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The aim of this paper is to give an account of what it is to internalize a rule. I claim that internalization is the process of redistributing the burden of instruction from the teacher to the student. The process is complete when instruction is no longer needed, and the rule has reshaped perceptual classification of the circumstances in which it applies. Teaching a rule is the initiation of this process. We internalize rules by simulating instruction coming from someone else. Running these simulations enables us to toggle between the perspective of the instructor and our own perspective. By doing this we coordinate our perspectives with that of the teacher. The account given here provides a deeper explanation of why internalizing a rule involves the dispositions and reactive attitudes proponents of Rule Consequentialism often say it does, why moral reflection is variably demanding, how intergenerational moral progress is made possible by our cognitive architectures, and why the adoption of a rule should be understood in terms of teaching that rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malignant and premalignant lesions of the vocal cords represent an important chapter in laryngeal pathology, raising a number of issues in the literature regarding diagnosis and optimal therapeutic approach. Surgical ablation of malignant tumor formations can be performed classically, by external approach to the cervical region, or endoscopically, transorally, using laser and cold instruments under the operating microscope. Regardless of the surgical technique used, the goal must be the complete tumor ablation, with or without oncological treatment, as determined by a specialized oncological committee. The authors present the case of a patient with laryngeal neoplasm located in the right vocal cord and anterior laryngeal commissure, on a background of chronic white hypertrophic laryngitis with multiple areas of keratin on the left vocal cord. The paper highlights the importance of laser technology in the successful resolution of both benign and malignant vocal cord pathologies, presenting multiple advantages over traditional surgery and offering superior oncological, functional and esthetic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]