs the Lord to win back his heart from the enemy, using a broad palette of military metaphors typical to the Petrarchan lyrics. However, the Lord, who in sonnets I – XIII is depicted in a Petrarchan manner as distant and completely deaf to the protagonist’s pleas, remains indifferent. In sonnet XVII, which looks similar to the lyrical texts of the “Canzoniere” dedicated to Laura’s death, a notable change in the relationship between the characters takes place. As in the Italian humanist’s poems, the life path of J. Donne’s persona finally turns to heaven after the death of his beloved, and he begins to feel that the loss of earthly love is compensated by the gaining of the Divine one. However, his further relations with God, once again, seem to be built according to the Petrarchan model, most fully described in the last text of the sequence. The sonnet XIX demonstrates all the complexity of the relationship between a human being and the Lord. J. Donne’s persona is constantly dominated by conflicting feelings and emotions, which generally correlates with Petrarchan understanding of the ambivalence of love, best shown by F. Petrarch in the sonnets CXXXII and CXXXIV. Moreover, the poetic vocabulary used by J. Donne in this poem indicates the specific character of his persona’s relations with God, which are supposed to have signs of courtly love, courtly bowing-service. It has been summed up that the protagonist’s relations with the Lord in the “Holy Sonnets” might be interpreted as generally built on the same principles that are immanent in the concept of love in the poetry of Petrarchism. The persona of the English poet, as well as the traditional hero of Petrarchan texts, also suffers from unrequited feelings, longs for reciprocity with all his heart, and, in addition, speaks in the specific metaphorical language. Even if the linguistic practice utilized by the author cannot be considered exclusively Petrarchan, since a similar rhetorical code, in which the experience of spiritual communication with the Lord was described with the help of erotic images, was widely used by the Christian mystics, the sonnet poetic structure is canonical for Petrarchan lyrical discourse and require following the established rules not only in terms of form, but also in terms of content.

Over the last decade, a significant vector of Ukrainian literature was the reception of the traumatic stress caused by the Russian-Ukrainian war. The works of Kateryna Kalytko, representing intensive metamodern explorations in contemporary poetry, occupy a significant place in this trend. The article interprets the poet’s idiostyle based on the collection People with Verbs (2022). This study focuses on the analysis of folklore archetypes in the author’s poetry, motifs, and verbal structures, whose origins are rooted in ancient Ukrainian incantational traditions. It also covers the interpretation of the poet’s meditative experience with the magic of language, its role in strengthening the spiritual axiology of a person suffering from terrorist aggression, and the establishment of a stoical worldview despite the fragility of life. This article aims to establish the concept of ‘incantation’ as a unifying system within the metaphorical world of the poetry collection People with Verbs. The term ‘incantation’ is interpreted as the functioning of verbal constructions aimed at healing from trauma, and the composition of incantatory metaphorical texts, inspired by the belief in the magical power of words. The paper applies such methods as comparative, structural, semiotic, anthropological, and hermeneutical analysis, as well as elements of the psychological school of literary studies. The study proves the actualization of the sacred worldview pre-system in the artistic thinking of contemporary Ukrainian poets, as illustrated by Kateryna Kalytko’s collection People with Verbs. It focuses on the author’s reflections and meditations during the war, appeals to suggestive speech preserved by genetic memory, and the use of its structures as a form of defence and resistance. The binary time-spatial model of the poet is marked by the cult of night, which corresponds to the ritual and spiritual practice in the field of the mystical. Kateryna Kalytko intensively operates with pagan archetypes and signs, and resorts to the use of proper names, emphasizing that even their pronunciation has a protective energy. The figurative system of corporeality, which is in line with the tradition of incantations, is indicative of the poetics of the collection. It concerns the specific markings (eyes, head, lips, muscles, lungs, heart, spine, knees, joints, throat, intestines, entrails, veins, etc.) that are part of the metaphorical structures of the incantatory nature. There are parallels with the healing modus of folk spells, firstly, the poetess tries to stop the bloodshed and protect the defenders with her words. In the spirit of the ethnocultural tradition, Kateryna Kalytko endows certain lexical signs with the function of verbal amulets (earth, roots, river, boat, stones, wood, forest, house, fire, wind, bird, feather, beast, iron, ash, crystal, etc.) At the same time, the poet’s metaphor is an objectification of the extrasensory perception of the act of speaking. The focus of Kateryna Kalytko’s artistic studio is the articulatory apparatus, the miracle of the birth of sound and voice, as evidenced by a number of tropes, whose centre is the word “throat”. The poet also tries to comprehend the changes in phonetics, vocabulary, morphology, and stylistics caused by the war. Kateryna Kalytko’s poetic search is correlated with the philosophical interpretation of the phenomenon of language by M. Heidegger, H.-G. Gadamer, and K. Jasperas. For the author, in accordance with the realities of war, the well-known statement “language is home” is transformed into the metaphor “language is a shelter”. Thus, in Kateryna Kalytko’s idiostyle, one can guess the pathos of whisperers, fortune tellers, healers, and molfars who resist evil with words. At the same time, the image of the author-medium is complemented by the hypostases of a witness of the Russian-Ukrainian war and a philologist.

The study aims to explore the specific features of the modern reception of J.-J. Rousseau’s “Confessions”. The theoretical framework of the research is grounded on the ideas advanced by T. Avtuxovych, M.Czermińska, M.Głowiński, W.Iser, R. Jakobson, H.R.Jauss, P.Lejeune, Yu. Lotman, V.Tjupa, Zh. Starobinskiy and other scholars. The researchers describe the semiotic model of literary communication and the theory of the text by Yuri Lotman. The research was conducted using historic-functional, hermeneutic, receptive, and theoretical analysis methods. An attempt is made in this paper to show how the process of “decoding” the meanings intended by the author in the text takes place. In particular, the authors study how Rousseau’s “Confessions” functions in the structure of modern literary communication. The specific objectives of the present study are the meanings of “Confessions” are read by the contemporary recipient and which ones are relegated to the background compared to the literary communication of the eighteenth century. The common discourse code of the author and the reader is the key to successful communication and understanding of the specifics of the project of Rousseau’s life writing. At the same time, the success and specificity of artistic communication are influenced by the difference in discourse code meanings related to the time distance between the author and the recipient and the layering of new historical and cultural patterns in the reader’s consciousness. At the thematic level, three main themes are considered, including: a) the social origin of the autobiographical subject, b) his conflict with society, and c) the protagonist’s intimate self-disclosure. Thus, the article provides a detailed examination of the motif of the social origin of the autobiographical character. On the topic of the social origin of the character, instead of the plebeian’s right to public attention for the contemporary reader, the value of education and knowledge, freedom of speech and individual liberty are being actualised. Of particular note is the theme of the conflict between a character and society, the idea of the human right to otherness, the right to personal liberty and the right to choose the concept of one’s own life comes to the forefront. Thus, a literary text realises the social function of literature. The reading of the character’s self-disclosure by an attentive reader (from Rousseau’s contemporary to modern readers) has a twofold purpose: first, to encourage everyone to live the experience of the character and thus to think about themselves, and second, to reflect on society as a whole. It testifies to the fact that in the aspect of self-disclosure of the meaning of “Confessions”, the transformation of confession as an external form of a religious rite of repentance addressed to God into the narrative genre of confessional autobiography addressed to a human reader of the story is actualized. The study demonstrated a need for continuation of the study in the aspect of reader reception to contribute to the perception of its place in the contemporary literary and cultural space.

The current paper aims to present linguistic, pragmatic, and sociocultural features of the paratexts of the Peresopnytsia Gospel and five complete Ukrainian translations of the Holy Scriptures. The ultimate goal of the study is to highlight the peritextual and epitextual dimensions of these translations and to classify translation paratexts, whose characteristics are determined by both the translator’s strategy and the mono-confessional or interconfessional requirements of translation commissioners. The article’s assumptions are grounded in the interdisciplinary approach at the interface of translation studies, biblical studies, religious studies, and historiography. The objective of developing a classification of paratexts in Bible translations within historical, theoretical, and critical contexts is accomplished via the methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, and modelling. The interpretive textual and cultural analysis methods are applied to identify and explain cultural, national, and religiously determined connotations of the paratexts. The comparative translation analysis provides a historically based translation quality assessment. As a result, paratexts of Ukrainian Bible translations have been classified according to thematic and pragmatic criteria. The paratextual dimensions of Bible translation are marked with 1) blurred agency (in many cases, it is difficult to determine the contribution of the translator or theological and literary editors), 2) restrictive requirements of the commissioner, 3) the impact of the overall translation strategy on the nature, type, and content of paratexts. However, no restrictions can conceal the implicit reader of each of these translations, to whom the paratexts appeal as a “second voice” of the main text. Paratexts of the first partial Ukrainian translations of the Holy Scriptures of the Confessionalism period (second half of the 16th century) are characterised by didacticism and a mono-confessional political orientation. The most important translation of that time, the Peresopnytsia Gospel, is analysed to specify the following types of verbal paratexts: 1) identification, containing data on the commissioner/publisher and the translators, as well as the date and place of its creation; 2) informative, providing all additional information not found in the prototext, including brief paraphrases of the main text, dates of the church calendar, and information on the structure of the book; they are often mono-confessional and polemical; 3) meta-lingual, explaining Church Slavonic vocabulary in glosses with Ukrainian equivalents or providing Ukrainian synonyms for Ukrainian words. The findings of the study prove that all complete translations of the Holy Scriptures into Ukrainian, both at the textual and paratextual levels, adhered to the principles of interconfessionality, accessibility for all Christians, and “functional loyalty”. The footnotes were the most important paratexts of the Ukrainian Bible translations made under the auspices of Bible Societies. Only in translations of the Bible of the 21st century does a preface appear, either a short one with general information about the translation strategy (Modern Translation, 2020) or a lengthy one with a detailed justification for the choice of the prototext’s language, a comparative table of the canons of the Old and New Testaments in different translations, and general information about the content of the Bible (New Translation, 2011). The footnotes in all Ukrainian translations done under the auspices of Bible Societies are divided into: explanations of biblical metaphor; explanations of the etymology of proper names; explanations of biblical traditions; alternative readings; foreign language equivalents; and meta-lingual explanations. The prevalence and peculiarities of footnotes depend upon the translation strategy. Thus, only among the footnotes in Ohiyenko’s translation can we trace such types as literal translations of complicated biblical metaphors and explanations of etymological wordplay. In addition, explanations of biblical metaphors are quantitatively prevalent in this translation. Such paratextual features are explained by the principle of foreignization, on which this translation is based. The Modern Translation by R. Turkoniak, in tandem with the Revising Committee of the Ukrainian Bible Society, aims to bring the Scriptures closer to the modern believer, not least through its footnotes. While Ohiyenko’s footnotes offer an alternative reading of some verses in “sacred” languages (Latin, Greek, and Church Slavonic), Turkoniak provides equivalents from translations into modern European languages and previous Ukrainian translations. The elements of “modernization” in the footnotes include vernacular vocabulary and associations with the realities and values of today. The interconfessional nature of Ukrainian translations of the Bible becomes visible in the church affiliations of the agents, such as the tandem of Orthodox Kulish and Greek Catholic Puluj, the cooperation of Ohiyenko, the Metropolitan of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church and Protestant pastors Kuziv and Zhabko-Potapovych, the New (2011) and Modern (2020) translations as part of the project of the Ukrainian Bible Society, which brought together representatives of all denominations of independent Ukraine.

The review examines the critical reception of David Foster Wallace’s personality and works. A particular attention is paid to the appreciation of David Foster Wallace (1962–2008) in foreign criticism as an intellectual, religious writerphilosopher and a martyr (“Saint Dave”), whose works require deep analysis, and as a writer whose popularity is the result of marketing manipulations and publisher’s work, which has nothing to do with his talent. According to some researchers, it was market specialists who created his iconic image as the most important American writer of the turn of the millennium, and his books are unlikely to become classics. Others consider him the author who caused a “revolution” in literature, being the first to oppose postmodernist ironic and cynical attitudes. The paper reviews books dedicated to Wallace's personality, his religious, ethical and philosophical views, as well as studies based on the archive of David Foster Wallace. Attention is also paid to Russian-language critical works, although it is largely based on the above-mentioned foreign criticism. It is concluded that to a large extent the difference in opinion is caused by the identification of the writer with the man, whose life was complicated by the struggle with addiction and depression, as well as by the analysis of his works based on his personality. It is emphasized that Wallace's works are important for contemporary literature, and they are to be studied objectively, without deifying / demonizing Wallace or elevating him to the ranks of suffering geniuses.

The topic of this paper is represented by the translation of French contracts through functional equivalence. In the first part of the study, we present the avatars of the concept of equivalence in Translation Studies, the notion of dynamic equivalence introduced by Eugene Nida and the functional equivalence principle, theorized by Katarina Reiss and Hans Vermeer. We also analyze the concept of equivalence in relation with legal translation and we emphasize the normative nature of the legal text and the importance of adequacy in translation. The second part of the paper is represented by the contrastive analysis of translation difficulties implied by French contracts. Such difficulties pertain to two classes: they may be terminological or discursive. We also propose translation solutions based on the functional equivalence principle.

The article examines similarities between French and Serbian languages at the morphological level. The study of linguistic contacts in modern linguistics is a separate direction, which contributes to the growth of interest in the processes of borrowing, where a special place is given to the theory of tracing and its fixation in scientific materials in Russian, the Baltic and some Turkic languages. The paper considers the tracing of French lexemes by the Serbian language as one of the types of external influence on the language, which makes it possible to reveal the nature and extent of this influence from certain sources. The goal of the paper was to identify and describe some structural and semantic similarities in certain lexical groups in French and Serbian languages in comparison with Russian at the morphological level. 140 French and Serbian linguistic units were analysed and compared to their Russian equivalents. Continuous sampling method, componential analysis and comparative analysis were used in the study. As a result, it was found that the French and Serbian lexemes under study are marked by coincidence of the inner form and morphological structure. As for the Russian equivalents, they are represented by word collocations, loan words (transliterations or transcriptions), or lexemes with a different inner form.

The paper discusses the issues of teaching nationality languages of Russia to preschool children, taking the Udmurt language and culture as an example. The relevance of the study is dermined by the scientific data according to which ethnic stereotypes in behaviour are formed most intensively in preschool age. Getting acquainted with new cultures and languages is particularly important for preschool education in multinational regions as it prevents the development of ethnocentric personalities. The paper aimed at a detailed analysis of the didactic and substantive content of the educational programme “Zarni bugor” (“Golden ball”) (hereinafter referred as the Programme) with the elements of teaching the Udmurt language to children from 4 to 7; the Programme is to be realised within three years in the Russian group of kindergarten № 5 in the town of Agryz, Republic of Tatarstan. The novelty of the Programme lies in introducing the Udmurt language (along with Tatar and Russian) into the educational process of the kindergarten. The research methods are theoretical (the study of academic literature on the problems of intercultural education in a multi-ethnic region) and empirical (observation and behavioral analysis of preschoolers). The system of exercises included into the Programme, its content, the forms and methods of teaching preschoolers present a consistant didactic material for teaching the Udmurt language and culture in this age group. The programme is expected to provide a high level of intercultural competence corresponding to the age of children, it is supposed to arouse their interest in the Udmurt language and culture, make them open for perception of other cultures.

The paper focuses on the peculiarities of literary translation of the texts where the story is told by an unreliable narrator. This relatively new way of narration has not been properly considered yet, as well as the criteria of an unreliable narrator and the translation strategy that should be chosen while translating such fiction. The paper discusses the features of this literary device, its functions and the ways of its linguistic representation. The paper is based on the novel “The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time” by M. Haddon and its translation into Russian made by A. Kukley in 2003. The comparative analysis of the source and target texts focuses on the stylistic peculiarities of the novel and the language personality of the unreliable narrator. The paper reveals the following challenges that a translator can deal with: the formation of a speech profile of the narrator, the translation of colloquial vocabulary and the translation of realia. Each example that includes an extract from the original book and its translation shows the features of the narrator’s speech profile; these features can have an impact on the translation and thus, should be taken into consideration throughout the whole process of translating. The analysis touches upon the examples representing inadequate translation, and for this reason, an alternative variant, the most relevant one and conveying the idea of the author of the original book is provided. The authors make a conclusion about the best translation strategy to be used while dealing with literary texts told by an unreliable narrator.

The article discusses one of the problems of audiovisual translation – translation of documentary films, taking “A Life in Japan” by a Swedish director Petri Storlopare as an example. The choice of the film was determined by the presence of difficult situations from the point of view of translation, as well as by the lack of Russian translation. The paper considers typical characteristics of an operational interview which is an important constituent of the film under study. Special attention is given to the problem of synphase in voice-over translation. The topic is relevant as there are no fundamental theoretical papers devoted to translation of documentaries, both in domestic and foreign translation studies. The main goal was to consider the existing algorithms and strategies of audiovisual translation and to find the most optimal ways of translating the definite documentary film. We employed the following methods of analyzing the data: comparative analysis, lexicographic analysis, contextual analysis and communicative analysis. The conducted research allows to define the main problems of translating documentaries, they include transmitting the meaning of realia of another country’s culture and solving the “phase shift” problem when syncing the text in voice-over translation. In this paper we tried to account for our own translation solutions. The research has shown that it is possible to achieve adequacy of translation by using compression, a certain set of transformations and techniques for transferring the meaning of culturally marked lexical units.

The paper studies the literary implications of ‘religion-science’ interaction in U.S. nuclear fiction with the focus on reconsideration the spiritual nature of nuclear energy on the example of «The Temptations of St. Ed and Brother S» (1993) by Frank Bergon. The paper analyses the Bergon’s literary reflections of understanding ‘nuclear energy’ concept in fictional writing by illustration its protagonists’ transformations of realizing ‘the nuclear’ as a component of a new mythology of American West by joining the global (ethical dimensions of nuclear energy in the science-religion interface) and local (the nuclear within the local history of the American West). This paper tries to clarify the literary considerations of studying nuclear energy as a social cultural phenomenon within energy humanities as a methodological basis for researching the novel’s conflict between nuclear energy and spiritual energy, stemmed from the conflict between the faith, underlying a technological society, and the faith, supporting a spiritual community. By separating ‘nuclear energy’- related issues and ‘nuclear weapons’-related messages as parts of nuclear narrative, the paper brings back the religious organizations’ debates about their support of the policy of nuclear disarmament and their recognition of the peaceful use of nuclear energy, by supporting the nuclear energy initiatives and advocating the key role of a nuclear source of electricity in the fight against anthropogenic climate change, which reflects church organizations’ contribution into the social debates about nuclear energy. As the novel’s plot is based on the true case of U.S. DOE’s initiative about constructing a nuclear waste reservoir in the Nevada desert, the paper illustrates the fictional/factual balance in covering the conflict between spiritual energy and nuclear energy, represented in the perspective of two protagonists, trying to protect their monastery from U.S. Department of Energy’s initiative on building a nuclear waste repository in their vicinity. The paper highlights the conflict as an encounter of some spiritual powers, which the protagonists go through – the spiritual power of the religious faith, implemented in the monastic life in the remote hermitage, the spiritual power of the place, implemented in the Nevada desert (combining the energy of community on the desert and the energy of Indian folklore, which collaboratively are trying to counterbalance the spiritual power of nuclear energy. The paper tries to follow the author’s way of illustrating how the traditional Indian wisdom and Christian practices, jointed together, result in making their hermitage survive as a counterbalance to the U.S. federal plans to build a nuclear waste repository. The paper underlines the literary representation of a hermitage as one of the central plot-framing imaginaries which is the embodiment of spiritual impressions, materialized in the monastery and inserted in the historical settings (in the context of the nuclear history of Nevada region). The paper summarizes Bergon’s perspective on this conflict of spiritual powers’ counteraction by depicting how the novel’s protagonists try to search for possibilities which that can help avoid the conflict and consolidate the spiritual powers’ balance by changing the perspective on nuclear energy by learning the spirituality of the atom and by avoiding polarity in reconsidering the new world order. Being involved in debating the spirituality of atom and the counteraction of faith and science, Bergon’s novel reflects the current issues on the advantages and disadvantages of peaceful using nuclear energy by reckoning ‘the nuclear’ not only as a social cultural phenomenon of energy dependent society but also as a trigger of debates on ‘science as a new religion’ within the Nuclear Anthropocene

The article deals with the question of varying the word order and sentence stress in English. Special attention is paid to the functioning of the language. It is emphasized that the main function of language is communicative. Segmental and suprasegmental elements of the language are discussed. It is noted that word order and sentence stress are suprasegmental units that affect the change in the meaning of identical English utterances. In the article, based on the consideration of proposals from the work of M. Hannay, the results of the influence of varying word order on the meaning of statements consisting of identical words are shown. It is stated that the fixed word order in English speech is compensated by the possibilities of sentence stress. The components of intonation are described. The definition of sentence stress is given. The research is conducted by looking at issues such as why English sentence stress in a sentence is important for pronunciation. The criteria for stressing words with sentence stress are set. The article describes the degrees of sentence stress. It is noted that the main sentence stress, highlighting the information center of syntagma, makes a great contribution to the formation of the meaning of the statement. Acoustic correlates of sentence stress are shown. Using identical statements, the author describes the effect of sentence stress. The meanings of identical sentences with different sentence stresses are considered and revealed. Based on the phonetic analysis of examples, the article presents the author’s development of the melodic contour of several sentences and shows the different melodic structure of identical utterances. The main attention is paid to the meanings of identical utterances under the influence of English sentence stress. The paper also analyses examples of identical utterances with different sentence stresses given by various leading linguists-phoneticians. The melodic contour of these utterances is revealed and the meanings of these utterances are considered in detail. The paper reflects the development of the problem of the meaning of sentence stress for pronunciation. In conclusion, the article states that the meaning of a statement in speech is a product of both what is said and how it is said. Speakers implement their own changes to the parameters of the same sentence to convey their specific intentions.

The subject of this paper is the linguistic phenomenon of interference that occurs while studying a second foreign language with reference to the existing knowledge of the first foreign language. The article deals with the pressing topic of language interference. Since the number of bilinguals increases on a daily basis, almost each of them experiences interference. Knowledge of two foreign languages has become commonplace. Linguistic interference is a linguistic phenomenon that can be studied from different perspectives. This paper examined the influence of English as the first or dominant language on the second language which is German, the language that is being studied. Before proceeding to the analysis of the main mistakes that students make due to interference, the authors provide several definitions of linguistic interference. To identify how much is known about this phenomenon, the authors scrutinise several domestic and foreign studies on this topic. It is necessary to mention such authors as B. M. Chojbonova, Z. G. Sideshova, U. Weinreich, L. V. Shcherba, H. Schuchardt, E. Haugen and others. The authors have concluded that the problem of language interference is fairly well understood at the moment. The researchers investigated the influence of language interference on the process of learning of a second foreign language (German); analysed the most common mistakes that occur due to interference in terms of transferring the rules of the English language into German. When learning German as a second foreign language, interference can be observed at several language levels: phonetical, morphological, syntactical and lexical. The analysis has revealed that at the initial stage most of the mistakes are made at the phonetical and graphical levels: nouns are written with an initial lowcase letter; ‘sh’ instead of ‘sch’, and others. At the advanced stage, the study of complex grammatical topics implies the word order in subordinate sentences, when the predicate is placed at the end of the sentence, the frame construction, and the reverse word order. Our analysis has shown that the main mistakes caused by linguistic interference are made at the phonetic, lexical and syntactic levels. In order to avoid a large number of mistakes caused by interference, the authors have proposed several methods. The teacher is supposed to be bilingual and possess sufficient knowledge of grammar and vocabulary of the English language. It is recommend that the lesson is to be organised in such a way that the first foreign language should “help” and not “hinder” the learning of the second foreign language. The teacher is to constantly juxtapose English with German and provide examples of differences between the languages; constantly refer to the grammar of the first language and demonstrate the uniqueness of the second on its basis. If the students see that the prior knowledge provides the opportunity to master the second language, they will not only avoid making mistakes caused by interference, but will also on their own account search for differences between the two languages

Kenneth Burke’s performance at the First American Writers’ Congress in 1935 has been already considered by American scholars; for this reason the paper aims to complement the existing research with some facts and details that have to do with the Soviet reception of Kenneth Burke’s speech “Revolutionary Symbolism in America” presented on April 27 1935 (the second day of the Congress). The paper is based on the archival material stored in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art (RGALI) – a manuscript of the American Writers’ Congress proceedings, translated into Russian, edited and fully prepared for the press that nevertheless remained unpublished. The volume was based on the American record of the Congress edited by Henry Hart (International Publishers, 1935), but two papers were removed – Moissaye J. Olgin’s report about the Soviet Writers’ Congress and Kenneth Burke’s speech. The preface to the Russian edition written by the editor Sergei Dinamov throws light on the reasons for excluding Burke’s paper. In his introduction Dinamov dwelt at some length on Burke’s text and criticized his “errors”. Dinamov’s criticism makes it clear that the main problem was the fact that the American “fellow traveler” used the concepts “people” (narod) and “national spirit” (narodnost’) which at the moment were on the agenda in the USSR due to the Popular Front policy. Kenneth Burke’s speech “Revolutionary Symbolism in America” at the First American Writers’ Congress, translated into Russian by Tatiana A. Pirusskaia, is published herewith as an addendum to the essay.

The paper is dedicated to the famous Russian Latin Americanist Vera Nikolaevna Kuteishchikova (1919–2012), who became the second Russian woman after A. Kollontai to be awarded with the Mexican Order of the Aztec Eagle for her merits in the study of Mexican literature. However, V. Kuteishchikova’s specialization was not limited to the Mexican literature; her academic interests included a wide range of issues. The paper demonstrates that she laid the foundations for the scientific study of Latin American literature in Russia and outlined the ways for further research in the field. Therefore, V. Kuteishchikova’s life and work are considered in an inseparable context with the development of Latin American literary studies in Russia. The list of the Russian editions and translations of Latin American writers and the number of critical works published before the 1960s clearly confirm the fact that until then Latin American literary studies did not exist as an independent branch of philological science in Russia, since Russian scholars had a very vague notion of the Latin American literature. The first research work in philology on the Latin American literature was the monograph by V.N. Kuteishchikova Latin American Novel in the XX century (1964). The paper pays special attention to this significant work. An analysis of this book proves that its author identified and revealed a number of essential topics and problems that would be center of Latin American studies in Russia. With an amazing sagacity V.N. Kuteishchikova mapped out a program for Latin American studies for half a century ahead. These ideas were developed in her work in 1970s, in particular, in New Latin American Novel (1976), co-written with her husband, L.S. Ospovat. The paper traces the participation of V.N. Kuteishchikova in the creation of the academic five-volume History of Latin American Literatures; analyzes her last book Moscow – Mexico – Moscow. A Lifelong Road (2000), gives a spiritual portrait of the Russian scholar.

In 2020 the Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the American poet and essayist Louise Glück. Glück was recognized “for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal”. Born in 1943 in New York, Louise Glück belongs to the poetic generation of the late 1960s – 1970s with their balancing between describing personal experience and an exact reproduction of the external world. The paper includes the analysis of the imagery in Glück’s poetry: it considers the ways mythological characters and archetypes transmit ‘universal’ through ‘individual’. The paper mentions the most representative poems and essays by Louise Glück, outlines the peculiarities of her work and her creative evolution, demonstrates the connection of her poetry with the language of psychoanalysis. Louise Glück’s most notable poetry collections are The Triumph of Achilles (1985), The Wild Iris (1992), Averno (2006), she is the author of two books of essays (Proofs and Theories: Essays on Poetry, 1994; American Originality: Essays on Poetry, 2017). Louise Glück is also Professor (Adjunct) of English, Rosenkranz Writer-in-Residence at Yale University and has previously won the Pulitzer prize (1993), Bollingen Prize (2001), National Book Award (2014) and National Humanities Medal (2015), among others. The essay presents the new Nobel laureate to the readers and traces the poetic manner of the author.

Several plays by William Saroyan written in the mid-1930s reached the Soviet stage only during the Khrushchev Thaw, in the early 1960s. The paper focuses on the first Soviet productions of Saroyan’s play My Heart’s in the Highlands, premiered in Armenian (Yerevan) in 1961, and in 1962 staged in Russian by the Mayakovsky Moscow Theatre. The paper analyses the reasons for such a late appearance of Saroyan’s dramas on the Russian stage, traces how Saroyan’s trip to the USSR in 1960 prompted the staging of his work in Armenia’s capital, which thereon paved the way for its Moscow production. The theatrical history of Saroyan’s work in the USSR is viewed in a wide social, political and cultural Soviet-American macro-context during the Cold War. The paper based on the rare materials from the museum of the Mayakovsky Moscow Theatre, focuses on the reception of the play and its production in the Soviet Union. The director Ya.S. Tsitsinovski strove to transmit the elevated, poetic spirit of Saroyan’s work and find a vivid expressive form, which was not typical for the Mayakovsky Theatre of N.P. Okhlopkov’s time. Its appearance on the Moscow stage in 1962 marked the beginning of the scene history of the American author’s drama in our country. The paper is aimed at reconstructing the theatrical history of Saroyan’s plays in the USSR.

Background: The purpose of this paper is to determine the impact of body development and composition on the depression level, and to determine which of the morphological and body composition parameters have higher impact on the manifestation of depression in women aged 19 to 30 years.Methods: The study was conducted on the sample of 50 voluntarily selected test subjects. From 83 women presented at the fitness center “Fitnes Center Mall” in the city of Gjakova for the purposes of this study are voluntarily involved 50 women aged 19 to 30 years with an average age of 23.2 years. For the purpose of this paper were applied 11 body composition variables and one test for measuring depression levels.Results: The obtained results show that the multiple correlation coefficient between the predictor and the criterion system is quite high R = 0.962. This relation shows that the common variability between the two systems is 93% (R Square = 0.926). Predictive variables that has the influence in the manifestation of depression level are: Height of the body body (HEIG) t=2.784; pBody mass index (BMI) t=2.908; pConclusions: The research results show that Height of the body, Body weight, and Body mass index affect in the rate of depression level. Research shows that although mental and physical health are two separate concepts, yet they are still in a strong relationship, physical condition affects in mental state.

Roman Jakobson (1896-1982) is not currently a highly cited author in the field of literary studies. Along with other inescapable names of the heyday of structuralism, he has fallen into relative oblivion. Although he undoubtedly continues to be recognized as one of the giants of the Human Sciences during the 20th century, his theoretical conceptions and methodological proposals find limited applicability and have been subjected to severe objections by leading contemporary scholars. However, there is ground to believe that this neglect arises from the fact that his entire output has been reduced to the essentialist positions of his later North American period. In this paper, we contend that Jakobson´s ideas belonging to the earlier periods of Russian formalism and Czech structuralism have been all to often overlooked, and might have a revitalizing and stimulating impact on contemporary disciplinary discussions.

Diversity of forms and kinds of speech communication and variability of national and regional accents in contemporary English define the necessity of phonetic variation study of oral speech and clearing up its sources. The speaker's accent indicates his social status (social class, education, religious, ethnic, professional affiliation). The present article is dedicated to the study of the speaker's social status prosodic markers. Complex prosodic investigation of speech behavior of the Australian native speech representatives of different professions has been conducted in the paper. The comparison of the revealed data allowed to state that the highest prosodic index is registered in the actress's speech and the lowest in the speech of the politician. Frequency range is correspondingly the widest in actress's speech, which can witness the high tonetic explication of female voice. The received by acoustic method intonograms allowed to speak about maximum frequency localization on the terminal tone in the speech of all the investigated informants. Corresponding to the aim and tasks of the paper prosodic markers of various professions of Australians have been defined. Prosodic markers of Australian politician are the following moderate pausation, which is revealed in speech delimitation average frequency range, and low tonetic variation. Main prosodic marker of the architect's speech is very insignificant syntagmatic division, prevalence of non-pausation means of utterance delimitation, monotonous character of speech due to low tonetic variation. Real estate agent and actress's speech can be defined as emotional on account of high tonetic level, wide frequency range, low recurrence of non-pausation delimitation and heightened level of tonetic utterance completion.

This paper is an attempt to reanalyze the established order within the category of parts of speech, in particular prepositions and adverbs, as the units from these categories are characterized by the highest level of functional transposition in the language. We argue that overlapping of the categories was caused by the inclination of the Old English grammarians to take over main grammatical rules and exceptions, class division, definitions etc. from the Latin language. At the same time, grammatical phenomena existing in Old English were ignored or fitted to the already adopted Latin definitions and rules. That led to confusions, misunderstandings and overlapping in the grammatical system of Old English. The paper addresses the processes of lexicalization and grammaticalization which, according to our hypothesis, are observed within the category of prepositions in Old English and predetermined subsequent functional transposition. The analysis explains the phenomenon of functional transposition of the units which are simultaneously ascribed to several categories, e.g. prepositions, adverbs, particles etc. The class of space and time prepositions has undergone lexical and grammatical transformations which were consequently institutionalized in the language and the units became subjects to functional-semantic and functional-grammatical transposition the results of which are observed in present-day English. The former process resulted in transposition of the meaning, sometimes metaphorical, and further functioning of these units as adverbs, particles etc.; whereas the latter led to purely grammatical usage of the units, for instance substitution of the category of cases in English, uprise of new grammatical prefixes, loss of rigidness in word order.

On July 11, 1960, To Kill a Mockingbird was published in the United States. This novel had a huge impact on American society, becoming the second most popular book after the Bible. The author received a Pulitzer prize for it and many other honors and awards. However, a new book from Harper Lee had to wait longer than half a century. Go Set a Watchman was a sequel of To Kill a Mockingbird, but chronologically it was created first. Both novels were the focus of interest of domestic researchers, while other works by Harper Lee still remain little-known and unexplored in Russian literary studies. Thе paper introduces all works ever published by Harper Lee in USA since 1937 to 2006, and gives the list of Lee's manuscripts which could be discovered in the future. The bibliographic descriptions are arranged in chronological order and contain fragments from unknown works by Harper Lee. The presented list gives an opportunity to get acquainted with the content of “small forms” in which the author worked throughout her life. These are essays, parodies, one-act plays, poems, satirical columns, open letters, etc. The paper is dedicated to the sixtieth anniversary of the publication of Harper Lee's first novel.

The paper dwells on the Argentine contacts of the American writer Waldo Frank (1889–1967): two lecture tours to Argentina in 1929 and 1942 and subsequent literary projects. The author discusses the peculiarities of Waldo Frank’s literary image formation in Argentina before his visit: since 1925, Samuel Glusberg, one of the trip organizers, introduced Frank's works to Argentinean readers on the pages of his magazines Babel and La vida literaria. Together with J.C. Mariátegui, Glusberg made arrangements for publishing Frank's books in Latin America. After his first trip in 1929, Frank gained a great popularity in Argentina, became the ideological inspirer of the large-scale journal Sur edited by Victoria Ocampo, was published in the Latin American press and issued the travelogue America Hispana: a Portrait and a Prospect (1931). The second trip of 1942 was significantly different from the first one: Frank led anti-war propaganda and was declared persona non grata for criticizing Argentina policy. After leaving Argentina, Frank did not lose faith in the New World utopia and continued the Latin American theme in his work. The paper compares the writer’s two visits to Argentina, reconstructs the content of his speeches according to his two lecture collections Primer mensaje a América Hispana (1930) and Ustedes y nosotros: nuevo mensaje para Iberoamérica (1942), as well as travelogues America Hispana and South American Journey (1943) and Memoirs of Waldo Frank (1973); traces the evolution of his utopian ideas about the unity of the Americas. The correspondence between Frank and Glusberg sheds light on many joint projects of the writers. The paper uses materials from the Latin American press of the 1920–1940s, for the first time systematizes publications on W. Frank’s work in Babel and La vida literaria. The study is complemented by a brief analisis of North American book reviews of Frank’s books on Latin America and the Argentinean chronicles of August 1942 from The New York Times. A list of the Argentine editions of Frank’s books is published in the addendum.

The paper is devoted to three stage productions at Provincetown Players theatre featuring Eugene O’Neill as an actor: Bound East for Cardiff, Thirst and Before Breakfast (1916). For the first time in the Russian theatre studies an attempt is made to revive the stage productions based on Eugene O’Neill’s one-act plays. The findings in this study are derived from reviews by American theatre critics, books about the history of Provincetown Players theatre and memoirs by its staff members. Provincetown Players’ activity is looked at in the context of the socalled Little Theatre Movement. The full cast of three o’neillian stage productions is systemized. Also being explored is the creative tandem of O’Neill and director George Cram Cook, as well as the playwright’s collaboration with two set designers – William Zorach and his wife Marguerite. Besides the reconstruction of stage productions, the paper also analyzes three early one-act plays by O’Neill. Born in the Barrett House Hotel on Broadway into the family of famous actor James O’Neill, Eugene O’Neill never wanted to act on stage. However the article exposes O’Neill’s pursuit of his American dream about a new theatre while he was being involved in a stage birth of his own dramaturgy. The paper also examines O’Neill’s acting performance, his directorial debut in the Bound East for Cardiff stage production (a co-work with his colleague Edward James Ballantine); the first introduction of a black character in Thirst, and a young playwright experimenting with long monologues in the Before Breakfast production. The universality and continuing relevance of one-act plays are underlined in the course of the analysis of O’Neill’s work.

The paper addresses the theme of the fantastic in Melville’s Moby Dick, or The White Whale. Its importance is underscored in the writer’s letter to Hawthorne, where he mentioned the secret motto of the book, namely, the presence of the demoniac. It is embodied in the figure of Fedallah endowed with pointedly satanic features. An examination of the plot proves that throughout the ship’s journey Ahab was closely connected with Fedallah and acted on his bidding. This mysterious figure has not attracted much attention of the Russian scholars. The analysis of Fedallah’s role in the novel, however, helps to reassess both the protagonist and the message of the book. The paper shows that the definition of Ahab as a romantic individualist pursuing higher values, is inapplicable to the character. At the helm of the “Pequod” was a mad captain possessed by the devil. The assumption that Ahab embodies the principle of Emerson’s “self-reliance” does not hold water, since the captain doesn’t rely on the voice of God in himself, but on the voice of the devil. Emphasized in the book is the theme of revenge as an irrational, blind passion infused into Ahab by the Satan. The analysis of the fantastic element in the novel helps to avoid a certain bias in determining the message of the book, which some Russian scholars define as a protest against the “bourgeois America”. The paper contains a revaluation of the symbolic figure of Moby Dick traditionally treated as an embodiment of the world’s evil. The White Whale in Melville’s novel represents some natural force which carries out punishment for human cruelty, blind revengefulness, and fanaticism.

Introduction: Patients with maxillofacial and intraoral defects require orthognathic surgery to improve the appearance of the face and correct the occlusion. The number of orthognathic surgeries has been increasing in recent years. The motivation to undergo these surgeries is the possibility for patients to improve stomatognathic system functions i.e. chewing, swallowing and pronunciation, as well as aesthetic and psychosocial factors. Aim: The aim of the paper was to assess the occurrence of late postoperative complications and dysfunction of the stomatognathic system in patients after orthognathic surgeries such as Maxillary Lefort 1 Osteotomy and Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy (BIMAX). Additionally, the paper emphasizes the necessity of quick activation of the stomatognathic system structures in patients after orthognathic surgeries in order to reduce the incidence of complications.Material and methods: The research was conducted with the help of the users of internet groups: "Progenia, mandibular prognathism, photos BEFORE and AFTER the operation :)" (in Polish: „Progenia, wysunięta szczęka, zdjęcia PRZED i PO operacji :)”) and "Suffering from progenia" („Progenicy”) as well as users of the Jawsurgeryforums.com online forum who have given their informed consent to participate in the survey. The analysis was carried out on a group of 92 people who underwent orthognathic surgery of Maxillary Lefort 1 Osteotomy and Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy (BIMAX) type in the years 2004-2019. To assess the opinions of patients, a diagnostic questionnaire method was used, based on a proprietary electronic questionnaire, which consisted of three parts. The first part is metric, i.e.: age, gender and questions concerning the number of orthognathic surgeries performed, time of wearing intermaxillary traction wiring or splints, postoperative rehabilitation. The second part of the questionnaire consisted of 15 close-ended questions assessing the occurrence of symptoms of SS system disorders and functioning. The third part of the questionnaire consists of 20 questions concerning postoperative complications after 3 and 6 months from surgery and functioning of the dental system after surgery. The fourth part of the questionnaire consists of 5 close-ended questions concerning the evaluation of the overall impression after surgery and the most important effects of it. The test results were statistically analyzed using the correlation coefficient and Pearson's chi-squared test (p ≤ 0.05).Results: 92 people, of which 86 women (93.5%) and 6 men (6.5%), participated in the study. The most common ailments before the surgery—affecting more than half of the patients—were chewing impairment, speech defect, breathing problems and headaches. 3 months after the operation, facial neurosensory disturbances and facial swelling were the most frequent of the ailments reported by the patients (more than 70% of the respondents), limited jaw mobility, joint pains and chewing impairment were also frequent (more than 40%). 6 months after the surgery, the most frequent persisting ailments were facial neurosensory disturbances (> 60%), facial swelling and acoustic problems (> 30%), as well as pains of masticatory and mandibular muscles, headaches and limited joint mobility (> 20%). More than half of the patients (n=48) were satisfied with the surgery, the second largest group were patients delighted with the result (n=25). 4 people were dissatisfied and 3 very dissatisfied. 12 patients had difficulties in determining their satisfaction with the results of the surgery. 19 people (20.7%) did not report disturbances of somatosensory system in any of the facial areas, and among the patients experiencing ailments, 40 people (43.5%) reported problems in two areas, 27 people (29.3%) in one, 5 people (5.4%) in four and 1 person (1.1%) in three areas. In the 3rd month after the surgery it was observed that people who did not use physiotherapeutic treatment were 11.5% more likely to suffer from bone inflammation [X2(1)=4.359; p=0.037]. Two statistical tendencies were observed, suggesting that people using physiotherapy slightly less often showed limitations in mandibular mobility [by 17.6%; X2(1)=3.599; p=0.065] and by 4.7% less often experienced bone inflammation [X2(1)=1.238; p=0.076]. Conclusions: The most common postoperative complication is somatosensory system disturbance of the lower facial muscles. Orthognathic surgery contributes to the reduction of stomatognathic system ailments. Persons using physiotherapy suffer less frequently from bone inflammation and enjoy greater mobility of the temporomandibular joint.

Introduction and purpose: the Terminology Guidelines of the American Hippotherapy Association defines Equine Assisted Activities or Therapies (EAA/T) as a collection of different forms of contact between man and horse. EAA/T have become increasingly common interventions in the last decade, demonstrating therapeutic benefits in various areas of mental health. The aim of this report is to identify the forms and programmes of EAA/T that are used and to summarise and assess the latest available evidences of their clinical effectiveness in the treatment of symptoms of mental ilness and disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, post-traumatic stress syndrome or schizophrenia. In order to achieve the above mentioned objectives, a literature review has been conducted to summarise existing evidence relating to the subject matter of the study in a descriptive manner. Description of the state of knowledge: 13 findings were found in autism spectrum disorders (1 review paper and 5 research papers), post-traumatic stress syndrome (1 review paper and 4 research papers), schizophrenia (1 review paper), and children whose parents were addicted (1 research paper). Summary: the results of the research indicate that Equine Assisted Activities and Therapies (EAA/T), including horse riding, may be beneficial for people with mental illnesses and disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders, post-traumatic stress syndrome, schizophrenia, and for people whose parents were addicted.

IntroductionThe nurse provides medical care for the patient, including nursing, administering medicines and performing injections. She assists the doctor in the process of diagnosis and treatment. The definition of this profession changes as a result of the development of science and increasing expectations of health care. The development of this profession is evidenced by developed models of nursing, which will focus on the practical application of the acquired knowledge.Aim The aim of this work was to present the tasks and competences of nursing and the role of this profession in improving the quality of patient care.Material and methodThe paper uses the method of literature analysis. The material used in the paper comes from publications published in a compact form and scientific articles.ResultsThe review of the collected scientific material showed that nurses have a significant impact on the quality of health care and the functioning of the entire facility. Healthcare institutions belong to organizations in which the quality of services translates into the patient's health and life. Care should therefore be a priority for the entire staff, especially for the nurses who first meet the patient and spend a lot of time with him. Patients expect medical knowledge from nurses first and foremost, but also safety, trust and proper communication.ConclusionsIn recent years, nursing has been constantly changing, which means that people in this profession have to take various actions for their development. Patient expectations are also changing. Their opinion and satisfaction is important for success. A satisfied patient will surely use the services of the facility again.

The present paper outlines modern issues in the field of multicultural educational environment. In particular, it reveals the need to form multicultural competence as the basis of vocational philological training. The relevance of the study is predetermined by increased requirements of effective multilingual learning technologies. The paper aims to justify the component content of multicultural competence in didactic multilingualism. Concepts and terminology analysis of modern issues in the field of multicultural education is used as the main research method. On the basis of complementarity and integrity the multilingual-to-multicultural competence ratio is cleared up in vocational philological training on a Bachelor’s degree level. Person and activity centered and purpose-oriented approaches enable the authors to view multicultural competence as the integral unity of the language activity in the curriculum “Foreign Philology. Multicultural training.” Multicultural competence includes linguistic and sociocultural, cognitive and strategic components. Gnostic, functional and value-ethical units provide an insight into the component content of multicultural competence. Special learning environment is requested to effectively provide students with multicultural competence in vocational philological training

Athletic operates on the basis of a particular system of knowledge that has in its contentthe theoretical and methodological foundations of sport training (Rashiti N, Nika F, Bekolli L, Heta G.) 2017. Athletic is one of the types of sports, with complex and applicable character, consisting of large groups, which include different athletic types, with similar characteristics among them; our treatment is athletic decathlon.(Dibra F.)2006. The decathlon is a complexcombined event in athletic consisting of ten track and field events.Olympic men’s decathlons are divided into a two-day competition. The evaluation is done by points.Men’s decathlonconsists of:100m,Long jump,Shot put,High jump, 400m (Day 1); 110m hurdles,Discus throw,Pole vault,Javelin throw,1500m(Day 2).The main purpose of this paper was to verify that from the disciplines of the Decathlon:Long jump,Shot put,High jump, Discus throw,Pole vault,Javelin throw and1500m,as predictor (independent) variables will have an impact on the performance of specific motor tasks, respectively the execution of disciplines pertaining to short-distance running:100m, 110m hurdles and 400mas well as to determine the impact of these short-distance running to the final result of the decathlon knowing that these disciplines in athletics are largely genetically determined.(Misja B.) 2012The sample for the purposes of this paper will include 10 first contestants of decathlons World Championship: September 27 and October 6, 2019 in Doha, Qatar.In this research, after obtaining a statistically significant multiple correlation (R = 0.936) it is necessary to search for the coefficient in the (Beta) column as well as the (t-test) value indicating the influence of each predictor variable (independent) in the dependent or criterion variable 400m.We can emphasize that the test (F-test) is always more valuable if the multiplex correlation is greater, in this case it is significant (Sig = 0.000), because the value of the F-test is 15,347.A statistically significant multiple correlation was obtained (R = 0.958); it is necessary to search for the coefficient in the (Beta) column as well as the (t-test) value indicating the influence of each predictor (independent) variable in the dependent variable or criterion 110 m.In this research, after obtaining a statistically significant multiple correlation (R = 0.958), it is necessary to search for the coefficient in the (Beta) column as well as the (t-test) value indicating the influence of each predictor variable (independent) in the dependent or criterion variable) 100 m.

The relevance of the aging discourse is driven by the need of understanding the increase in life expectancy that is reflected in recent fiction. Age studies and gerontological studies of the 20th century recommend socio-psychological and historical-cultural analyses to comprehensively cover the phenomenon of aging. To achieve this goal is possible with the help of diachronic consideration of the subject of a certain society with its specific features. The purpose of the article is to outline the main milestones of social and artistic representations of aging in Western civilization in a diachronic perspective, based on the philosophical, anthropological and historical works of de Beauvoir, D.H. Fischer, T.R. Cole etc. They discern opposing attitudes towards the elderly in the history of Western civilization: reverence as much as neglect. At the same time in the framework of the available data a straight story cannot be written, because the references to late adulthood concerned mainly the representatives of the privileged classes. The elderly representatives of other social strata stayed on the margins of society and public interest. Therefore the challenges of old age are a significant problem of governmental and social concerns. This is especially true of the aging women who perceived their physiological and psychological transformations in old age as a source of embarrassment, shame, and disgrace for centuries. Yet the period of late adulthood has turned into “decline” even more conspicuously in recent centuries largely due to the disengagement of the elderly from their practical activities. The author traces the representations of old age in the landmark works of antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, 17th-20th centuries in junction with anthropological observations of a particular period. The religious and communal understanding of late adulthood can be traced in Western civilization from the time of antiquity to the end of the 16th century. Then there is a sharp transition to a scientifically-individualistic perception of old age in Europe and the USA in the period from the 18th to the 20th centuries. The author claims that the dominant aspect of the aging discourse in fiction for a long time has been and remains the motive complex of intergenerational conflicts. Apart from that a contemporary discourse of the dynamics of aging in fiction also develops representations of the routine life of elderly characters, their social statuses, relations within their families and issues of transcendence. The methods used in the paper are mixed: historical data processing, analyses of interdisciplinary resources (anthropology, literary gerontology, social gerontology, age studies). The results can be practical for classes of theory of literature and social gerontology. The findings of the paper conclude that societal attitudes toward old age and aging and its literary manifestations have undergone dramatic, sometimes polar, transformations over more than two millennia.

The paper emphasizes the literary dimensions of duality, related to ‘the invisible nuclear’ in U.S. writing practices (from the late Cold War up to the present), covered by the post-Chernobyl Age, while highlighting he ethical aspects of nuclear energy related issues in the post-traumatic societies. The paper is focused on studying the literary implications of ‘the invisible nuclear’ in depicting a nuclear power plant disaster (the Chernobyl NPP explosion) and its aftermath in North American fictional works such as Frederik Pohl’s Chernobyl (1987), Andrea White’s Radiant Girl (2008), and Orest Stelmach’s The Boy from Reactor 4 (2011). The paper intends to study the transformations of ‘the nuclear invisible” in the U.S. nuclear fiction on Chernobyl disaster, which helps to define the cultural and social parameters of the unbiased perception of nuclear energy as a concept for further impact on public acceptance of the nuclear technology. This paper intends to studying the implications of ‘the invisible nuclear’ in its cultural and social representations of the nuclear energy, giving rise to the socio-cultural and social-technical shifts in reconsidering the perception of the nuclear energy issues (related to nuclear power plants’ functioning). I highlight intentionally the literary dimensions of academia’s reflections on the nuclear related issues, coming from nuclear weapon industry and policy, because the contemporary nuclear discourse requires the strict separation of ‘nuclear war’ narrative and ‘nuclear energy’ narrative, which have the different policies of their implications as well as the different messages in the nuclear discourse: when a nuclear war as well as nuclear weapons are narrated as an absolute textual, nuclear energy and nuclear power, commonly represented in ‘atom for peace’ policy is still a subject of materialization which encourages the hot debates.

One of the pressing issues of modern literary criticism is the identification of the links between fiction and the “axial” archetext of European culture and literature (more broadly, the culture of the Judeo-Christian area) – The Bible. By “axial” archetext we mean the ancient “text-in-the-beginning”, which has increased axiological and aesthetic significance, a high degree of reinterpretability, which is the most important source of intertextual links, fulfills the meaning and text-generating function and is the general “text-code” (Yu.M. Lotman), necessary for decoding the texts of a particular culture. For all its archetextual significance for European literature of the ancient heritage (especially the Homeric epos and classics), The Bible was and remains the “axial” archetext for it. For a number of epochs of European literature, biblical poetics was more relevant than ancient. Among these eras is the era of Romanticism, which first arose and was theoretically substantiated in Germany. The purpose of this paper is to determine the significance of The Bible for the religious and mystical philosophy of romantics and to establish the functions of biblical archetextuality in their poetry. The philosophical and theoretical basis of the study was the philosophy of dialogue of M. Buber, the concept of “dialogue of books” by M.M. Bakhtin and the theory of intertextuality (J. Kristeva, R. Bart, J. Genette). We show that the mystical philosophy and poetics of Jena Romantics is primarily oriented to the Bible – both as the Revelation of God, and as a model of poetry expressing “longing for the Infinite” (Sehnsucht nach den Unendlichen), the striving for the transcendental in combination with a specificallysensual reflection of the world. Unlike Goethe, who saw The Bible as historical reality and at the same time a model of the universe (the “second world”), Romantics emphasize the latter. The Bible is also for them an ideal model of the Book in general, an ideal Book, and they create all their works as a kind of “new Bible”. For A.W. Schlegel, and after him for all Jena Romantics, biblical poetry becomes one of the examples of romantic poetry, expressing through sensual supersensible, full of dynamics, characterized by fluidity of images, as opposed to “plastic” Hellenic poetry. The Bible is also a pillar of the mystical panentheism of the romantics (primarily F. Schelling, F. Schlegel, L. Tieck, Novalis), reinforced by the influence of Kabbalah, the panentheism of B. Spinoza and J. Böhme, who is characterized by a special spiritualization of nature and the use of the kabbalistic love erotic symbolism based on the topic of The Song of Songs and its mystical interpretations. The concepts of the World Soul, the identity of nature and the spirit of F. Schelling, the unity of religious, philosophical, scientific and artistic knowledge of F. Schlegel and Novalis, the mystic of nature and love of L. Tieck are rooted in The Bible and the systems of pantheism Spinoza and Böhme that are based on it. Pietism with its idea of sensual comprehension of God has a special influence on Jena Romantics. We show that the role of a particularly significant archetext for Jena Romantics is played by The Song of Songs in the unity of its concrete-sensual and numerous mystical meanings. It was this biblical book that became the “cult” text of Jewish and Christian mysticism, including the mysterious philosophy of J. Böhme, which was so important for the Jena Romantics. With The Song of Songs, a mystic of love and nature, extremely important for the attitude and poetics of the Jena romantics, is connected. The paper analyzes the concept of love in F. Schlegel’s novel “Lucinda” and establishes the connection of its poetics with the Song of Songs. We also affirm the special significance of The Song of Songs for the work of L. Tieck, which is manifested both at the conceptual level and at the level of similar motives (common spring landscapes, a beautiful forest as a hall of love, love languor, searches and finding each other in love) and metaphors ( bright fruits as fruits of love, love as a beautiful fruit). The Book of Psalms also plays an important archetextual role for L. Tieck`s poetry.

The aim of this paper is to present LEX.CH.IT, a corpus for micro-diachronic linguistic investigations of Swiss normative acts in Italian. Italian has a peculiar position as an official minority translation language within the Swiss institutional system. Until now, few studies have focused on Swiss legal Italian, but the academic interest has been growing over the last two decades. In order to further expand on research in this field, resources such as corpora are fundamental. This is why LEX.CH.IT has been compiled. This corpus was originally created in the context of a doctoral research project, which will be briefly outlined in this paper. The main goals of the project are to determine whether clarity is a feature of Swiss legislation in Italian, whether there have been relevant evolutions over the last five decades and to assess the role of translation for a clear legislation. In the future, LEX.CH.IT could also be useful for a number of other projects aiming to shed light on the features of this language variety.

Expansion of IT-media in every field of human activity is one of the essential characteristics of modern time. This paper aims at presenting the role of electronic media in teaching translation in the field of law at the University of Osijek, Croatia, and analysing their impact on the motivation of the target group of students in the teaching process. The paper endeavours to provide some insight into the modern teaching practice and to analyse the interconnectedness of the use of electronic media and student motivation rather than to present some empirical research in the field. In the first part of the paper, a theoretical approach to teaching legal translation today is offered. In the main part, teaching legal translation by using modern media is presented on the examples of the Lifelong Learning Programme for Lawyer-Linguists at the Faculty of Law Osijek, and the course on legal translation within the German Language and Literature Studies at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of Osijek. The usage of electronic media in translation teaching is discussed with reference to the courses Introduction to the Theory of Legal Translation and Online Translation Tools and EU Vocabulary. Specific types of online materials, translation tools and sources are discussed from the point of view of student motivation. New media are also discussed from the perspective of their efficiency at different stages of translation teaching. In the concluding part, application of modern technologies in teaching legal translation is compared with other teaching methods, approaches and techniques. Finally, the author questions using IT as motivation tools in the higher education teaching discourse and argues for application of “moderate approach” in the teaching of legal translation.

This work presents to the Russian reader a translation of Ezra Pound’s poems devoted to Olga Rudge. The poems written in 1962–1972 first appeared in the 2002 collection Canti Postumi (ed. Massimo Bacigalupo), and later were published by Carcanet publishing house (Posthumous Cantos). The paper contains commentaries of texts and discusses a would-be ending to the unfinished poem The Cantos of Ezra Pound. A conjecture is made that the poem’s ending could have been written in the style of a lyrical poetic work. Such an ending could have revealed new allusions and meanings of the modernist epic and could help to understand The Cantos as a private diary reflecting the existential experience of the 20th-century man. The paper contains a biographical sketch of Olga Rudge. The author expresses his gratitude to Mary de Rakewiltz for her hospitality and conversations on life and work of her parents, and to the Italian poet, translator, and scholar Massimo Bacigalupo for his advice. The presented translation is the first attempt to render into Russian the texts that introduce the reader to the world of Pound in his late years and his relationship with Olga Rudge. The publication rights have been cleared with the Carcanet publishing company. The author and the editorial board express their sincere gratitude to the poet and publisher Michael Schmidt for his support.

The paper dwells on Ezra Pound's translations of Old English poetry. The essay gives a brief outlook on Pound’s study of the Old English language during his college years, highlights the poet’s interests in a field of Old English culture. Pound’s view on the very issue of translation as an interpretation (that is the reason why Pound’s translations are not literal) is analyzed on the basis of his essays. It is highly characteristic for Pound to reduce the text of the original while translating it, which is due to several reasons. First of all, it is connected with the imagery which was of Pound’s interest: he translated fragments which were compliant with his own poetic voice (the character of the poem often becomes the poet’s persona; a certain conflict is reflected in the poem). Next, it was characteristic of the early XXth century scholars of Old English who strove to “clean up” authentic Old English texts from later insertions, to return them into their original state. Thus, Christian motifs in Old English poetry were considered to be later insertions; Pound, translating Old English texts, removed all Christian imagery from them. Finally, Pound's interpretative translation technique could be drawn from the medieval translation strategy called translatio, which allowed changing the original text while translating it. However, despite taking some liberties in his translations, Pound paid special attention to the sound image of the translated texts. On the basis of the abovementioned, the paper gives an analysis of two Pound’s translations – Old English charm “Wið færstice” (ca. 10th century; Pound’s translation ca. 1904-1905) and the heroic elegy “Sæfaran” (10th century; Pound’s translation “The Seafarer”, 1911).

This paper mainly discusses the distribution and rhetorical functions of personal pronouns in English and Chinese legal news reports. Through the comparative analysis of some English and Chinese legal news texts, this paper finds the following points: English and Chinese legal news generally have two narrative types: objective narrative and semi-dialogic narrative. The differences in narrative type directly affect the distribution of personal pronouns. In objective narrative, the use of third person pronouns accounts for an absolute proportion, and the frequency of using first person and second person pronouns is close to zero. In semi-dialogic narrative, the use of third person pronouns is still the highest, but only slightly higher than the use of first person and second person pronouns, accounting for only a small number. After analysis, this paper holds that there are three reasons for the uneven distribution: first, the differences between the dialogic style and the narrative style; second, the legal narrative being a story narrative; third, the specific restrictions on the use of legal rhetoric.

Several are the European Directives dedicated to e-commerce, focussing on consumer rights, the distance marketing of consumer financial services and the protection of consumers in distance contracts. In contract law, the terms “termination”, “withdrawal” and “cancellation” have peculiar and distinct meaning. Nonetheless, they tend to be misused and applied interchangeably. This article will shed light on these relevant terms in the light of EU Directives on the protection of consumer rights in off-premises and distance contracts. To do so, it will first present instances in which the meaning and use of these terms is either clear-cut or somehow blurred. By analysing word usage and meaning in context, it will explore how EU Directives, and EU drafters in general, made (un)ambiguous distinctions. Then, it will investigate whether English-speaking drafters (such as those of the pre-Brexit UK, Ireland and Malta) made a consistent use of such terms. Finally, this paper will explore whether online conditions of sale written in English by non-English speaking sellers or traders (such as Italian and Polish) also make a consistent use of the terms. The paper findings highlight that the use and legal purpose of these terms in European Directives have not been particularly consistent over the years. Furthermore, Member States’ system-specificity has weighed on the meaning, application and scope of the terms. On the other hand, at EU level the absence of a unique legal system of reference and the challenges of harmonization may have created false equivalences.

This paper mainly discusses the distribution and rhetorical functions of personal pronouns in English and Chinese legal news reports. Through the comparative analysis of some English and Chinese legal news texts, this paper finds the following points: English and Chinese legal news generally have two narrative types: objective narrative and semi-dialogic narrative. The differences in narrative type directly affect the distribution of personal pronouns. In objective narrative, the use of third person pronouns accounts for an absolute proportion, and the frequency of using first person and second person pronouns is close to zero. In semi-dialogic narrative, the use of third person pronouns is still the highest, but only slightly higher than the use of first person and second person pronouns, accounting for only a small number. After analysis, this paper holds that there are three reasons for the uneven distribution: first, the differences between the dialogic style and the narrative style; second, the legal narrative being a story narrative; third, the specific restrictions on the use of legal rhetoric.

Several are the European Directives dedicated to e-commerce, focussing on consumer rights, the distance marketing of consumer financial services and the protection of consumers in distance contracts. In contract law, the terms “termination”, “withdrawal” and “cancellation” have peculiar and distinct meaning. Nonetheless, they tend to be misused and applied interchangeably. This article will shed light on these relevant terms in the light of EU Directives on the protection of consumer rights in off-premises and distance contracts. To do so, it will first present instances in which the meaning and use of these terms is either clear-cut or somehow blurred. By analysing word usage and meaning in context, it will explore how EU Directives, and EU drafters in general, made (un)ambiguous distinctions. Then, it will investigate whether English-speaking drafters (such as those of the pre-Brexit UK, Ireland and Malta) made a consistent use of such terms. Finally, this paper will explore whether online conditions of sale written in English by non-English speaking sellers or traders (such as Italian and Polish) also make a consistent use of the terms. The paper findings highlight that the use and legal purpose of these terms in European Directives have not been particularly consistent over the years. Furthermore, Member States’ system-specificity has weighed on the meaning, application and scope of the terms. On the other hand, at EU level the absence of a unique legal system of reference and the challenges of harmonization may have created false equivalences.

Introduction and aims of the study: The aim of this study is to present recent reports on the treatment and therapy of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (ChAD). The current treatment of patients affected by these diseases is difficult and unsatisfactory, therefore it is necessary to find new therapeutic options that will improve the effectiveness of treatment For the purpose of this study, scientific papers were reviewed using the Google Scholar search engine covering studies from 2016 to 2021. A dozen papers covering the scope of the publication were selected. Results: In the treatment of schizophrenia, the use of cannabinoids is of greatest interest due to the action of the preparations on the endocannabinoid system. In the treatment of ChaD, promising reports have been published on the therapy with aripiprazole and the need to improve its use in the treatment of both akathisia and agitation. Furthermore, from the fact that abnormalities of calcium signalling are considered a possible pathophysiological process in ChAD, it has been suggested that calcium channel L antagonists may be potential therapeutic agents in bipolar affective disorder. One study also demonstrated the potential use of vortioxetine in the treatment of patients with a depressive episode. Conclusions: The results of recent studies on the treatment of schizophrenia and ChAD cited in this paper offer the prospect of creating treatment regimens that are more effective and targeted in the aforementioned diseases. However, further randomised trials are needed to confirm the effective use of the cited drugs in the treatment of these diseases.

The physiotherapy process in children is specific and requires much more patience and understanding than in adults. Working with a child is not only related to the physiotherapy of a small patient, but also in a very good cooperation between the parent-physiotherapist. The paper presents selected issues of children's therapy in the light of research papers published in renowned scientific journals dealing with medical issues.