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The ESPAD (European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs) study is carried out in a changing number of European countries every four years since 1995. In 1995, 22 countries participated in the survey and 34 in 2015. Poland participated in all six ESPAD editions. The aim of ESPAD is to target the use of psychoactive substances by schoolchildren, and recently also risk behaviours from the areas of new technologies and gambling. The results are intended to provide data for designing and evaluating policy towards psychoactive substances and what is broadly understood as prevention addressed to youth. The studied population are 15-16 year-old students (at the time of the study). Random-clustered sampling is applied, where clusters are school classes. The recommended sample size is 2400 students, which ensures separate representativity for boys and girls. The study has been realised using a classroom self-administrated questionnaire. Great attention was paid to providing students a sense of security and anonymity. Despite the efforts to ensure full comparability of ESPAD results both between countries and over time, this comparability is still limited.

Introduction: Between 1843 and 1845 in Wielkopolska, a paper on temperance was published available in both German- and Polish-language versions. Since 1843, the periodical came out as “Central Paper on Temperance in the Grand Duchy of Poznań” (Pismo Centralne dla Sprawy Wstrzemięźliwości w Wielkim Księstwie Poznańskim), though in 1844 it came to be known as “Herald of Temperance in the Grand Duchy of Poznań” (Zwiastun Wstrzemięźliwości w Wielkim Księstwie Poznańskim). Its editor was a German physician La Roche and publisher – the Association for the Suppression of the Use of Vodka in the Grand Duchy of Poznań (Towarzystwo ku Przytłumieniu Używania Wódki w Wielkim Księstwie Poznańskim). This article presents the abstinence movement abroad and in Wielkopolska, anti-alcoholic prophylaxis and the persons with merits in the abstinence movement as discussed in the periodical. Close attention was paid to the editor and publisher of the paper concerned having two titles within the period of 1843 and 1845. Method: In the article an analysis of the content of the press has been applied. Discussion: “Central Paper on Temperance in the Grand Duchy of Poznań”, whose first issue was released in 1843 and in 1844 was continued as “Herald of Temperance in the Grand Duchy of Poznań”, was meant to popularise coping with alcohol abuse in society. The paper initiated the editorial series of abstinence periodicals available in the Polish language in the 19th century.

Reparation of damaged tissues is an essential biological process that ensures maintenance of homeostasis. Basically it includes phases of inflammation, proliferation and remodeling. The result of healing of damaged tissues is scar formation. Abnormalities in the course of wound healing may lead to keloid formation. The pathophysiology of keloids is characterized by improper migration, proliferation and apoptosis of cells as well as imbalanced synthesis and secretion of proteins, cytokines, proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors. To date, applied therapeutic methods do not lead to satisfactory cosmetic results of the treatment. Current research focuses on developing methods for direct inhibition of the fibroproliferative process, mainly through modulation of cytokine expression and in consequence suppression of fibroblast proliferation and balancing of synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix components.

Introduction. Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune condition characterized by T-cell-mediated attack on hair follicles. Objective. Evaluation of efficacy of 308 nm excimer light in the treatment of alopecia areata. Material and methods. Patches of AA were treated twice weekly, but not on 2 consecutive days, with UVB excimer 308 nm light. In all patients, half of the AA patch was irradiated and the other half was spared, covered with a black rubber shield and taken as a control. Therapy was started with an initial dose of 300 mJ/cm 2 , with an incremental dose of 100 mJ/cm 2 at every sitting until fine erythema appeared. Results. At the end of the treatment, one patient (3.33%) at the test site showed > 50% hair regrowth vs. none at the control site. After a 2-month post-treatment period, successful hair regrowth (grades 3 and 4) was seen in 12 patients at test sites and in 2 patients at control sites. The differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). After 4 months successful hair regrowth (grades 3 and 4) was seen in 16 patients at test sites and in 5 patients at control sites. The differences were statistically significant (p 0.05). Conclusions. Excimer light has the potential to stimulate hair regrowth in patches of alopecia areata.

Dermatomyositis (DM) is one of the so-called idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM). Dermatomyositis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of cutaneous lesions and/or symptoms of muscle involvement with the following variants: the “classic” variant of DM, juvenile DM, paraneoplastic DM, drug-induced DM and amyopathic DM. Dynamic discoveries of novel autoantibodies, including anti-TIF1, anti-NXP2, anti-SAE or anti-MDA5, related to certain DM variants, have been described in recent years. It seems that these antibodies will contribute to better recognition of DM and its particular variants, a better risk stratification for predicting internal organ involvement, and to a global improvement of treatment outcome. Corticosteroids remain the mainstay of DM therapy, but new immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive agents, including biologicals, resulted in a significant increase of the survival rate of DM patients. Here, we review the current literature data on DM with special emphasis on new trends in its diagnostics and treatment.

Mastocytosis is characterized by excessive proliferation and accumulation of mast cells in skin and/or other organs. Two forms of the disease, cutaneous and systemic mastocytosis, differ significantly in symptomatology and clinical course. KIT mutations play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. The presence of p.D816V KIT mutation was detected in the vast majority of adults with systemic mastocytosis. The role of KIT mutations in childhood-onset mastocytosis remains a matter of discussion. More recent studies have shown that cutaneous mastocytosis, which is the most common clinical manifestation of the disease in children, has a genetic background. In contrast to adults, different types of KIT mutations have been described in pediatric and familial mastocytosis. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms in mastocytosis enables targeted therapy using tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Introduction . Genital herpes is one of the most common sexually transmitted viral diseases and the most common cause of mucous membrane ulcerations in the genital area. The number of sexually transmitted infections caused by herpes virus (HSV), especially by HSV-1, is increasing. In the Polish population, there are no precise and current epidemiological data on herpes virus infections, especially in the anogenital area. A major problem concerns HSV infections in pregnancy, which are connected with the risk of in-utero and perinatal virus transmission. Herpes simplex virus infection in pregnancy threatens the life and health of an infant. Objective . To obtain information regarding the occurrence of herpes simplex in people of reproductive age as well as the assessment of knowledge on HSV infection and transmission, especially in pregnancy. Material and methods. Two hundred people (133 women and 67 men) aged 18–35 years, attending a dermatological clinic in the first half of 2014 with typical dermatological diseases, took part in the study. The subjects filled in the questionnaire including information on age, occurrence of erosions, scabs in the facial and genital area, diagnosis of oral and genital herpes virus infection, information given by the medical staff on the herpes infection, treatment with oral antivirus drugs, danger of herpes infection in pregnancy and risk of transmission of the HSV virus to fetuses and newborns. Results . Among the 200 people who took part in the study, 27% indicated the occurrence of herpes or recurring lesions in the form of vesicles and scabs on the border of skin and mucous membranes; in 1.5% of them genital herpes was diagnosed. Only 12% of investigated persons were treated with antiviral medicines. Sixty-eight percent of subjects stated that HSV is an infectious disease, 16% claimed that it is non-infectious, and a similar number did not know if it is an infectious disease or not. Only half of the studied group answered that it is dangerous for pregnant women and newborns, and 86% had never received sufficient information on herpes virus infection from medical staff. Conclusions . Our results confirm the lack of sufficient knowledge on HSV infection, especially in pregnancy, and the necessity of educating patients.

Genital herpes is one of the most common sexually transmitted viral diseases and the most common cause of mucosal erosions and ulcerations in the genital area. According to epidemiological data, the infection caused by genital herpes virus is common in developing countries. The number of sexually transmitted infections is increasing, and infections caused by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) in the genital area are becoming more common. In Poland there are no current epidemiological data on these infections. Genital herpes infection is dangerous for pregnant women, who can transmit it to infants. There is a significant risk of primary infection in pregnant women, transmitted by their seropositive partners. The early diagnosis and treatment are of utmost importance. The effective method of prevention and treatment is aciclovir, which in numerous studies was proven to be safe in pregnancy. In the article, the course of infection, treatment and prevention, especially in pregnant women and newborns, are discussed.

Copyright of General Practitioner / Lekarz POZ is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nowadays the development and use of the computerised variant of methods is an obvious part of research and diagnosis, which is widely used in psychological practice. Will these computer-assisted tools used for this purpose replace the traditional paper-pencil tools? What are their advantages and disadvantages in comparison to traditional methods? What could such tools never provide to psychologists? The computerised tests are commonly used for assessment of a broad range of cognitive functions as well as capacities, among others for measurement of mathematical competencies and for diagnosis of deficiencies observed in the case of number processing. It allows us to measure the disorder's indices in a precise way, which is unobtainable in the case of paper-pencil tools (or it is possible only to a limited extent). This paper presents the critical review of several selected methods, which are used for assessment of children's mathematical abilities. Here we describe both traditional paper-pencil tasks as well as computer-assisted ones. The aim of this review is to compare these methods in terms of their reliability, advantages and disadvantages, as well as the details of the data provided by both type of tools used for the measurement of mathematical skills in the case of normal development and in the case of cognitive deficits (e.g. dyscalculia). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Polish Journal of Allergology / Alergologia Polska is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of General Practitioner / Lekarz POZ is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Journal of Allergology / Alergologia Polska is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Palliative Medicine / Medycyna Paliatywna is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Journal of Allergology / Alergologia Polska is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Palliative Medicine / Medycyna Paliatywna is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Neuropsychiatry & Neuropsychology / Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of General Practitioner / Lekarz POZ is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Palliative Medicine / Medycyna Paliatywna is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Palliative Medicine / Medycyna Paliatywna is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Neuropsychiatry & Neuropsychology / Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Palliative Medicine / Medycyna Paliatywna is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Palliative Medicine / Medycyna Paliatywna is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Neuropsychiatry & Neuropsychology / Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Journal of Allergology / Alergologia Polska is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Palliative Medicine / Medycyna Paliatywna is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Palliative Medicine / Medycyna Paliatywna is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Neuropsychiatry & Neuropsychology / Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Palliative Medicine / Medycyna Paliatywna is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of General Practitioner / Lekarz POZ is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Gunshot wounds to the neck and viscerocranium are currently rare and are most often associated with violence, suicide attempts or improper handling of weapons. Although airguns have lower projectile velocity and lower penetrating power, they can still cause serious damage to the body and organs. A particularly dangerous area is the head and neck due to the complex and compact anatomical structure. In this paper, we present a case of a patient with multiple airgun wounds from a pellet gun as a result of a suicide attempt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Venous ulcers of legs are a serious problem for the medical community. According to recommendations, they require first a thorough diagnosis, followed by causal treatment and proper care of the wound and surrounding skin. Long-term disease leads to serious complications, causes unpleasant discomfort and symptoms for the patient, and greatly impairs quality of life, often leading to physical and social limitations. Therefore, the wound hygiene strategy has been incorporated into a holistic model of care for patients with chronic wounds. It pays attention not only to the wound, but also to other factors such as comorbidities, dietary style, mental health, and socioeconomic challenges. This paper presents a case report of a patient with lower limb ulceration, in whom measures in accordance with wound hygiene were implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Neuropsychiatry & Neuropsychology / Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Palliative Medicine / Medycyna Paliatywna is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Palliative Medicine / Medycyna Paliatywna is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Journal of Allergology / Alergologia Polska is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Palliative Medicine / Medycyna Paliatywna is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Palliative Medicine / Medycyna Paliatywna is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Neuropsychiatry & Neuropsychology / Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Neuropsychiatry & Neuropsychology / Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Journal of Allergology / Alergologia Polska is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Neuropsychiatry & Neuropsychology / Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Foreign body ingestion is common in children. Most cases occur without any complications. Ingestion of button batteries, which can be potentially very dangerous, is totally different. This paper intends to underline the importance of prompt diagnosis and therapy in the case of button battery ingestion by children, and education of nurses and parents/caregivers of children concerning possible consequences of not securing any objects containing such batteries. This paper is a case-study analysis of a 22-month-old child whose parents attended the Paediatric Surgery and Urology Clinical Hospital after ingestion of an unknown object. The analysis was based on the patient’s history, observation, and analysis of medical records. After diagnosis, a gastroscopy was made during which a corroded battery was removed at the level of Th3-Th4 with features of a 3-cm-long chemical injury of the oesophagus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most frequently occurring knee joint injuries are knee ligament injuries, meniscus injuries, and articular cartilage injuries. One that occurs rarely but greatly reduces the quality of life is luxation of the patella. It is connected with total rupture of contact between the articular surfaces of the patella and thigh. The aim of this paper was to analyse selected nursing problems in patients with recurrent knee joint injury (luxation of patella) in the early postoperative period after arthroscopic reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL). The nursing care plan for patients on postoperative day 0 was discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]