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Makara-Studzińska Marta, Madej Agata. Przemoc wobec kobiet a depresja – przegląd badań = Violence against women and depression - overview of research. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(5):373-388. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI 10.5281/zenodo.17895 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%285%29%3A373-388 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/561541 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17895 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011 – 2014 http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja. Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie. Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r. The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014). © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.10.2014. Revised 18.01.2015. Accepted: 25.02.2015. PRZEMOC WOBEC KOBIET A DEPRESJA – PRZEGLĄD BADAŃ VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND DEPRESSION - OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH Marta Makara-Studzińska, Agata Madej Zakład Psychologii Stosowanej Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Lublinie Department of Applied Psychology, Medical University of Lublin Streszczenie Cel. Praca jest przeglądem badań dotyczących związku pomiędzy doświadczaniem przemocy przez kobiety a ryzykiem występowania symptomów depresji. Ważnym celem było również pokazanie rozmiaru problemu jakim jest przemoc. Sprawa stosowania przemocy wobec kobiet jest współcześnie bardzo aktualna i nagłaśniana w społeczeństwie. Dane policyjne potwierdzają, iż z roku na rok coraz więcej kobiet pada ofiarami zachowań o charakterze przemocowym. Poglądy. W większości prezentowanych wyników badań został ujawniony ścisły związek pomiędzy doznawana przemocą a występowaniem u kobiet objawów depresyjnych. Ponadto znacznie częściej doświadczają one problemów ze zdrowiem psychicznym w postaci zespołu stresu pourazowego (PTSD), uzależnienia, zaburzeń kontaktu, zaburzeń obsesyjno-kompulsyjnych, zaburzeń odżywiania, autoagresji, trwałych zaburzeń pamięci oraz skłonności samobójczych. Sprawca przemocy stara się zniewolić swoją ofiarę i przejąć nad nią kontrolę. W ten sposób wytwarza się u niej przekonanie, że zasłużyła sobie na takie traktowanie. Życie bitych kobiet zaczyna się skupiać wokół codziennych prób przetrwania i unikania represji ze strony oprawcy. Z czasem przestają się liczyć z własnymi poglądami i myślami, przez co tracą poczucie tego, co jest dla nich dobre, a co złe. Wnioski. Uzyskane rezultaty mogą posłużyć do wyznaczania kierunków terapii dla ofiar przemocy, jak również uskutecznić działania profilaktyczne i prewencyjne. Słowa kluczowe: przemoc – przemoc wobec małżonka – depresja – kobieta maltretowana – psychoterapia. Abstract Aim. The paper is an overview of research on the relationship between the experience of violence by women and the risk of symptoms of depression. An important goal was also to show the extent of the problem of violence. The case of violence against women is an up-to-date topic, which is publicized in society. The police data confirm that each year an increasing number of women become victims of violent behavior. Views. Most of the presented research results of studies reveal a close relationship between experiencing violence and the occurrence of depressive symptoms in women. In addition, they are more likely to experience mental health problems in the form of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), addictions, contact disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorders, self-harm, permanent memory disorders and suicidal tendencies. The abuser is trying to enslave the victim and take control of it. In this manner, she starts to believe that the woman deserves such treatment. The life of abused women begins to focus around everyday trials of survival and avoid reprisals from the tormentor. With time, they cease to think about their own views and thoughts, thus losing the sense of what is good and bad for them. Conclusions. The obtained results can be used to determine the directions of therapy for victims of violence, as well as to improve prophylactic and preventive measures. Keywords: violence – spouse abuse – depression – battered women – psychotherapy.

Mreła A., Sokołov O. Compositions of fuzzy relations applied to veryfication learning outcomes on the example of the major “Geodesy and Cartography”. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(5):183-192. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI 10.5281/zenodo.17495 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%285%29%3A183-192 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/559399 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17495 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011 – 2014 http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja. Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie. Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r. The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014). © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 15.02.2015. Revised 27.04.2015. Accepted: 08.05.2015. COMPOSITIONS OF FUZZY RELATIONS APPLIED TO VERYFICATION LEARNING OUTCOMES ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE MAJOR “GEODESY AND CARTOGRAPHY” A. Mreła, O. Sokołov A. Mreła, Kujawsko-Pomorska Szkoła Wyższa w Bydgoszczy Polska, 85-023 Bydgoszcz, ul. Toruńska 55-57 E-mail: a.mrela@kpsw.edu.pl O. Sokołov, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu Polska, 88-100 Toruń, ul Gagarina 11 E-mail: o.sokolov@umk.pl Abstract The paper presents discussion about using mathematical functions in order to help academic teachers to verify acquirement of learning outcomes by students on the example of the major “geodesy and cartography”. It is relatively easy to build fuzzy relation describing levels of realization and validation learning outcomes during subject examinations and the fuzzy relation with students’ grades is already built by teachers, the problem is to combine these two relations to get one which describes the level of acquiring learning outcomes by students. There are two main requirements facing this combinations and the paper shows that the best combination according to these requirements is algebraic composition. Keywords: learning outcome, fuzzy relation, algebraic composition.

Krupa Adam, Hojan Marcin, Rurek Mirosław, Giętkowski Tomasz. Sukcesja osadowa kopalnego koryta rzeki meandrującej na przykładzie Radacznicy (woj. Wielkopolskie, Polska) = Sedimentary succession of a fossil meandering river channel on the example of Radacznica (Wielkopolska voivodeship, Poland). Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(5):263-274. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI 10.5281/zenodo.17735 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%285%29%3A263-274 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/560514 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17735 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011 – 2014 http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja. Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie. Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r. The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014). © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 15.02.2015. Revised 27.04.2015. Accepted: 08.05.2015. Sukcesja osadowa kopalnego koryta rzeki meandrującej na przykładzie Radacznicy (woj. Wielkopolskie, Polska) Sedimentary succession of a fossil meandering river channel on the example of Radacznica (Wielkopolska voivodeship, Poland) Krupa Adam, Hojan Marcin, Rurek Mirosław, Giętkowski Tomasz Wydział Kultury Fizycznej, Zdrowia i Turystyki, Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy, Polska Abstrakt W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań prowadzonych w dolinie Radacznicy. Stanowi ona głęboko wciętą w wysoczyznę formę, która posiada miejscami płaskie dno. W jednej z wykonanych odkrywek stwierdzono występowanie specyficznej sedymentacji, która wskazuje na meandrujący charakter rzeki. Paleokoryta zostały szczegółowo przeanalizowane (typy osadów, rozmiary, rekonstrukcja środowiska), aby określić sukcesję osadową. Wyniki wskazują, że nawet tak małe rzeki jak Radacznica mogą zmieniać położenie swojego koryta w wyniku różnych czynników naturalnych, a w ostatnich latach również antropogenicznych. Słowa kluczowe: paleokoryta, sedymentacja, osady korytowe i pozakorytowe, dolina erozyjna. Abstract This paper presents results of research conducted in the Radacznica valley. The valley is deeply cut into the morainic upland and forms a rather narrow V-shaped gorge in its upper part as well as a wider, flat-bottomed section in its lower reaches. In one of the examined pits the evidences for the meandering nature of the river have been found. The structures of the paleochannel were analyzed in details to determine the sedimentary succession. The results show that even such small rivers as Radacznica can change the position of its bed due to the influences of natural factors as well as in recent years the anthropogenic. Key words: paleochanels, sedmientation, chanel and overbank deposits, erosion valley.

Kochański Bartosz, Kałużny Krystian, Plaskiewicz Anna, Ratuszek‑Sadowska Dorota,Hagner Wojciech, Zukow Walery. Metody oceny aktywności mięśnia poprzecznego brzucha stosowane w rehabilitacji = Methods of assessing the activity of the transversus abdominis muscle used in rehabilitation. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(4):81-89. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16625 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%284%29%3A81-89 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/553238 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16625 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011 – 2014 http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja. Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie. Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r. The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014). © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.01.2014. Revised 27.02.2015. Accepted: 15.03.2015. Metody oceny aktywności mięśnia poprzecznego brzucha stosowane w rehabilitacji Methods of assessing the activity of the transversus abdominis muscle used in rehabilitation Bartosz Kochański1, Krystian Kałużny1, Anna Plaskiewicz1, Dorota Ratuszek‑Sadowska2,Wojciech Hagner1, Walery Zukow3 1Katedra i Klinika Rehabilitacji, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu 2Katedra Neuropsychologii Klinicznej, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu 3Wydział Kultury Fizycznej, Zdrowia i Turystyki, Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy, Polska Streszczenie Nowoczesny model funkcjonalny dzieli mięśnie kręgosłupa w odcinku lędźwiowym na stabilizatory lokalne, stabilizatory globalne jednostawowe oraz stabilizatory globalne wielostawowe. Grupa mięśni lokalnych zapewnia stabilność kręgosłupa poprzez tzw. napięcie wyprzedzające (feedforward). Utworzona jest przez przeponę, m. poprzeczny brzucha (TrA), włókna głębokie m. wielodzielnego lędźwi, włókna tylne m. lędźwiowego oraz m. dna miednicy. Kluczową rolę w stabilizacji i odpowiedniej kontroli ruchu kręgosłupa odgrywa miesień poprzeczny brzucha. Ocena aktywności TrA jest bardzo ważnym elementem postępowania leczniczego, ponieważ może pomóc w diagnozowaniu pacjentów oraz planowaniu terapii. W pracy przedstawiono wybrane metody oceny aktywności mięśnia poprzecznego brzucha stosowane w rehabilitacji. Słowa kluczowe: miesień poprzeczny brzucha, TrA, stabilizatory lokalne, ocena aktywności. Abstract Modern functional model divides the muscles of the lumbar spine at the local stabilizers and global stabilizers. Local muscle group provides stability to the spine by feedforward tension. Local stabilizers consist of the diaphragm, the transverse abdominal muscle (TRA), the fibers deep Multifidus muscle, fiber back of the lumbar muscle and pelvic floor muscles. An important role in the stabilization and proper spinal motion control plays a transverse abdominal muscle. Assessment TRA activity is a very important part of treatment because it can help in the diagnosis of patients and treatment programming. The paper presents selected methods for assessing the activity of the transversus abdominis muscle used in rehabilitation. Keywords: transverse abdominal muscle, TRA, local stabilizers, activity assessment.

Kochański Bartosz, Plaskiewicz Anna, Kałużny Krystian, Dylewska Monika, Płoszaj Ola, Hagner-Derengowska Magdalena, Zukow Walery. Functional Movement Screen (FMS) - kompleksowy system oceny funkcjonalnej pacjenta = Functional Movement Screen (FMS) - a comprehensive system for the functional evaluation of the patient. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(4):90-101. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16626 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%284%29%3A90-101 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/553239 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16626 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011 – 2014 http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja. Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie. Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r. The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014). © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.01.2014. Revised 27.03.2015. Accepted: 27.03.2015. Functional Movement Screen (FMS) - kompleksowy system oceny funkcjonalnej pacjenta Functional Movement Screen (FMS) - a comprehensive system for the functional evaluation of the patient Bartosz Kochański1,Anna Plaskiewicz1, Krystian Kałużny1,Monika Dylewska2, Ola Płoszaj2, Magdalena Hagner-Derengowska3, Walery Zukow4 1) Katedra i Klinika Rehabilitacji, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu 2) Bydgoska Szkoła Wyższa, Bydgoszcz 3) Katedra Neuropsychologii Klinicznej, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu 4) Wydział Kultury Fizycznej, Zdrowia i Turystyki, Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy, Polska Streszczenie System oceny funkcjonalnej - Functional Movement Screen (FMS) został stworzony przez Graya Cooka oraz Lee Burtona w 1995 roku. FMS jest koncepcją, która umożliwia kompleksową analizę jakości podstawowych wzorców ruchowych, ocenę ryzyka kontuzji oraz stwierdzenie istnienia ograniczeń i asymetrii. Test FMS złożony jest z 7 prób (głęboki przysiad, przeniesienie kończyny dolnej nad płotkiem, przysiad w wykroku, ruchomość obręczy barkowej, aktywne uniesienie wyprostowanej kończyny dolnej, ugięcie ramion w podporze, stabilność rotacyjna tułowia). W pracy zaprezentowano test Functional Movement Screen, jako kompleksowy system oceny funkcjonalnej pacjenta. Słowa kluczowe: Functional Movement Screen, FMS, ocena funkcjonalna, rehabilitacja. Abstract Functional Movement Screen (FMS) was created by Gray Cook and Lee Burton in 1995. FMS is a concept that allows comprehensive analysis of the quality of basic movement patterns, risk assessment and finding of injury to the limitations and asymmetries. FMS test consists of 7 samples (deep squat, hurdle step, in-line lunge, shoulder mobility, active straight leg raise, trunk stability push up, rotational stability). The paper presents the Functional Movement Screen test, as a comprehensive system of functional assessment of the patient. Key words: Functional Movement Screen, FMS, functional assessment, rehabilitation.

Augustynowicz Anna, Czerw Aleksandra, Wrześniewska-Wal Iwona, Fronczak Adam. Ochrona prawna pielęgniarki / położnej w razie agresywnych zachowań pacjentów w podmiotach leczniczych = Legal protection of the nurse / midwife in case of aggressive behavior of patients in therapeutic entities. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(3):259-268. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16425 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%283%29%3A259-268 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/550410 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16425 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011 – 2014 http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja. Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie. Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r. The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014). © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.01.2014. Revised 27.02.2015. Accepted: 12.03.2015. Ochrona prawna pielęgniarki/położnej w razie agresywnych zachowań pacjentów w podmiotach leczniczych Legal protection of the nurse / midwife in case of aggressive behavior of patients in therapeutic entities Anna Augustynowicz 1, Aleksandra Czerw 2, Iwona Wrześniewska-Wal 3, Adam Fronczak 2 1. Katedra iZakład Zdrowia Publicznego WUM, Szkoła Zdrowia Publicznego CMKP 2. Katedra iZakład Zdrowia Publicznego WUM 3. Szkoła Zdrowia Publicznego CMKP Correspondence to Anna Augustynowicz PhD, Zakład Zdrowia Publicznego, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland Tel: + 48 22 599 21 80; fax. + 48 22 599 21 80; e-mail: aaugustynowicz@poczta.onet.p Streszczenie W artykule przedstawiono zasady ochrony prawnej przysługujące pielęgniarce i położnej w razie agresywnych zachowań pacjentów. Personel medyczny w razie agresywnych zachowań pacjentów może dochodzić roszczeń zarówno na drodze procesu karnego, jak i cywilnego. Z punktu widzenia ochrony karnej istotne znaczenie ma fakt, iż pielęgniarka i położna podczas i w związku z wykonywaniem czynności polegających na udzielaniu świadczeń zdrowotnych korzysta z ochrony przewidzianej dla funkcjonariuszy publicznych. W przypadku agresji słownej pacjent może ponieść odpowiedzialność karną za znieważenie funkcjonariusza publicznego (art. 226 k.k.), ewentualnie za zniesławienie (art. 212 k.k.). Do grupy tej należy również dodać przestępstwo kierowania gróźb pod adresem pielęgniarki/położnej (art. 190 k.k.). Następstwem agresji fizycznej może być odpowiedzialność za naruszenie nietykalności cielesnej funkcjonariusza publicznego (art. 222 k.k.), czynną napaść (223 k.k.) a także za spowodowanie lekkiego, średniego lub ciężkiego uszczerbku na zdrowiu (art. 156 k.k., art. 157 § 1 k.k.). Poza sankcjami natury karnej, agresywnie zachowujący się pacjent może ponieść odpowiedzialność cywilną z tytułu naruszenia dóbr osobistych. Dobrem osobistym naruszanym działaniami pacjenta będzie cześć. Agresja fizyczna lub słowna powodować może powstanie szkody majątkowej w postaci straty poniesionej w wyniku zdarzenia szkodzącego, a także utraconych korzyści. W tym przypadku pielęgniarce, położnej przysługuje wobec pacjenta roszczenie z art. 415 k.c. Abstract This paper presents the principles of legal protection enjoyed by the nurse and midwife in the case of aggressive behavior of patients. Medical personnel in the event of violent behavior of patients can seek redress through a process of both criminal and civil law. From the point of view of criminal law important is the fact that the nurse and midwife during and in connection with the performance of the loans of health care benefits from the protection provided for public servants. In the case of verbal aggression, the patient may incur criminal liability for insulting a public official (art. 226 of the Penal Code), or for defamation (art. 212 of the Penal Code). To this group should also be added an offense targeting threats against a nurse / midwife (Art. 190 of the Penal Code). The consequence of physical aggression may be responsible for the assault and battery of a public official (art. 222 of the Penal Code), assault (223 of the Penal Code), as well as causing a light, medium or serious bodily injury (art. 156 of the Penal Code, Art. 157 § 1 of the Penal Code). In addition to the sanctions of a criminal nature, behaving aggressively, the patient may incur liability for the infringement of personal rights. The infringed personal good will honor the patient's activities. Physical or verbal aggression may result in the damage of property in the form of loss incurred as a result of detrimental events, as well as lost profits. In this case, the nurse, midwife patient is entitled to claim under Art. 415 of the Civil Code. Słowa kluczowe: pielęgniarka, położna, agresywny pacjent, ochrona prawna. Keywords: nurse, midwife, aggressive patient, legal protection.

Pietrykowska Anna, Kochański Bartosz, Plaskiewicz Anna, Kałużny Krystian, Zukow Walery, Hagner Wojciech. Znaczenie badań laboratoryjnych w diagnostyce udaru mózgu = The importance of laboratory tests in the diagnosis of stroke. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(2):133-140. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15696 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%282%29%3A133-140 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/541393 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15696 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011 – 2014 http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja. Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie. Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r. The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014). © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.10.2014. Revised 18.01.2015. Accepted: 25.02.2015. Znaczenie badań laboratoryjnych w diagnostyce udaru mózgu The importance of laboratory tests in the diagnosis of stroke Anna Pietrykowska1, Bartosz Kochański2, Anna Plaskiewicz2, Krystian Kałużny2, Walery Żukow3, Wojciech Hagner2 1Zakład Diagnostyki Laboratoryjnej II Katedry Chorób Wewnętrznych, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi, Polska 2Katedra i Klinika Rehabilitacji, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, Polska 3Wydział Kultury Fizycznej, Zdrowia i Turystyki, Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy, Polska Streszczenie Diagnostyka laboratoryjna jest dynamicznie rozwijającą się dyscypliną medycyny. Na całym świecie prowadzone są liczne badania mające na celu określenie parametrów biologicznych i fizykochemicznych krwi istotnych dla diagnostyki udaru mózgu. Diagnostyka laboratoryjna daje nowe możliwości w diagnozowaniu, monitorowaniu i leczeniu pacjentów z udarem mózgu. W pracy przedstawiono zastosowanie badań laboratoryjnych w diagnostyce udaru mózgu. Zwrócono szczególną uwagę na znaczenie biomarkerów tj.: TNF – alfa, Mózgowy peptyd natriuretyczny (BNP), Czynnik von Willebranda (vWF), Białko S100B, Enolaza neurospecyficzna (NSE) oraz leptyna. Słowa kluczowe: udar mózgu, biomarkery, diagnostyka laboratoryjna. Abstract Laboratory diagnosis is a rapidly growing discipline of medicine. In the world there are many studies conducted to determine the biological and physicochemical parameters of blood significant for the diagnosis of stroke. Laboratory diagnosis gives new possibilities in the diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of patients with stroke. The paper presents the use of laboratory tests in the diagnosis of stroke. Special attention is paid to the importance of biomarkers: TNF - alpha, Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), von Willebrand factor (vWF), S100B protein, neuron specific enolase (NSE) and leptin. Key words: stroke, biomarkers, laboratory diagnosis.

Introduction and Purpose: Human health is influenced by a variety of factors, such as genetics, environment, lifestyle, and accessibility to healthcare. While some of these factors are beyond the control of the patient, lifestyle, which is considered the primary determinant of a healthy life, strongly relies on individual choices. In this paper, we aim to demonstrate the benefits of adopting a vegetarian diet as a cornerstone for maintaining good health and as a supplementary approach to treating common diseases.State of Knowledge: The vegetarian diet is primarily based on plants and includes products from animals, such as eggs and dairy. However, it excludes all types of meat and any products that require the death of animals. This diet is adopted for various reasons, including religious, socio-economic, or ethical considerations. It is recognized globally and has become a subject of scientific research for numerous scholars. Many studies investigate its influence on human health, and the results are generally positive. The diet is frequently used as a treatment, often in combination with specific pharmaceutical drugs. This approach leads to weight reduction, decreases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, and can have positive therapeutic effects on conditions like gout or chronic kidney disease. Given that some of these diseases have become increasingly problematic for public health systems, a vegetarian diet can help decrease the number of people affected by them.Conclusion: Given that cardiovascular diseases and incidents are the leading causes of death worldwide, adopting a vegetarian diet can assist patients in avoiding them by reducing their LDL levels and decreasing blood pressure. This diet demonstrates a positive therapeutic effect on patients dealing with chronic kidney disease and gout. It aids in weight reduction and helps prevent the development of metabolic syndrome, which has a variety of beneficial effects.

Introduction and purpose. Andexanet alfa (AA) is a recombinant modified version of human activated factor X. It is used as an antidote for apixsaban and rivaroxaban when reversal of anticoagulation due to life-threatening or uncontrolled bleeding is necessary. The aim of this paper is to present AA’s characteristics, treatment costs, clinical trial outcomes, and its use in medicine. Material and methods. A review of the available literature was performed by searching the PubMed and GoogleScholar databases using the following keywords: “andexanet alfa”, “factor Xa inhibitors”, “anticoagulant reversal”. Literature analysis. AA sequesters factor Xa inhibitors, which reactivates the endogenous factor Xa and reverses the anticoagulant effect. It is well tolerated, with a rapid onset of action. Side effects such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections and augmented thromboembolic risk have been observed. There are two dosing regimens, dependant on the ingested anticoagulant dose. Single dose cost is as high as 30 or 60 thousand USD. Conclusion. AA represents a therapeutic advancement and can prove life-saving in patients who experience an acute major bleeding while treated with direct oral anticoagulants. Single dose cost is high, therefore its availability for use may be restricted.

Introduction: Hashimoto's disease is an autoimmune disorder that develops as a result of a pathological reaction of the patient's immune system, which consequently destroys the body's own healthy cells and tissues. Genetic, environmental and immunological factors influence its development. The disease may initially be asymptomatic. The exact aetiology of the disease is unknown. The worldwide incidence is approximately 10-12%. Purpose: This paper aims to present the influence of genetic factors, environmental factors, trace elements, and diet on the development and course of Hashimoto's disease based on the current state of knowledge. Conclusions: Hashimoto's disease is a multifactorial disease, but the relevance of all factors presented in the development and progression has not yet been confirmed. To date, a special diet for patients has not been created. Further research is needed to better understand the pathogenesis of the disease in order to help patients control HT. Methods: Data for the article were retrieved using PubMed setting the time descriptors to 2013-2023.

Introduction : Turner syndrome (TS) is one of the most common genetic disorders affecting approximatley 1 in 2,000-25000 live-born girls. TS is the result of complete oraz partial monosomy of the C chromosome. About half have monosomy X (45,X) and 5-10% have duplication (isochromosome) of the long arm of one X (46,X,i(Xq)). Most of the rest have mosaicism.(1) The aim of the study: The purpose of this review paper is to present the observations regarding this disease, including epidemiology, diagnosis and detailed examination of the individual needs of the patient affected by the disease. Matrials and methods: This review was based on available data collected in the PubMed database and Google Scholar web serach engine, using key words: Turner’s syndrome, diagnosis of Turner Syndrome, sex chromosome aneuploidies Summary: The article draws attention to the complexity of Turner syndrome, the variety of symptoms and the progress in the diagnosis and therapy of this disease. Early diagnosis, specialist care and modern therapeutic methods have a positive impact on the quality of life of TS patients. Future studies of molecular mechanisms and therapeutic efficacy may improve the care of patients affected by this rare disease.

Introduction and aim. Nowadays, the increasing resistance of bacteria is a concerning and challenging issue in terms of effective treatment of bacterial infections. The amount of available antibiotics has been quite constant for many years. The search for substances alternative to older classes of drugs, among which resistance is growing, has been ongoing for years. One of the newly introduced available alternatives is lefamulin. The aim of this paper is to present the potential benefits of its use in comunity-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP). Material and methods. A review of the available literature was performed by searching the PubMed and GoogleScholar databases using the following key words: lefamulin; BC3781; pleuromutilin; CABP; community acquired pneumonia. Analysis of literature. Lefamulin is a bacteriostatic antibiotic from the group of pleuromutilins, which has a unique mechanism of action consisting in binding to the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit in the peptidyl transferase center. Thanks to this, it rarely causes resistance among other groups of antibiotics and is characterized by a safe action profile. Its spectrum of action includes bacteria causing CABP. In phase III studies, the efficacy of lefamulin monotherapy was comparable to that of moxifloxacin with or without linezolid in CABP. Thanks to broad spectrum of action its usefulness may also extend to treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, and multidrug-resistant organisms associated with sexually transmitted infections, e.g., Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium, although more additional clinical and pharmacodynamic data is needed. Conclusion. Lefamulin is a promising addition to the antibiotic armamentarium for treating CABP. Its unique mechanism of action, activity against typical and atypical bacteria, flexible dosing options, and favorable safety profile make it a beneficial choice for clinicians.

Introduction and aim. In recent years growing awareness of the society regarding healthy lifestyle leads to increased interest in regular physical activity and usage of dietary supplements. Creatine supplementation is often used among athletes to improve muscle mass, performance and recovery. The aim of this paper is to present the effects of creatine supplementation as well as its function in the body, forms and ways of intake, and potential benefits of its use. Material and methods. A review of the available literature was performed by searching the PubMed and GoogleScholar databases using the following keywords: creatine, creatine supplementation, sports nutrition, brain function Analysis of literature. Creatine is one of the most popular supplements recommended for athletes. It catalyzes transfer of phosphate groups into high energy compounds contributing in energy transportation and cellular energy buffering for cells and tissues with high energy demands. Its supplementation improves exercise performance, increases muscle mass and enhances recovery after training. In addition, there are indications that creatine shows promise in reducing symptoms associated with concussion, mild traumatic brain injury, and depression. Conclusion. Creatine supplementation is used in sport mainly to improve exercise performance and muscle gain, however, it also plays an important role in brain function. In future it may be used in reducing symptoms associated with concussion, mild traumatic brain injury and depression.

Introduction and aim. Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of mortality in the world. One of the alterable risk factors of ischaemic heart disease is dyslipidemia. Discovery and usage of a new group of drugs - PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) inhibitors lead to a decrease of LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) levels in patients who are resistant to standard hypolipidemic therapy. The aim of this paper is to introduce PCSK9 inhibitors and describe their usage in medicine. Material and methods. A review of the available literature was performed by searching the PubMed and GoogleScholar databases using the following key words: PCSK9 inhibitors; alirocumab; evolocumab; inclisiran. Analysis of the literature. According to the European Society of Cardiology guidelines for dyslipidemias from year 2019, the main aim of dyslipidemia treatment is LDL-C reduction to target values depending on patient risk levels. It may be achieved in 2 ways, namely, by lifestyle modification or by pharmacological treatment with statins, fibrates and cholesterol absorption inhibitors. However, a therapy with PCSK9 inhibitors may be considered the most effective in certain groups of patients. Evolocumab and alirocumab are 2 representatives of those new drugs, which are allowed for use in 3 scenarios – in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia, in those with high risk of cardiovascular incident, and in those with statin intolerance. The major advantage of the aforementioned drugs is their safety. Since 2021 inclisiran (the first drug in siRNA class) is available for use as a new type of PCSK9 blocker. Conclusion. PCSK9 inhibitors can be life-saving for patients with a high risk of cardiovascular incidents associated with an elevated level of LDL-C. They reduce LDL-C more efficiently and have fewer side effects in comparison with the other hypolipidemic drugs. Therefore, PCSK9 inhibitors play a very important role in the lipid-lowering treatment.

Heart tumors are a rare oncological problem. Nevertheless, they are an important element of cardio-oncology that should not be forgotten. The development of imaging techniques has made it possible to increase the probability of making a diagnosis in a non-invasive way. Despite the development of techniques such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging or positron emission tomography, histopathological examination still remains the gold standard for making the final diagnosis and determining the appropriate therapeutic procedure. This paper is a summary of the available knowledge on the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options of cardiac tumors. Data were obtained from PubMed and Google Scholar.

AIM OF THE PAPER: Evaluation of influence of physical activity on selected perinatal parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 300 women in physiological pregnancy. The group was divided to physical active and non-physical active women by KAPAS survey which they fill out retrospectively. Both groups were identical in counts. Selected perinatal parameters were monitored such as: increase of body mass, in which week the pregnancy ended, necessity of using induction labor or supply with synthetic oxytocin and crotch injuries. The respondents of both groups fill up the KAPAS questionnaire second time up to 7 days after labor to assess physical activity during pregnancy. RESULTS: Both groups were homogenic in terms of somatic features. Increase of body mass was statistically significant lover in group of physically active women compare to non-active women. Birth mass of infant was significantly higher in the group of physically non-active women. It was proved that there is significant differences in physical activity during pregnancy between both groups. There were dependency between age and delivery term in physically active women. There were strong relationship between week when the pregnancy ended and necessity of using induction labor in both groups. There were no relationship between supplying with synthetic oxytocin during labor, crotch injuries and physical activity. CONCLUSION: Physical activity during pregnancy decreased the percentage of labor with inductive delivery and prevents weight gain during pregnancy. Women that were active before pregnancy sustained there physical activity during pregnancy. Women that weren’t active before pregnancy also weren’t active during pregnancy. Physical activity have no relationship with crotch injury or necessity of using synthetic oxytocin during labor.

Introduction and purpose: While irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional dyspepsia (FD) are common problems in everyday clinical practice, their treatment often remains inefficient. The aim of our work is to present the newest discoveries and research conducted in the topic, while putting special accents on methods available in Poland. We decided to refer to British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines of treatment of IBS and FD as commonly accepted treatment standards in Europe. Description of the state of knowledge: Number of patients suffering from IBS and FD remains high. According to current research, there are some new therapeutical options in IBS: fecal microbiota transplant, spinal catepsin S, olorinab and tenapanor. Methods already being in use in other applications such as vitamin D supplementation, losartan and fecal microbiota transplant are also being investigated. Fecal microbiota transplant seems the most promising one. There are no new treatment options in FD, however there are new research on already used rifaximin and prokinetics, which show their efficacy. Intensive research is being conducted on the use of herbal medicines in treatment of FD. Even though some papers prove the effectiveness of acupuncture we have decided to omit this topic due to its controversial nature. Conclusions: Treatment of IBS and FD remains difficult, there are few advances in that area. Unconventional methods such as herbal medicine and fecal microbiota transplant seem to be gaining in importance.

Introduction: Pericarditis is diagnosed among 5% patients hospitalized due to chest pain. It is included in pericardial syndromes together with constrictive pericarditis, pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade. There are many documented etiological factors leading to pericarditis, most commonly divided into infectious and non-infectious ones. The disease typically presents with chest pain, ECG changes, pericardial rub and pericardial effusion. The diagnosis is made with the results of parameters found in patients’ blood and imaging tests. Treatment is usually based on pharmacological therapy, although in some cases the pericardial surgery is necessary. One of the characteristic changes in imaging diagnostics in patients with pericarditis is thickening of pericardial layers, the so-called armored heart. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to find clear diagnostic criteria for armored heart as a unique type of constrictive pericarditis. Materials and methods: Articles available in the databases of medical publications: PubMed, Google Scholar, SCOPUS were analysed using the search phrase: armored heart* AND (pericarditis OR acute pericarditis). Results: The search phrase was included in 18 records. After the initial verification, repetitive, unavailable and foreign papers were rejected. Finally, 3 manuscripts were included in further analyses. No clear criteria were found to classify constrictive pericarditis as an armored heart. Conclusions: Armored heart is a 'subtype' of constrictive pericarditis. It seems that this term is used subjectively, based on imaging studies.

Riga-Fede disease (RFD) is a rare, benign condition found in infants, characterized by ulcers in the oral mucosa, around the tongue and gums. It is caused by repeated injuries, caused by movements of the tongue over the lower incisors. It usually coexists with neonatal teeth. Although it starts as a small ulcer, it can progress to a large fibrous lesion. Symptoms include pain, swelling and difficulty swallowing and sucking. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent late complications, including insufficient food intake, growth retardation and deformity of the tongue, gums, lips and floor of the mouth. The diagnosis is usually made on the basis of medical history and clinical features. The following paper presents the case of a 9-month-old boy with a lump occurring in the fundus of the mouth, at the base of the tongue.

Introduction and objective CNS malignancies account for about 1.6% of all diseases today. In people diagnosed with a brain tumor with a poor prognosis, we often see disorders from the psychiatric spectrum, most often depressive disorders. In this paper, we want to focus on whether depression occurs as a sequel to cancer or perhaps is the first of the symptoms of a CNS tumor. Review methods For the analysis, the PubMed medical database was searched, and articles containing studies and case reports of people with CNS tumor and depressive disorders that occurred either before diagnosis or at any time during the course of the disease were selected Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge CNS tumors produce symptoms such as epilepsy, visual disturbances, paresis, but also behavioral disorders. This is determined by the location of the tumor. Depression is a mental disorder manifested mainly by lowered mood. This disorder can coexist with tumors occurring in the frontal lobe or be present regardless of the location of the tumor, in people diagnosed with a tumor with a poor prognosis. Summary Analyzing the selected articles, we see that in people who were diagnosed with a tumor located in the frontal lobe, often the first symptom was depressive disorders, which even preceded neurological symptoms. When depression is diagnosed, appearing suddenly and refractory to treatment, one should consider whether there is an underlying pathological lesion in the CNS. Unfortunately, there are no specific guidelines for imaging studies in depressive disorders. People who suffer from malignant tumors with a poor prognosis should be cared for by a psychologist, because as the disease progresses, the symptoms worsen, affecting the prognosis.

Introduction and purpose: Hirschsprung's disease, also known as congenital aganglionic megacolon, is a rare congenital disorder that affects the large intestine. Due to the absence of ganglion cells, the affected segment of the colon becomes narrow and unable to relax. The disease is present from birth but may not always be immediately apparent. In this paper, we will attempt to present the current state of knowledge regarding the diagnosis and treatment of Hirschsprung's disease, based on the analysis of literature available on the PubMed platform. Description of the state of knowledge: Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR), also known as congenital aganglionosis of the colon, involves abnormal migration, proliferation, and differentiation of neural crest cells, leading to the absence of autonomic nerve ganglia within the colon. HSCR is associated with mutations in several genes, with RET, GDNF, EDNRB and SOX10 being identified as the main causes of the disease. Mutations in the RET gene are associated with the hereditary form of Hirschsprung's disease. Symptoms of HSCR appear in newborns and may include bilious vomiting, diarrhea associated with enterocolitis, failure to pass meconium within the first 24 hours of life, impaired peristalsis, jaundice, feeding difficulties, and progressive abdominal distension. Summary: Diagnosis is typically made based on clinical presentation, imaging studies, and biopsy. Treatment usually involves surgery to remove the affected segment of the colon and reconnect the healthy portions. Although postoperative complications are relatively common, long-term studies suggest that the majority of children with Hirschsprung's disease function well in society.

Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease, the exact etiology of which is unknown. This paper presents a case of a patient with a long course of pulmonary sarcoidosis with exacerbation of the disease in the form of skin lesions. A 50-year-old female patient was admitted to the Department of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, because of cervical lymphadenopathy. Based on the histopathological examination, she was diagnosed with sarcoidosis. The patient reported constant fatigue, throat tightness and difficulty swallowing, as well as decreased exercise tolerance. Computed tomography studies revealed small nodular changes in both lungs and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. The patient was actively monitored. The results of spirometry tests improved spontaneously and remained at a satisfactory level for years. After 15 years of follow-up, the patient reported skin lesions that are constantly progressing. Examination of the cut from the skin lesion confirmed skin sarcoidosis. This case report highlights the varied course of sarcoidosis, which, as a multi-system disease, may show various manifestations. In clinical practice, therefore, one should consider the possibility of disease progression and transmission to multiple organs. It is important that the patient is under constant observation and that new lesions undergo differential diagnosis and histopathological examination.

Introduction: Uterine fibroids (UFs) are the most common benign gynecological tumors. Pharmacological and/or surgical treatments are frequently required, depending on the woman's desire to preserve fertility. Due to side effects caused by pharmacological and surgical treatments, there is a growing interest in a safe approach for UFs. In recent years, hypovitaminosis D is believed to be a major risk factor in the development of a tumor. Studies proved vitamin D efficacy in inhibiting UFs growth by targeting pathways involved in the regulation of various biological processes, resulting in inhibition of tumor cell division and a significant reduction in its size. Vitamin D seems to be promising, effective, and low-cost method in the management of UFs and their clinical symptoms. Aim of the study: This article reviews the state of knowledge based on available studies. The aim of the study is to present the most important informations about effectiveness and potential usage of vitamin D in prevention and treatment of uterine fibroids. Material and methods: The authors created a paper summarizing review of currently available publications based on databases such as PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar.

Introduction and aim. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that around 11 million people experience burn injuries each year.1,2 Burn injuries occur when tissue damage is caused by various factors such as UV radiation, heat, chemicals, or electric current.3,4 While burns primarily affect the skin, they can also extend to deeper tissues like bones or muscles. When the skin is burned, its vital functions, including protection against the external environment, pathogens, and evaporation, are compromised.1 The appropriate treatment method must be chosen based on the burn stage, the patient's condition, and the cause. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review based on literature, concerning superficial burns and sunburns treatment, with a focus on nature-derived topical treatment methods. Material and methods. PubMed database was searched for the following terms: “burns”, “burn treatment”, “aloe vera”, “sunburn”, “centella asiatica”, “climate change”, “wound healing” for the articles published between 2005-2023 and written in the English language. Conclusion. Herbal-derived compounds, with their diverse mechanisms of action, antibacterial activity, and safety profiles present a competitive alternative to conventional treatment of burns and sunburns, however, there are still not enough clinical trials to assess the effectiveness and safety profiles of nature-derived compounds.

Background and Purpose: Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease from the group of metabolic disorders, where the immune system attacks and destroys the insulin producing cells of the pancreas, leading to hyperglycemia and the need for lifelong exogenous insulin supplementation. This results in increased morbidity, life threatening complications, shortened lifespan and quality of life. So there is an urgent need to develop prevention and treatment for people at risk of developing type 1 diabetes. Current state of knowledge: Recently, there has been significant progress in the field of immunotherapy with therapeutic strategies that focus on stopping the disease in the presymptomatic stage by preserving residual beta-cell function. Randomized, double-blind clinical trials of teplizumab were conducted in relatives of patients with established type 1 diabetes who had not yet been diagnosed with the disease, but were at high risk of developing clinical disease, based on these studies The FDA has approved teplizumab, under trade name Tzield, as a treatment to delay the onset of type 1 diabetes. Conclusion: The reviewed research papers present strong evidence that teplizumab halts the severe decline in beta cells and possibly improves their function after treatment in a high-risk population. In addition, the effect persists.

Introduction: Vitiligo is a systemic, chronic, hypopigmented dermatosis of unclear background. The disease is characterized by the selective loss or dysfunction of melanocytes. As a result we can observe various, well and non-squamous depigmentation areas of different size and shape. The pathogenesis of vitiligo is not fully understood, however, the current view is that the etiopathology of this disease is complex Purpose of the study: Current treatment models are often nonspecific, so it is important to understand the pathomechanism that can help with vitiligo lesions. It will also sensitize researchers to the search for new therapeutic options Material and methods: Collected scientific articles and guidelines available online of high substantive value. Expressions that were searched in databases: vitiligo, etiology, leptin, pathogenesis, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress Results and conclusions: The scientific papers and researches cited in the article show that the major role is played by cellular stress and reactive oxygen forms, secondary inflammation or environmental factors. Cellular stress activates autoimmune and autoinflammatory mechanisms that destroy pigment cells. Therefore, there are probably even more mechanisms contributing to the development of vitiligo. Illness can affect the patient 's quality of life. In recent years, there has been significant progress in understanding the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Effective treatment of vitiligo remains a difficult challenge for both scientists and dermatologists.

Introduction and purpose Alcohol addiction is a major problem that affects both the affected individual and their immediate surroundings. The State Agency for Solving Alcohol Problems (PARPA) estimates that approximately 900,000 people in Poland are addicted to alcohol, and harmful drinking affects an even larger number of residents. Attachment style is a pattern of establishing relationships which derives from childhood. The aim of study is to assess the propensity alcohol abuse depending on attachment style and socio-demographic factors. Materials and methods Research material has been carried out by diagnostic survey method. The analysis has been conducted on the basis of data collected with a questionnaire designed by the author consisting of demographics and major part- updated Attachment Style IDR Labs Test (IDRLRAS) and Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST). The study involved 327 participants, 6 questionnaires have been rejected due to incorrectly filled form. All of the participants gave their informed consent for the research. The inclusion criterion was the age of above 18. The research has been conducted between 07.06.23 and 28.06.23. Results and conclusions In the group of studied individuals, there are relationships between attachment style, socio-demographic factors, and predisposition to alcohol addiction. It is important to conduct a larger number of studies on a more diverse research group in order to obtain the data needed to confirm the results discussed in the later part of the paper.

Introduction and purpose: Many people worldwide suffer from chronic pain. It is a very inconvenient condition on its own, not only an accompanying symptom of other diseases. Conventional drug treatment may be insufficient in some cases or may even cause serious side effects in the long term. In response to this, we aim to demonstrate the diversity of alternative pain management techniques in this review and identify conditions where such techniques may be beneficial to patients. State of knowledge: This paper evaluates some of the most common alternative pain management methods (acupuncture, massage, chiropractic, mind body therapies, herbal medicine, music therapy) and their application in specific cases of chronic pain. We also describe the possible mechanisms of action involved in the effectiveness of these techniques, based on contemporary studies. Summary: In conclusion, there are conditions where alternative medicine may be beneficial for patients suffering from chronic pain. The studies taken into account showed the best effects for chronic musculoskeletal pain treated with methods such as acupuncture and massage. Mind-body therapies may reduce stress levels and symptoms of depression associated with chronic pain, consequently improving the quality of patients' lives. However, alternative methods should not yet be considered as replacements for conventional drug therapy. More studies are needed to evaluate whether alternative therapies will play a significant role in chronic pain management in the future.

Introduction and purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the health, life and quality of life of many people around the world. It caused huge changes in the daily functioning of entire societies. Pregnant women are a unique group of people who are particularly at risk. They are accompanied by fear for their health, but also fear of the impact of the disease on their offspring. The pandemic has also caused new challenges for mothers-to-be that have not occurred so far. In this paper, we would like to present the current state of knowledge on the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the risk of developing pre-eclampsia. State of knowledge: We analyzed studies showing the impact of COVID-19 infection on the health of pregnant women, especially on the risk of developing pre-eclampsia. Data from many studies are contradictory. Some studies do not indicate a significant impact of coronavirus infection on the development of pre-eclampsia. Some of them confirm a higher incidence of pre-eclampsia in pregnant women with confirmed COVID-19 infection. Conclusions: Despite the experience gained, there are still many unknowns. Thanks to research, we have more and more knowledge about the course of COVID-19 in pregnant women and its impact on their lives. Many observations are still needed to formulate clear conclusions about the impact of COVID-19 on the risk of developing pre-eclampsia. It is also necessary to continue to educate women, encourage compliance with the recommendations of doctors and the World Health Organization to prevent the spread of coronavirus.

In this review paper, we delve into the potential applicability of psilocybin - a naturally synthesized psychedelic substance found within select species of fungi, as a prospective avenue for depression treatment. Depression, a widespread psychological malady affecting countless individuals across the globe, often proves stubborn against existing treatment modalities, necessitating exploration into new options. The spotlight has increasingly been cast on psilocybin, thanks to its promising therapeutic capacities for a spectrum of mental health disorders, notably including depression. This article dissects the operational mechanisms of psilocybin, referencing germane clinical trials, and weighing the prospective risks and rewards related to its usage. Pooled findings from an array of clinical studies hint at the possibility of psilocybin furnishing swift and lasting advantages for managing depression and similar disorders. Trial participants who underwent a combined regimen of psilocybin and psychotherapy recorded enduring alleviation in their anxiety and depressive symptoms. Psilocybin has been observed to trigger modifications in neural activity, predominantly in the brain's default mode network (DMN) and the prefrontal cortex (PFC). These alterations have been correlated with a decrease in self-oriented cognitive processes, an uptick in positive emotional states, and the facilitation of neuroplasticity. When compared with standard antidepressant medications, the symptomatic improvements seen with psilocybin were largely equivalent. Preclinical investigations have also underlined psilocybin's potential in augmenting neural plasticity and neurogenesis, thus hinting at its possible utility in the fields of neurosurgery and neurooncology.

The article deals with aspects of quality management by those in the public trust profession of mountain guide. In particular, the article will raise aspects of quality in terms of public health and safety. These two aspects are very important in the work of a mountain guide, who is the person in charge of the group he or she is guiding in mountain areas. These areas can often cause some difficulties for tourists, hence the important role of the mountain guide person to ensure safety during mountain expeditions. Within the framework of the article, the organizational basis for conducting business as a mountain guide will be discussed, and the issue of quality will also be pointed out with regard to the professional self-government of mountain guides, for the establishment of which there have been calls for years. The paper uses a dogmatic and exegetical research method, which required an analysis of the detailed legal regulations of the area, as well as an empirical study of the professional self-government. The article presents the personal views of the authors and cannot be interpreted as the position of any body, entity or institution. The article presents the legal status as of 01/01/2023.

Background: Endovascular surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysms using a stent graft is the modern method of supplying these life-threatening lesions in large arterial vessels. In recent years, there have been significant improvements in the technique of performing these procedures, despite which complications are still common. In order to make progress in dealing with this problem, it is important to understand in which areas of the treatment strategy appropriate changes have not yet been implemented. Various clinical cases that describe post-operative complications of stent-graft surgery, types of post-operative complications and methods of dealing with the complication that has occurred should be analysed. And also other research papers relating to this topic. The first step is to deepen the knowledge of existing post-operative complications and the types of complications that can occur after stent-graft implantation into the abdominal aorta, as well as contemporary methods of treating complications that have already arisen. Aim of the study: The aim of this study is to present the incidence of complications after endovascular surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysms using a stent graft, the repair methods used when a complication occurs, the types of complications and their different kinds based on a review of the literature. Material and methods: A literature review was conducted in English-language databases, based on original articles and case reports, on post-operative complications of abdominal aortic stent-graft surgery, together with treatment methods and different types of complications arising from this procedure published between 2022 and 2023. Using the keywords: "abdominal aortic stent-graft" and "complications".

Introduction and aim. The ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat, moderate-protein, and low-carbohydrate dietary regimen that induces a state of ketosis, shifting the body’s fuel source from glucose to ketone bodies produced from fatty acids. The aim of this paper is to analyze the influence of the KD on athletes’ performance, body composition and other aspects of body function. Materials and methods. A comprehensive literature search has been conducted through PubMed database using keywords such as “ketogenic diet sport” and “ketogenic diet athletes”, “ketogenic diet body”. Analysis of literature. Some studies suggest that a KD can be a viable method for reducing body fat without negatively affecting strength, power, or muscle mass in athletes. It has been found that KD can increase fat oxidation. However, KD may not be optimal for improving performance in high-intensity endurance events or activities that require quick bursts of energy fueled by carbohydrates. Additionally, KD may not have a significant effect on factors such as VO2max, HRmax, time to exhaustion, and perceived exertion in some athletes. Conclusion. More research is required to understand the effects of the ketogenic diet on athletes’ performance. It may aid in weight loss and fat oxidation, but questions remain regarding adaptation time, sport-specific benefits, and impact on various body parameters.

Introduction and Purpose. Fundamental milestone in fight against tuberculosis is the invention of the effective vaccine, but before Anthony van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe the bacteria, which opened the door to the first vaccinations in the 19th century. Medicine had battled against infectious diseases in different ways. Some methods can be perceived as a kind of primitive vaccines, which couldn’t, however, considerably affect a decrease in the epidemic range, due to their uncommon use and limited effectiveness. The aim of this paper is to analyze the history of tuberculosis and the role of Poland in the fight against it. Materials and methods. PubMed database was used for review of the literature. The following phrases were searched in English: “tuberculosis”, “vaccination”, “BCG vaccine”, “sanatorium”. Description of the state of knowledge. Poland played an important role in the fight against tuberculosis. It was in the laboratory of Polish pharmacist, where Koch discovered its etiological factor. In the territory of Poland there are prototypes of modern sanatoria for tuberculosis patients. Article also presents old and modern methods of tuberculosis treatment, as the use of specific climatic conditions, which resulted in developing health-resort treatment. A breakthrough in the methods used was the discovery of streptomycin in the middle of the 20th century, which led to the development of pharmacological treatment, nowadays involving the administration of proper combinations of drugs. Summary. The increasingly strong anti-vaccine movement is slowly destroying what people have been fighting for the centuries. It is worth recalling how we reached milestones in this fight and why immunization is so important for all societies.

Introduction and purpose: Acne vulgaris is a disease that mainly affects young people and is associated with overactive sebaceous glands. The disease mainly affects the face but can also occur on the back. Depending on the clinical picture, we can distinguish different types of acne and make our treatment dependent on it. The aim of the study will be to compare the effects of topical retinoids on acne vulgaris. State of knowledge: Topical retinoids have a direct anti-inflammatory effect and prevent the formation of blackheads and microcomedones. Five retinoids are currently available for topical treatment of acne vulgaris. We distinguish three generations. The mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it is known that they react with the RAR and RXR receptors. In the review paper, we will compare the effects of adapalene with tretinoin. Conclusion: According to the indicated study results, there is no significant difference in the effect of treatment with adapalene or tretinoin. Adapalene showed less irritation during treatment than tretinoin. The most important thing during acne treatment is choosing the right concentration and formulation by the dermatologist so that the patient does not stop treatment.

Introduction and purpose of the work: The purpose of this article is to determine the potential for the application of exosomes in modern medicine, inferring from research directions in world literature. Among other things, this paper considers some of the most recent work in the fields of aesthetic medicine, dermatology and transplantation. Methodology and materials: The search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholarship, Scopus and Web of Science databases. The search strategy was based on the following terms: exosomes, regenerative medicine, dermatology. The variety of available scientific works on exosomes raises the question in which of the fields of medicine they will be used the fastest and/or most commonly. Given that a significant part of research focuses on their use in skin treatments, it can be expected that it will be dermatology and/or aesthetic medicine, given its exceptional openness to the implementation of new techniques and the constant search for new solutions that allow physiologically or optically to oppose aging. In addition, the use of exosomes is characterized by a relatively low risk of life-threatening complications or permanent damage to health. However, the potential applications of exosomes in other fields of medicine should not be underestimated. Therefore, it can be expected that procedures and therapies using exosomes will also be developed and implemented independently in transplantology, cardiology, or other fields that can use exosomes as drug carriers or markers for early detection of complications or diseases.

Introduction and purpose: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) also known as acne inversa is a chronic, inflammatory dermatosis with predilection to apocrine gland-rich regions. It is a multifactorial disease in which genetic and environmental factors play a key role. In this paper, we provide an overview of the current knowledge in most commonly used and emerging treatment options of HS. A brief description of the state of knowledge: The primary defect in HS pathophysiology involves follicular hyperkeratosis with occlusion of the pilosebaceous apparatus, followed by follicular rupture and immune responses. It typically develops after puberty with deep-seated painful nodules, abscesses, sinus tracts and scars. Due to the permanently painful, odorous lesions, hidradenitis suppurativa is one of the most distressing dermatological diseases with a substantial impact on patients’ quality of life. Inflammation in patients with HS is not limited to the skin but is systemic. Patients with HS frequently have significant comorbidities like metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, spondyloarthropathy, inflammatory bowel disease and depression. Treatment is challenging and consists of pharmacological and surgical techniques, which must often be combined for best results. Materials and methods: A search was conducted using PubMed and GoogleScholar data bases. Articles were searched in English using the following key words: “hidradenitis suppurativa”, “acne invera”, “treatement”, “management”, “biological treatement”. Summary: Therapeutic options have rapidly evolved in the last decade and include the use of topical therapies, systemic antibiotics and a wide range of immunosuppressive medications such as anti-TNF-α biologics, but the number of therapies approved for HS is limited.

Rationing of nursing care is a widespread and growing phenomenon whose causes are multifaceted and whose consequences are serious. Nursing rationing is defined as withholding or failing to perform necessary nursing tasks due to insufficient time, staffing, and/or inadequate skills. Nursing rationing is also defined as omission, delay, failure to complete, which qualifies as an error of omission. Unfinished nursing care has many negative consequences for patients, nurses and organizations. The presented series of three papers aims to show many important aspects related to rationing of care. This third part of the series of rationing of nursing care phenomenon will address the important issues from the point of view of care rationing, such as nurses' job satisfaction, nursing staff life satisfaction, nursing staff burnout, and nursing staff life orientation.

Endometriosis is a complex disease syndrome characterized by chronic inflammation affecting mainly the pelvic organs. The etiopathogenesis is not fully understood. In the course of trying to understand the mechanisms that lead to the development of endometriosis, many hypotheses have been put forward, such as the theory of retrograde blood flow or the theory of metaplasia and induction. Endometriosis is the cause of many ailments and deterioration of the quality of life. In addition, it is an important factor in problems with getting pregnant and infertility. This paper is the summary of the survey results. The aim of the study to collect information of the awareness of the disease, methods of treatment and coping with ailments. The study was conducted via an online survey in the period from January to March 2020. The generated link [1], redirecting directly to the survey was placed on internet groups that gather women struggling with endometriosis. The results of the survey are presented below.

The article deals with the management of the 2023 European Games by the public administration in organizational terms. In the main, the formal and legal regulations constituting the framework for the management of a major sports event were analyzed. The paper uses the dogmatic-egalitarian research method, which required an analysis of the detailed legal regulations of this area. The research aspects contained within the article form a functional whole developed by the four co-authors. They can be summarized as a kind of commentary on selected aspects most relevant to the management of the 2023 European Games. It is important that in their creation, research methods familiar to management and quality sciences and legal sciences were used. In the main, the predominant method was dogmatic and exegetical, which required an in-depth analysis of organizational aspects in the context of the use of literature and views of doctrine, as well as analysis of the legal text.

Protective vaccinations are crucial for preventing infectious diseases and their complications, offering a high safety profile and minimal adverse effects. However, vaccine hesitancy has emerged as a public health concern, leading to outbreaks of communicable diseases. This study aims to investigate the attitudes towards vaccinations among doctors and nurses, as well as their knowledge level and vaccination frequency. The research employed a cross-sectional design and collected data using an anonymous questionnaire. The study was conducted in southern Poland, involving Primary Healthcare Centers and hospitals. A total of 878 paper surveys were collected among 542 doctors and 336 nurses.

Introduction. The phenomenon of multiculturalism confronts nurses with new challenges. Therefore, scientific research on multicultural issues in nursing practice is of great importance. Their results can improve both education and clinical practice. Aim. The aim of this paper was to analyse the results of empirical studies available in the Polish academic nursing literature on multiculturalism in nursing practice Material and methods. The research involved a systematic review of the academic nursing literature from 2011-2016. The databases of ranked nursing journals and the Google Scholar database were searched by combination of the following keywords: multiculturalism; culturally different patient; nursing care; multicultural nursing; patient from another culture; cultural sensitivity in nursing care. Results. Searching process resulted with 14 papers that met the inclusion criteria. The dominant research method used was the survey method with the utilisation of authors’ questionnaire and standardized research tools. The study was conducted in different groups, e.g. foreign students, nursing students, health workers, representatives of local communities, followers of some religions and patients. Among the main issues in analyzed research were: the cultural competences of nursing staff, the impact of religious creed on the selected aspects of medical care, the standards of nursing education with regard to patients coming from different cultural backgrounds, the attitudes of Polish society to people from different cultural backgrounds, and the health-related behaviour of people representing different cultural areas. Conclusions. Polish nurses undertake scientific research on various aspects of multiculturalism in medical care. However, there is a need to introduce multidisciplinary and multi-centre scientific research tackling multiculturalism issues in medical care in a broader way.

Introduction: CrossFit is a challenging sport. It enforces full engagement of the athlete in every move during every training session. CrossFit teaches perseverance, discipline and respect. Sports psychology allows for in-depth analysis of trainings or competitions. The athlete can better prepare himself for what he may face, both on the mistakes made and on success. Regular mental training supports the athlete's ability to be successful in sports. The aim of the study: The purpose of this paper was to demonstrate the relationship between mental training - here mainly focused on concentration, self-confidence and imagery, CrossFit and sports performance. Material and the method: This paper is a case study. The subject of the study was a male - 30 years old, training crossfit, with the 3-year training experience. Meeting period with the subject male was conducted for 2 months. Before and after the meeting period there were used below mentioned methods: Sports Confidence Inventory (TSCI-PL); The Sport Anxiety Scale (SAS); The Imagination in Sport Questionnaire; The Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ) and the profile of skills. Results: There was a noticeable increase of the results in the questionnaires: Sports Confidence Inventory (TSCI-PL); The Imagination in Sport Questionnaire; The Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ) questionnaire for the self-confidence (TSCI-PL). The Sport Anxiety Scale (SAS) there was an increase of the results regarding the somatic anxiety and worrying also there was a decrease in the scale of distraction. Conclusion: The meeting period turned out to be effective, however the mental training requires regularity and longevity in order to maintain consistency and repeatability of behavior.

The work of a nurse plays a significant role in the treatment, rehabilitation and promotion of patient health. It is particularly important in the patient's home environment. The variety of benefits provided requires specific skills, abilities as well as the need for constant updating of knowledge. What is more, an environmental nurse working alone in the patient's home for his or her patients is often an authority. The quality of nursing is considered from the very beginning of its professional development. It is one of the elements of health care but no less important than others. It refers to the direct relationship between the patient and the nurse. It is dependent on many factors, primarily from the working environment. Purpose of research The aim of the study was to find nurses' opinions about the impact of the working environment on the quality of services provided within the primary care Material and methods For the purposes of this paper, a questionnaire consisting of 20 questions was used. The study was conducted among 128 family nurses of the Podkarpackie Voivodeship from January to April 2017. All persons were informed about the purpose of the study. They were voluntary and anonymous. For the purpose of this paper, hypotheses were used for questions on nominal scales: V Kramer (2x3, 4x5, etc.), Phi (2x2). Tb - Kendall or Tc tests were used for the order scales. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS program and all compounds were statistically significant when p

Introduction: The endoplasmic-reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) pathway plays an important role in maintaining intracellular homeostasis and primarily affects proteins that have not achieved correct post-translational conformation. ERAD can be also exploited by viruses, usually in order to avoid detection by the host's immune system. Depending on the type of virus, the character and manner of protein degradation may be different. Aim of the study: The aim of this paper is to present the ERAD mechanism and its importance for the infection cycle of select viral particles. Gaining knowledge about this process can help to identify potentially effective new antiviral therapies. Short description of state of knowledge: The ERAD mechanism and its utilization by: Poliomaviruses (BK and SV-40), Herpesviruses (Cytomegalovirus), Retroviruses (HIV-I) and Hepadnaviruses (HBV) are discussed in the paper. Summation: The ERAD process in the viral infection cycle is extremely important. The possibility of using ERAD by differnet viruses should be further investigated. It could be also useful to exploit proteasome inhibitors as potential drugs in the fight against viral diseases.

Purpose: The paper is aimed at identification of a model which shows the effective cooperation in the game positioning (exactly in receiving-passing the ball) in a volleyball game. Design/methodology/approach: The original research method is used in this thesis which is called pragmatic unique case study. The research is aimed at observation USA team playing volleyball during The Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro 2016. Findings: There is a cooperation model in receiving and passing the ball among USA volleyball team players found, based on the observation. There are also other cooperation models used by teams. Research and practical limitations/implications: Based in the research I can tell that there are different models of cooperation in the game positioning in volleyball. The teams which are the most effective use different models of cooperation while playing. Originality/value: The paper is original and leads to think about the identification of the process of cooperation in team games. More research in this field is recommended.

Supportive activities may be one of the ways of the training process optimization. Support involves both components of the training process, i.e. training and rest. The training support is aimed at the training load increase or at such orientation of the adaptation processes to meet the training goals as closely as possible. The different aims lay behind the methods that support the rest mechanisms. It is about increasing the peace of the regeneration and recovery processes. This term describes all activities aimed at restoring the full exercise capacity of the athlete after work. The psychological support of the training process can be one of the ways to minimize training disturbances and it should therefore be an essential part of the training process management in case of the top ranked athletes. To improve the psychological support system of the training process and to improve the system quality, it is necessary to analyze the current situation. That’s why, authors of the paper decided to ask the members of the Polish Olympic team competed at the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro on types of relaxation techniques they accepted and used before the competition. The relaxation techniques were deliberately limited to the pre-start relaxation techniques as the study was treated as a pilot study dedicated to the problem identification. Therefore, the authors of the paper formulated its aim, as the identification of the pre-start relaxation preferences of the Olympic team members. The following research questions were formulated to meet the aim of the study: • What types of the pre-start relaxation techniques are declared and accepted by the Olympians? • Could the preferred pre-start relaxation techniques be considered rational, planned, and consciously implemented? A written interview with an online questionnaire was used as a research method. The study was conducted before the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, among the representatives of Poland qualified for the Games. The questionnaire consisted of demographics and 10 questions answered by the respondents in accordance with the scale: Strongly disagree, Disagree, Neither agree nor disagree, Agree, and Strongly agree. The survey was voluntary and completely anonymous. The study involved 54 participants of the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro. 25 of them were men, and 29 were women. The 43 athletes had the International Champion title, while the remaining 11 athletic had the Champion title. The average age of the respondents was 27 years and 5 months (min 19 years, max 38 years), and the training period amounted to 13 years and 5 months on average (minimum 5 years, maximum 24 years). The research results show the following: • Most of the investigated Olympians know and apply visualization training as a pre-start relaxation technique, • Over 70% of them accept and apply music during pre-start relaxation, • The Olympians are very appreciative of meeting friends before the start, • As many as 70% of respondents do not accept or use computer games, • The subjects use also physiotherapy as a relaxation technique, • Three people admitted they accept alcohol as a pre-start relaxation technique. Generally speaking, preferred behaviors seem to be accidental, unplanned, and uncontrolled. Therefore, it is recommended that both the pre-start relaxation and all psychological support activities are strictly planned in accordance with executed training objectives, accurately implemented throughout the training cycle, and controlled, as in case of training loads.

The aim of the work is to present legal prevention against illegal exportof cultural heritage. The author has used: the method of legal analysis, historical-legal method and literature study.This paper shows a problematic subject increasing the scale of cultural heritage export. It was showed prevent measures: export license, multiple individual and temporary permits. Attention was paid to the conditioning of the process through the cultural identity and social awareness. References were made to those that affected to this paper.

Furtak-Niczyporuk Marzena, Filipek Mariusz. Środowiskowe Centrum Zdrowia Psychicznego a zadania zdrowia publicznego = Community Mental Health Center in the context of public health care. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(11):430-443. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.174604 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/4018 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 02.11.2016. Revised 22.11.2016. Accepted: 27.11.2016. Środowiskowe Centrum Zdrowia Psychicznego a zadania zdrowia publicznego Community Mental Health Center in the context of public health care Marzena Furtak-Niczyporuk, Mariusz Filipek *Katedra i Zakład Zdrowia Publicznego Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie Adres do korespondencji: Katedra i Zakład Zdrowia Publicznego Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie Lublin 20-093, ul. Chodźki 1 Dr n. med. Marzena Furtak–Niczyporuk Mecenas Mariusz Filipek *Katedra i Zakład Zdrowia Publicznego Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie Streszczenie Wstęp. Wzrastająca liczba osób dotkniętych zaburzeniami psychicznymi, zarówno na świecie, jak i w kraju, karze zwrócić społeczną uwagę na upowszechnienie środowiskowej opieki psychiatrycznej. Powołanie Środowiskowego Centrum Zdrowia Psychicznego mogłoby dostarczyć wszystkich medycznych świadczeń psychiatrycznych w połączeniu z usługami pomocy społecznej na poziomie jednostki samorządu terytorialnego szczebla powiatu. Cel. Celem pracy była ocena i propozycja sposobu realizacji zadań zdrowia publicznego przez Środowiskowe Centra Zdrowia Psychicznego w Polsce. Zgodnie z założeniami Narodowego Programu Ochrony Zdrowia Psychicznego Centrum byłoby zlokalizowane na poziomie jednostki samorządu terytorialnego szczebla powiatu. Dlatego przeprowadzono badania jednostek samorządu terytorialnego, aby zobrazować obecnie podejmowane przez nich działania na rzecz promocji zdrowia psychicznego oraz wsparcia osób z zaburzeniami psychicznymi, a które to samorządy będą wspierały Środowiskowe Centra Zdrowia Psychicznego. Materiał i metoda. Badania pracowników powiatowych oraz gminnych jednostek samorządu terytorialnego z obszaru województwa lubelskiego w zakresie postępowania z osobami chorymi psychicznie oraz rozwoju środowiskowej opieki psychiatrycznej dokonano na podstawie kwestionariusza ankiety składającego się z 29 pytań. Druga część badań aktów prawnych pozwoliła na przygotowanie rekomendacji efektywnego realizowania zadań zdrowia publicznego w Środowiskowych Centrach Zdrowia Psychicznego. Wyniki. Pomoc oferowana osobom dotkniętym zaburzeniami psychicznymi przez jednostki samorządu terytorialnego w większości sprowadza się do wypłacania zasiłków – 71% badanych. Blisko połowa badanych nie posiada wiedzy o sposobach zapobiegania zaburzeniem psychicznych – 47% badanych. Aż 80% badanych nie zna programu zdrowia psychicznego dla jednostki w której pracuje, co oznacza brak takich programów, choć są dla samorządów obowiązkowe, bądź też ich istnienie wyłącznie na papierze. Realizacja zadań zdrowia publicznego wymaga ich uszczegółowienia w obszarze monitorowania stanu zdrowia społeczeństwa, edukacji na różnych poziomach oraz współpracy międzysektorowej. Wnioski. Potrzeba wprowadzenia sprawnych i skutecznych działań, które przyczynią się do upowszechnienia środowiskowej opieki psychiatrycznej. Niewątpliwie potrzeba określenia precyzyjnych zadań i źródeł ich finansowania do efektywnych działań pomocy osobom dotkniętym zaburzeniami psychicznymi w ich środowisku lokalnym. Tu właśnie dużą rolę pełnią jednostki samorządu terytorialnego poprzez działalność podległych sobie gminnych/miejskich/powiatowych ośrodków pomocy społecznej i innych jednostek organizacyjnych wykonujących zadania ochrony zdrowia psychicznego. Z pewnością realizacja zadań z zakresu zdrowia publicznego, za którą także odpowiadają jednostki samorządu terytorialnego wymaga ich uszczegółowienia. Zaproponowane rozwiązania realizacji zadań publicznych dają szansę na ograniczenie lub wyeliminowanie wieli chorób, w tym zaburzeń psychicznych. Szczególnie realizacja zadań zdrowie publicznego przez Środowiskowe Centra Zdrowia Psychicznego przyczyni się do szybszego zdrowienia osób dotkniętych zaburzeniami psychicznymi, a też wyeliminowania ich marginalizacji i wykluczenia społecznego. Słowa kluczowe: jednostki samorządu terytorialnego, środowiskowa opieka psychiatryczna Abstract Introduction. An increasing number of people affected by mental disorders, both worldwide and countrywide, draws public attention to providing community mental health care. The establishment of the Community Mental Health Center could provide all psychiatric services and social assistance within the area of local government units. Object. The object of the study was to evaluate and suggest the most effective way of performing public health duties by Community Mental Health Centers in Poland. According to the National Mental Health Prevention Program the CMHC would be located within the powiats. Therefore, local government units were the object of the study in order to present actions undertaken towards the promotion of mental health and to support people affected by mental disorders, which units will be bound to support the Community Mental Health Center. Materials and methods. The study of local government units employees, both gminas and powiats, within the area of Lublin Voivodeship, in terms of assistance provided to people affected by mental disorders and the development of community mental health care, was conducted by means of a questionnaire consisting of 29 questions. The second part of the study conducted in terms of the legislation allowed the preparation of recommendations for an effective performance of public health duties by the Community Mental Health Centers. Results. The majority of support provided to people affected by mental disorders offered by local government units comes in the form of the payment of benefits – 71% of respondents. Nearly half of the respondents have no knowledge of how to prevent mental disorder – 47% of respondents. As many as 80% of respondents do not have any knowledge about the mental health program dedicated to the unit they work in, which means the lack of such programs although local governments are in the need of it, or the existence thereof only on paper. Performance of public health duties requires its detailed description in terms of public health monitoring, the overall education and intersectoral cooperation. Conclusions. The need for both efficient and effective performance contributing to the promotion of community mental health care. Undoubtedly, the need to precisely determine the tasks and funding of the most effective actions for providing help to people affected by mental disorders in their local environment. Local government units are the main character of the aforementioned actions through the activity of subordinate communal/municipal/county social assistance centers and other units performing tasks onsidering mental health care. It is certain that the performance of tasks in terms of public health that local government units are responsible for, needs to be precisely determined. Solutions suggested herein provide an opportunity to reduce or even eliminate many diseases, including mental disorders. Especially the performance of public health care provided by the Community Mental Health Centers will contribute to the quicker recovery of people affected by mental health problems and also eliminate the marginalization and social exclusion of the aforementioned. Key words: local government unit, community mental health services

Rajs Arkadiusz, Aleksiewicz Mariusz, Goździewska-Nowicka Agnieszka, Parczyk Krystyna. Composite morphological structural element in the edge detecting. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(11):299-304. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.167138 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3996 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.11.2016. Revised 12.11.2016. Accepted: 16.11.2016. COMPOSITE MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURAL ELEMENT IN THE EDGE DETECTING dr inż. Arkadiusz Rajs Institute of Telecommunications and Computer Science, University of Science and Technology, Al. Prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-789 Bydgoszcz, arajs@utp.edu.pl dr inż. Mariusz Aleksiewicz Institute of Telecommunications and Computer Science, University of Science and Technology, Al. Prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-789 Bydgoszcz,, mariusz.aleksiewicz@utp.edu.pl dr Agnieszka Goździewska-Nowicka University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Management, ul. Fordońska 430, 85-790 Bydgoszcz, Agnieszka.Gozdziewska@utp.edu.pl dr Krystyna Parczyk WSB University in Toruń, ul. Młodzieżowa 31a, 87-100 Toruń, krystyna.parczyk@wsb.torun.pl Summary. Edge detection is an important step in image analysis. Using mathematical morphology and individual structural elements can detect certain types of edges. But much remains undetected. This paper proposes edge detection algorithm based on the structural element made up of many individual structure elements. The experimental results are showing. Key words: mathematical morphology, edge detection