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RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The article discusses the interplay between language, cognition and culture from a cognitive diachronic perspective, focusing on the relation between religion and metaphorical thought. It investigates the role of the conceptual metaphor UNDERSTANDING IS LIGHT in religious discourse, using the example of The Revelations of Divine Love, written by Julian of Norwich, a late medieval anchoress. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METODS: The paper draws on the Extended Conceptual Metaphor approach, Zoltán Kövecses’s elaboration of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). The universalist bias of CMT means that the theory tends to ignore the sociocultural context of historical data, prioritising the influence of universal human embodiment on metaphorical thought. Using Kövecses’s approach, the paper shows how the gap in CMT methodology may be bridged to yield more reliable results. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The present study connects Kövecses’s approach to Cognitive Linguistic research into sociocultural situatedness. To exemplify the problem, the analysis examines the cognitive‑cultural underpinnings of Julian’s use of the metaphor UNDERSTAND‑ ING IS LIGHT. RESEARCH RESULTS: The analysis shows that the metaphorical conceptualisation pattern may well derive from Julian’s sociocultural situatedness. The paper indicates that the anchoress’s metaphorical thought should be seen as embedded in the late medieval sociocultural context, rather than being considered solely in terms of universal aspects of embodiment. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND THE APPLICATIVE VALUE OF RESEARCH: The study concludes that the idea of sociocultural situatedness may be pivotal in the analyses of historical texts. It seems important to incorporate this idea into Kövecses’s approach, which may inform the methodology of cognitive diachronic research into metaphorical conceptualisations. Furthermore, the results may be applied to teaching students how to approach historical texts, helping them gain a better understanding of the relation between metaphorical thought and culture.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The research investigates how young boys progress in life after the loss of their fathers. It explores the adjustments they make, the coping mechanisms they develop to navigate life, and the male roles they assume in the family. Additionally, it examines how family can aid and support their coping and adjustment process. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: This study utilises a case study methodology focused on gaining an understanding of the lives of two adolescent boys who experienced the death of their fathers in the early formative years of their lives. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The paper focuses on five themes- family dynamics, life transitions with and without their fathers, post-loss reassignment of family roles, present circumstances, and future goals. RESEARCH RESULTS: A qualitative analysis of the data revealed that participants’ belief systems, family support, and striving toward future goals helped them to be resilient in this event. CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPLICABLE VALUE OF RESEARCH: While most research typically emphasises the negative impacts of death on people, this study demonstrates how individuals’ can be resilient, dependent on both person-related factors and environmental factors. To help adolescents who are grieving become resilient, the paper offers intervention and coping strategies through counselling, the availability of support networks, and combined efforts by the state and educational institutions.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: Governments across the world were forced to impose social distancing and lockdown measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19, caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that emerged in December 2019. Following the declaration of COVID-19 as a pandemic, the disruptions, including restrictive measures such as school closures had severe impacts on the physical, emotional and mental health of all people, especially children with special needs. There was also scant data, particularly in low-to-middle-income countries. Existing literature stems mostly from western countries, thus the need to perform a comprehensive review on this topic. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The primary objective of the systematic review is to understand the impact of COVID-19 and restrictive measures such as school closures on the educational outcomes and physical and mental health of school-going children with special needs. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: This systematic review used the PRISMA 2020 checklist where four databases and grey literature were searched for full text articles, peer reviewed publications in the English language that were published during January 2019–December 2021. RESEARCH RESULTS: The literature search identified 1294 publications, of which 25 key papers were selected. These studies investigate the impact on children with special needs across the globe, with a majority of papers from Europe. We found that COVID-19 and the digitalization of schooling had severe impacts on the physical and mental health of children with special needs and their parents/caregivers. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPLICABLE VALUE OF RESEARCH: These studies highlight the need for an inclusive school environment to ensure that the learning outcomes for children everywhere are achieved. Further, a hybrid model that includes classroom learning with novel inventive methods would be beneficial for children with special needs.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the paper was to discuss a function of passion in professional personal lives of eminent Cracow musicians. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The paper raises the problem of the role of passion in the process of shaping musical eminence, answers the question of the scope of experiencing it as well as it manifesting in activities of outstanding individuals. In conducted research and interpretations, the qualitative perspective and biographical method were applied. The leading technique was problem-concentrated qualitative interview, partially structured, carried out with ten eminent instrumentalists. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The theoretical basis for this reading of the experience of educational biographies was provided by the Model of Authentic Vocation of J. Weller and the Dualistic Model of Passion of A. Bonneville-Roussy, G. Lavigne and R. Vallerand. The interpretations of the research material described the topography of experiencing passion. RESEARCH RESULTS: The article describes autonomous passion associated with musical mastery, instrumental motivation to practice, as well as distinguishes important factors that determine the experience of passion, persistence or burnout (tenacity, ambition, community transfer, conflict of motives, work overload), and concretizes the qualities of musical passion of outstanding musicians: professionalization, love of music, integrity, creativity, strength and determination in pursuit of goals, as well as humility in the face of challenges. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Deciphering the senses and meanings that prominent Cracow musicians attributed to passion suggests that it was autonomous, harmonious and instrumental, motivated by the pursuit of mastery, and that the trajectories of the musicians’ professional biographies were a manifestation of a “professionalization of passion,” which formed the core of their educational experience and constituted and defined their life creed.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The paper is an attempt to articulate the defining features of Ignatian Leadership and to clarify what might distinguish it from other brands of leadership without lapsing into motherhood statements and worn-out clichés. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The Ignatian leadership style that is presented is grounded in Ignatian spirituality, which is a source of the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius Loyola. Hence, the research problem was formulated: how can Ignatian leadership be implemented in everyday practice? The method of critical analysis of sources was applied. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The paper argues that Ignatian Leadership is, in fact, a radical form of servant leadership, since the Ignatian Leader is at the service not only of the Community, but also–and for Ignatius of Loyola, even more fundamentally–of the Mission entrusted to that Community. RESEARCH RESULTS: Concretely, it proposes a conception of Ignatian Leadership as a threeway relationship among the Leader, the Community, and the Mission, in the process, illustrating what magis and cura personalis might mean in one’s exercise of leadership, but also, spelling out, in light of these relationships, the key functions of the Ignatian Leader. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Ignatian leadership is a form of servant leadership insofar as Ignatian Leaders ought to prioritize serving the Community that they lead over their own interests. However, what distinguishes Ignatian Leadership from servant leadership is its explicit and non-negotiable prioritization of service of the Mission as well.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The predominant goal of this article is to put emphasis on issues only children face in the modern world. The theoretical scope of the paper incorporates the specificity of the only child phenomenon, the familial situation of only children, as well as the possibility of maintaining social contacts and developing in the current pandemic-driven situation. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: Research problems have the form of the following questions: What is the familial situation of children not having any siblings? How does the pandemic affect the upbringing of only children? What conditions for development and opportunities for establishing social contacts does the age of pandemic create for only children? The analytical and synthetic method of the literature approach to the subject has been applied. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: Basing on scientific studies, the specificity of the only child phenomenon has been identified, most important features of the family-oriented educational environment have been distinguished, as well as the nature of functioning of a family having a single child only has been elaborated on. RESEARCH RESULTS: Consideration on the issues raised within the scope of this paper has indicated that the only child’s interactions with adults should have an appropriate form and nature. It is necessary to keep a healthy balance between the world of children and the world of adults. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: It has been noticed that the modern perception of only children is changing, which is the result of expanding interpersonal relations and the development of technology. Contemporary only children do not remain in absolute isolation from the environment.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The main aim is to show the narrative of a woman who experienced critical events in her personal life. THE RESEARCH PROBLEMS AND METHODS: 1. How does the narrator describe critical events based on her family experience? 2. What meaning does she ascribe to the events experienced in retrospect? The presented research is situated in the interpretative research tradition. A descriptive‑theoretical type of case study was used. Empirical data was collected using Fritz Schütze’s narrative interview technique. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The interview began by presenting the narrator’s life story from her childhood to the present day. Attention was paid to her understanding of herself and her life, her relationship with her parents, and critical events that occurred in her family. The empirical material was then interpreted based on Schütze’s process structures, which revealed her current life course, critical events in the family and landmark events in the narrator’s individual biography. RESEARCH RESULTS: The interpretation of the empirical material showed the narrator in the process of change, internal metamorphoses. It revealed poor intra‑family relations, which became the cause of illness, lack of self‑acceptance, and depressive and anxious states. The therapy that she underwent, satisfying professional work and mutual feelings of love allowed the narrator to overcome her limitations, weaknesses and take a critical look at the family relationships that were the cause of her pain and suffering. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPLICABLE VALUE OF RESEARCH: The narrative presented in the paper can become a stimulus for change in people who are currently struggling with family problems, illness or suffering: all those people who experience anxiety and loneliness in the space of family life.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to evaluate usefulness of distance learning courses as a form of learning from participants’ perspective. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: To achieve the purpose, two research methods have been employed: literature review, including rules and regulations concerning distance learning courses, and analysis of the results of a survey conducted among students participating in distance learning course as well as own observations and experiences. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: In the paper it is analysed, how students perceive elearning courses comparing to traditional ones. First, selected Polish Minister of Higher Education and the Senate of Cracow University of Economics (CUE) regulations under which CUE teachers may conduct distance learning courses are presented. Second, the procedure for the preparation of elearning courses at CUE is described. The roles played by individual actors during the preparation of the course are discussed. Next, selected results of the survey conducted among course participants are presented. Finally, conclusions and observations are discussed. Results of the survey confirm that e-learning is a promising type of teaching supporting traditional lessons. RESEARCH RESULTS: Aconsiderable number of participants found this kind of didactic proces useful and attractive. However, an unexpectedly large number stated that they expected more traditional lessons. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The analysis allows to draw interesting conclusions concerning the necessity of selection of participants, problem of systematic work, methods of evaluation, personal contact with a teacher, preparation of teaching materials. All of them will be taken under consideration to improve the course for future participants.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the presented paper, which has empirical nature, is to obtain data on how the rights of refugees are perceived today. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The research problem of the paper is: How do youth in Germany and Poland evaluate refugee rights and what factors influence their attitude towards refugee rights? The survey method was used in the research. The data collection took place 2013/2014. In Germany, the survey included a total of 2157 students, in Poland 1211 respondents. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The study was based on the assumption that attitudes towards refugee rights are predicted by such factors as: human dignity, empathy, religious beliefs, and socio-political perceptions and convictions. Based on these determinants, a conceptual model was created and used in the research. RESEARCH RESULTS: The findings show that respondents differ regarding refugee rights. German youth show some support for refugee rights and Polish youth are ambivalent. The strongest predictor for support of refugee rights for both groups is the concept of multiculturalism. The capacity for empathy and an advocacy of a politically active Christianity are important predictors, but only for the German sample. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The fact that religious beliefs have hardly positive impact on the support of refugee rights is a desideratum for religious education.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The goal of the paper is to present the possibilities of using crowdfunding in entrepreneurship education in higher education institutions and investigating the impact of this activity on the development or strengthening of entrepreneurial traits and attitudes of students. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The research problem concerns the use of crowdfunding in entrepreneurship education. The method applied to solve the research problem was a diagnostic survey. Questionnaires were completed by 314 full-time students and 34 academic teachers. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The process of reasoning starts with the presentation of the research method. Next, methods of the entrepreneurship education are described. Afterwards, research results are presented. The paper ends with conclusions and recommendations. RESEARCH RESULTS: In the opinion of students and academic teachers developing a crowdfunding projects by students, with the special emphasis on the action plan, might be an important didactic method in entrepreneurial education. It also has significant impact on the development or strengthening students’ ability to take advantage of opportunities. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS: The conclusions allow for verifying the thesis that crowdfunding might be used in an effective entrepreneurship education in higher education institutions. It is recommended to consider its inclusion in a wide range of methods used in entrepreneurship education.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The objective of the current paper is to verify in what way university students who declare high individual level of entrepreneurial intensity differ from those who are characterized by its intensity level. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: A statistical analysis of obtained survey results was conducted. The group of research participants included 413 business students. Following statistical methods were used to analyze the data: internal reliability test, chi-square test of independence, independent samples t-test. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The line of reasoning presented in the current paper starts with the analysis of entrepreneurial intensity which, when measured on an individual level, is distinctive to people who declare a strong commitment to following an entrepreneurial career. Later the theoretical background including individual characteristics and cognitions that can potentially be prevalent among entrepreneurs is presented. RESEARCH RESULTS: It was found that groups of students who display high and low levels of entrepreneurial intensity differ significantly. These differences pertain to individual characteristics (i.e. gender), the perception of business success indicators and the perception of entrepreneurs’ environment favorability. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Obtained results allow to formulate conclusions about ways in which the development of entrepreneurial attitudes can be facilitated. Several recommendations are proposed for educators and policy makers including adopting a more fine-grained approach to supporting the emergence of entrepreneurial culture in Poland.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to show, based on UNICEF and UNHCR documents, the problems of migrant children that hinder/impede their inclusion in the education of the host community and to identify ways to deal with these problems. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: Using document analysis, I will answer the following questions: What threats are children on the move exposed to? What are the priority areas for action? How can they be protected and integrated into the new education system? THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The paper presents the causes and risks associated with migration for children, important concepts for educational practice, recommendations and proposed solutions RESEARCH RESULTS: The documents show the risks faced by children on the move. Such children are often marginalized and stigmatized in host communities. Ensuring their well-being (meeting their psychological needs and respecting their rights) is a priority and a necessary condition for them to be able to start education. The discussion shows the importance of education in dealing with difficult conditions or in counteracting negative phenomena (discrimination, xenophobia). Education is treated as capital that is supposed to give these children a chance for a better future. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPLICABLE VALUE OF RESEARCH: The following conclusions can be drawn for practice from UNICEF and UNHCR documents: children on the move should have the same rights and opportunities for education as their peers in host com- munities; they need friendly and safe places to live, play and learn; children have resources and experiences that should be considered when organizing educational environments.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the paper is to analyse the impact ageism may have on providing healthcare to elderly people. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The article investigates the consequences of ageism in medical settings, where the elderly are particularly vulnerable to discrimination, distinguishing ageism from appropriate practice variation as well as giving suggestions to improve the situation. The paper analyses research published worldwide on selected issues connected with ageism with special attention to medical professionals’ attitudes and ageist behaviours of the elderly’s environment in a situation of their disability or illness. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: Firstly, the relation of ageism to other forms of stereotyping is outlined. Then, the threats of positive ageism are elaborated. The next section is devoted to self-stereotyping of the elderly and its impact on their functioning. Then, the paper discusses medical professionals’ attitudes and ways to measure them, as well as educational interventions that may alter them. Finally, the article refers effective ways of adjusting health promotion messages to the needs of older adults. RESEARCH RESULTS: Ageism bases on mechanisms similar to sexism and racism, but there are some remarkable differences. Positive ageism may be compassionate, however, might be harmful when intruding into an elderly person’s decisions. Self-stereotyping may be described with a model of a vicious cycle. Contact with the elderly is found to be useful in changing medical staff’s attitudes. Family-centred messages are most effective when it comes to health promotion among older adults. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Studies on ageism prove that negative convictions about the elderly are harmful and affect their functioning. Inclusion of the elderly should be applied in social contexts as well as in science, as the elderly are often missed out in research samples.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to analyse the case of entrepreneurial pedagogy in Germany at the level of primary and secondary education and to identify good practices in the development of entrepreneurship skills of pupils. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The paper uses a systematic review of literature with relation to entrepreneurial education, as well as the German literature of the topic, in order to descend to the analysis of secondary data related to the German education system and its usage of entrepreneurial pedagogy. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: In the first part, the paper clarifies the notion of entrepreneurial pedagogy and introduces modern didactic approaches, particularly process-oriented teaching. Subsequently, the German case is used to analyse how entrepreneurial pedagogy can be implemented at different interrelated levels. In the recommendation section, the success factors of the implementation of such an approach are discussed. The paper ends with some concluding remarks. RESEARCH RESULTS: The analysis of entrepreneurial pedagogy in German literature and practice highlights the relevance of an interplay of solutions at different levels: the level of the state (or, in the case of decentralised educational systems like the German one, at the regional level), the level of school initiative, as well as the individual level of educators who are in charge of implementing entrepreneurial teaching methods. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: According to the concept of process-oriented didactics presented in this paper, the aspect of making mistakes is an important engine of learning, as well as teaching itself. However, it can be observed in Germany that in teaching reality more attention is devoted to the errors themselves than to the tolerance of errors, according to the principle that the teacher does not commit mistakes. Hence, this issue should be raised in appropriate teacher training. The German experience can be a starting point for discussion related to other countries, as well.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the article is to present the results of the analysis of the education level in the European Union countries and to verify the relationship between the education and the economic growth of the studied countries. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The basic problem of this publication is quantitative and comparative analysis of the level of education in the European Union countries (EU27). Research methods used in the paper are the analysis and synthesis of the literature on the subject as well as quantitative analysis of the education using statistical and taxonomic tools (descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, taxonomic measure of education [TME]). An analysis of regression and correlation is also conducted to investigate the relationship between education and economic growth. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The line of reasoning consists of three essential elements. The first part presents the issues of education and economic growth in the light of the theory. This is a selective review of literature. The second part contains a comprehensive description of the research tools and methods. Part three of the article presents the results of the investigation in the field of education and its relationship with economic growth. The level of education was determined on the basis of an aggregated measure constructed from diagnostics variables. GDP per capita was used to estimate economic growth. The papers ends with conclusion and recommendations for future research. RESEARCH RESULTS: On the basis of theoretical considerations, the influence of knowledge and education on economic growth has been confirmed, particularly in the models of endogenous growth. In empirical research, a great part of the research also indicates a positive relationship between education and economic growth. There are also elaborations that do not confirm this correlation. This study provides two important information on education and economic growth in the Member States of the European Union. Firstly, the area of the European Union is very differentiated taking into account the two criteria indicated. Over the years, a gradual reduction in disparities is observed both in GDP per capita and in TME. Secondly, quantitative analysis has confirmed the emerging relationship between education and economic growth. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The issue of relationship between education and economic growth is very important and timely. There is lack of papers in the literature that use taxonomic methods to evaluate education. These tools give great opportunity to present the problem in a multidimensional and comprehensive manner, taking into account a large number of variables. The research should be treated as a preliminary study in this field, which requires further in-depth investigation. It is recommended to include more diagnostic variables related to education, as well as, more advanced research techniques in the fields of statistics, econometrics and taxonomy.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The paper addresses the role of memory in sustaining the continuity of culture. While culture is seen as an idealised cognitive system, comprising the knowledge, values, and beliefs of members of a community, language is viewed as a cognitive tool that functions an aid to cultural transmission. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: We underscore the fundamental importance of memory as a cornerstone of the correlation between the axiological and pedagogical aspects of the transfer of knowledge across generations of community members. The paper adopts a cognitive‑cultural viewpoint on the phenomenon of memory and its grounding in culture. We employ the cognitive‑linguistic methodology of converging evidence, including selected insights from cognitive psychology. In our study, we investigate this issue by exploring the imagery of religious language, the Bible being the ultimate source of Christian ideas on how to represent abstract notions concerning religious truths. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: Specifically, we analyse the use of linguistic imagery in John Paul II’s Roman Triptych. Since the Author’s speculative thought encourages meditation on the human condition in the world and their relationship with God, a substantial amount of imagery is Biblical in nature. RESEARCH RESULTS: We underscore the creativity of Wojtyła’s linguistic choices that reveal a specific conceptualisation of time and space, which derives from the Author’s sociocultural situatedness. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: In conclusion, we account for the role of spatial thought and external representations in shaping the unique space‑time of the Triptych. We suggest that the results of the linguistic‑cultural analysis may foster the dialogue between science and religion by offering our own interpretation of panchrony, which we show to be derivative of human situated cognition, rather than a label applicable to a perspective onto the language‑time relation within the domain of linguistic study (vis‑à‑vis the dichotomy of synchrony and diachrony).

The scientific goal of the paper is to present the issue of the development of internationalization “abroad” in Polish and Ukrainian higher education. The leading research method is a comparative method, specifically the method of international comparison. The authors focus on the national and institutional level comparison of the development of internationalization "abroad" in Polish and Ukrainian higher education systems. In addition to the comparative method, the authors applied the method of secondary research (desk research), the method of description and analysis and critique of the scientific literature. By using the source materials and indicated numerical data, it is possible to verify the thesis. The process of reasoning in the article was conducted in the following stages. First, the definition of internalization in higher education was given with respect to Polish and Ukrainian approach. Next, the stages in the development of internationalization “abroad” in Polish and Ukrainian higher education were featured. Afterwards, the development process of internationalization was presented on the background of processes occurring in the European Higher Education Area. The paper ends with conclusions. The conclusions drawn in the paper allowed to verify the thesis. In both countries, Poland and Ukraine, the diversity of activities in frame of internationalization "abroad” occur. Among these activities mobility of students and academic teachers remain the most visible in Poland as well as in Ukraine. The development of internationalization "abroad" in relation to mobility of projects, programmes and providers seems to be more advanced in Poland.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The contemporary labour market places high demands on graduates of higher education who are looking for employment. There is a significant increase in employers’ requirements in the area of professional competence. This paper aims to present selected aspects of education and developing soft skills by students and university graduates on the example of cosmetology subject. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The expectations of the labour market to graduates of higher education require a new approach for the development strategies and skills training at universities. Job offers contain, in addition to the requirements of the knowledge, experience, cognitive and linguistic skills - a number of desirable personality traits and interpersonal skills of the applicant, called soft skills. Scientific studies indicate a dynamically growing importance of soft skills, both in the process of recruiting new employees, as well as major determinants of employment stability and continuity of careers. The article presents some aspects of soft skills training and coaching courses organized for students and graduates of higher education on the example of cosmetology subject. The article attempts to organize the terminology associated with this issue and then, based on the specifics of teaching adults, presents own experiences in the area of planning coaching courses. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION This paper attempts to draw attention to the growing significance of university graduates’ background to proffesions requiring high degree of soft skills. Schoolings using activating teaching methoods foster building competences abilities that ensure professional flexibility and adaptability and help functioning in life. RESEARCH RESULTS The article is the preliminary recognition of the analyzed problem. Author continued research in the area of impact of the activating methods on the development of the soft skills. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Schoolings described in this paper are planned as optional classes not included in curriculum. It is worth to consider including selected trainings as electives adapted to competence profiles of fields of study.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: Universities and other higher educational institutions play an increasingly important role in providing entrepreneurship education, training, and technical assistance to existing and potential entrepreneurs. The purpose of this paper is twofold: firstly, to investigate students’ perceptions and willingness to set up their own business and secondly, to discuss the role of universities in developing enterprise education in Poland, focusing on the case of Warsaw School of Economics in Poland. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS:This paper is based on the results of a survey of students studying at Warsaw School of Economics in Warsaw – Poland (SGH). The research used online survey to collect primary data. The respondents were undergraduate students who obligatory participated in the module: Management. The fulfilment of the questionnaire was voluntarily; email and sms with a link to a survey was sent to 148 students. The success rate of fillings was 93. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION:Basing on the lack of entrepreneurship education by referring to secondary data it was important to assess the entrepreneurial spirit amongst SGH students. The literature review was carried out to analyse the current developments in this field. RESEARCH RESULTS:The research outcomes revealed that the majority of the university students were optimistic and interested in starting their own business but after getting few years of working experience which will enable them to deepen their knowledge and feel comfortably within business environment. There is only 14% of students who would like to set up their own business directly after graduation. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS:Overall, the study indicated a need for enterprise education, at programme and course levels, to nurture entrepreneurship among students in Poland. Very few studies have examined university students’ attitude to entrepreneurship and enterprise education in Poland. This study helps in bridging that gap.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the paper is to go into some questionable matters pertaining to “Bildung” and especially religious “Bildung”, and question their political implications. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODOLOGY: Developments in society, especially oeconomical developments have a great influence to the area of “Bildung” as well as to the area of religious “Bildung”. Current concepts should be analysed. Reflections in philosophy of education and in religious education help to work out the failure of current developments. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The paper starts with the question about how the concept of “Bildung” occurs in current discourses. Afterwards alternative models of “Bildung” and religious “Bildung” are discussed. It is then put into questions which intentions and implications prevailing concepts contain, who and what they disregard and how they collaborate towards the reproduction of social injustice and processes of exclusion. RESEARCH RESULTS: Religious “Bildung” as a part of general education is effected by societal developments und has to be aware of that. Presuppositions of Religious Education and Didactics of Religion has to scrutinize themselves if and in what way they do possibly promote injustice and which conclusions for future concepts could be drawn. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: “Bildung”, especially religious “Bildung” are challenged by societal developments, e.g. migration, but should not just adapt to political or oeconomical desires. Rather they should not waive for their normative requirements so that they can question for social injustice in the societal developments as well as in their own concepts.

ABSTRACT RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the paper is to redefine “confessionality” in religious education in Austrian schools, regarding to changing circumstances. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODOLOGY: The paper describes the history of confessional religious education in Austria, which gets several problems in different school-situations. In some schools, there are 8 and more sorts of confessional religious education. After the description of possible alternatives, a proposal of redefining confessional education is presented. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The paper starts with an overview of the history and the actual situation of religious education in Austrian schools. Currently 13 recognised religions and denominations in Austria provide religious education. In some situations religious education becomes impossible due to insufficient student numbers. So the state and religious communities will have to try and establish new models of teaching. The main part of the paper consists of pros and cons in the conceptual considerations of confessionality. RESEARCH RESULTS: It is a challenge to rethink confessional religious education: religious communities will have to take joint responsibility and provide religious education as a service to students with clear denominational features. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: There are three first steps very necessary in the next future: Commitment of the religious communities to religious education; a new concept to try at several locations; practical support concerning multi-religious events.

ABSTRACT RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the paper is to show that the concept of diversity has much more implications for schools and education than commonly assumed. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODOLOGY: Based on an evaluation research study (formative and summative) involving 20 schools at the elementary and secondary level, which have undergone a federal process of professional development findings are presented, which indicate that we need to be more strategic in terms of our research practices and dissemination when it comes to diversity. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION The paper introduces the concept of a critical theory of professional development in education, which includes the conceptual history approach and post structural points of view. The findings of an evaluation research study are then analysed. The exploration of the connections between diversity discourses and the challenges of the daily organisational and pedagogical routines completes the analysis. RESEARCH RESULTS: For the results show that diversity management is becoming more and more of an issue. Further crucial points seem to be media relations and the competition between schools. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Strengthening the competence of everybody involved and enabling transfer of knowledge is the key. Instead research tends to confront players with what they don’t know and can’t handle, often classifying their working approaches in an offensive way rather then supporting them by acknowledging their expertise in first place. The approach of a Critical Professional Development in Education could be the key

The argument is raised that, in an age of the networked, connected society in an information-rich environment with communication possibilities as never before experienced or made possible, the displacement of educational virtues of morality, ethics and the development of all-round human beings, by those of money, labour, power and work are speeding apace, and the disconnect between system and lifeworld is increasing. Drawing initially on the work of Habermas, in which the colonization of the lifeworld occurs by system imperatives of rationalization, labour, money and power, the paper argues that such moves are manifested starkly in discourses of the relation between education and work, and five areas are introduced in which the links operate. The marketization and commodification of education, together with its incorporation into the service of capital and labour, are attested through a short worked example of one small territory within the larger context of China. Then, taking a lead from Sertillanges and Habermas’s later work, the paper argues for: (a) a reaffirmation of the importance of moral, ethical and spiritual dimensions of education; (b) the breaking of a narrowly instrumental, capital-acquisitive view of education as serving the jobs market and social control and towards a liberating view of education as communicative action and the development of being rather than simply behaving; (c) the importance of transcendence and immanence; and, thereby, (d) moves towards the re-integration of system and lifeworld in participating subjects. Podnoszony bywa argument, że w czasach połączonego społeczeństwa sieciowego, w środowisku bogatym w informacje, o niespotykanych nigdy wcześniej możliwościach komunikacyjnych, wychowawcze cnoty związane z moralnością, etyką i całościowym rozwojem człowieka są w coraz większym stopniu zastępowane przez pieniądze, pracę i władzę, co powoduje coraz szybsze poszerzanie się przepaści pomiędzy systemem a światem społecznym. Wychodząc od koncepcji Habermasa, według którego kolonizacja świata społecznego dokonuje się przez systemowe imperatywy racjonalizacji, pracy, pieniędzy i władzy, autor referatu utrzymuje, że takie przesunięcia w jaskrawy sposób przejawiają się w dyskursach dotyczących relacji między edukacją a pracą. Relacje te występują w pięciu obszarach. Urynkowienie i utowarowienie edukacji, wraz z wprzęgnięciem jej w służbę kapitału i pracy, przedstawione zostały na przykładzie jednego małego terytorium w Chinach. Następnie, czerpiąc inspirację z myśli Sertillanges’a i późnego Habermasa, artykuł postuluje: (a) potwierdzenie ważności moralnych, etycznych i duchowych wymiarów kształcenia; (b) odejście od wąsko instrumentalnej, kapitalistyczno-zachłannej wizji edukacji służebnej wobec rynku pracy i kontroli społecznej w stronę wyzwalającego widzenia edukacji jako działania komunikacyjnego i rozwoju bycia, a nie tylko zachowań; (c) ważność transcendencji i immanencji; a przez to (d) działania zmierzające w kierunku reintegracji systemu i świata społecznego uczestniczących w nim podmiotów.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to identify and characterise the specifics of the dialogue of meanings occurring in the portfolio of early education students, considered in the context of the possibilities of educating teachers. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The considerations focus on two research problems: What content of the portfolio of early education students demonstrates that they engage the dialogue of meanings with educational issues and their own school experience? What shape does the knowledge about the world as reconstructed by teacher entrants take? To analyse the portfolio, which I treat as legacy data, I use the method of qualitative analysis of text. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: In the first part, I reconstruct the relationship between the dialogue of meanings as a component of learning strategies, and the educational portfolio as a tool for monitoring achievements. In the empirical part, I characterise the categories that emerged in the content analysis and show their interconnections with the dialogic assignment of meanings to educational reality. RESEARCH RESULTS: The results of the analysis show that the learning strategy which makes use of the dialogue of meanings and the portfolio enables students to discover the possibility of assigning individual sense to educational reality, not excluding the existence of different perspectives and respecting them. By undertaking a dialogue with personal knowledge and their own experiences, the students gradually went beyond the framework of obviousness and expanded their perspective of thinking about the world of school. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS: Thinking about teacher professionalism is changing, with the presented analysis providing a view on this matter. It shows the premises and effects of a certain possibility of educating teachers who are open to the complexity of educational reality and to the dialogue preventing its reduction.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the article is a theoretical diagnosis of the influence of the pace of recent civilisation changes on a selected fragment of the socialisation process in the family. The course of analysis is the specificity of the relationship between parents and adolescent children (aged 15-18), including an attempt to explore the modifications occurring in these areas resulting from the development of information technology. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The research problem of this paper is an attempt to answer the question: To what extent do new inter- and intra-generational divisions – appearing as a result of rapid civilisation changes generated by the development of information technologies – modify the socialising dialogue in relations between parents and adolescent children? The research method used was a selective analysis of theoretical works and research reports from sociology, psychology, psychiatry, neurobiology and information technology. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The article presents selected elements of the conceptual model used to analyse the world of contemporary generations. It includes the new division into the world of the present past and the world of the present future, together with their new inhabitants – people of the past and people of the future. RESEARCH RESULTS: As a consequence of the increasingly deepening division of the world of generations, constructing a socialisation dialogue in the relationship between parents and adolescent children has become more complicated. The confrontational-verifying influence of intra-familial socialisation concerning the areas of secondary socialisation is noticeably losing its significance. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The modifications of intergenerational relations within the family, occurring as a result of rapid civilisation changes, result in an “unfinished”, incomplete socialisation process of adolescent children, heading towards an unknown form of adulthood with this new cultural capital.

The paper discusses the concept of an economic man in economics and management. The concept of “homo oeconomicus” assumes the full rational behaviour of a deciding man and was applied in classical and neoclassical theories. Based on resent findings of the neuronal, cognitive and behavioural sciences, a the concept of an emotional man seems to be better. Thus some scholars believe that “homo sapiens oeconomicus” emerges as an alternative to “homo oeconomicus”. The paper present the chronological survey of the evolution of the above mentioned concepts resulting in the change of the paradigm.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the paper is to assess the efficiency of the active forms (Quiz, One Pager, the World Café, Visualization: Mind Mapping, Interactive lecture-discussion) used within the European studies for PhD students on ensuring quality of higher education. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The empirical material of the research was collected by questionnaire with the direct participation of the authors. The respondents were asked to rate each of the active forms on a Likert scale from 1 to 5 points in order to obtain a rating scale for each of the active forms. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The main professional and general competencies of PhD degree seekers (ability to analyse, evaluate and synthesize new and complex ideas; ability to apply knowledge in practical situations; ability to work in a team etc) can be developed using the active forms of training. RESEARCH RESULTS: The study showed that active forms are effective for the European studies and development of the professional competence of PhDs. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The active forms are promising for PhD students’ training, especially for the instruction of complex knowledge and the formation of transversal competencies. No less important is the conclusion about the need to use a set of methods that together ensure the implementation of the full range of educational tasks.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to present the dilemmas of everyday life of contemporary mothers related to society’s expectations of motherhood and their individual experiences. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The research problem was the (re)construction of everyday life of modern mothers during a pandemic. The narrative interview technique was used in the research. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: This article analyzes how mothers experience motherhood during a pandemic against the background of social transformations. The issue of everyday life as an important category was presented in the considerations contained in the article below. Then, the methodological assumptions and research results focused on the issues of the multiplicity of choices in the present day and the difficulties associated with them, as well as the everyday life of mothers, were presented. The article ends with reflections on the situation of mothers in the context of contemporary challenges. RESEARCH RESULTS: A conclusion can be drawn about the positioning of motherhood between the traditional and modern pattern of the ideal mother. First of all, mothers feel tired of the seriousness of the role they play, and from fulfilling which many people can “hold them accountable”. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The conducted research shows interesting conclusions pointing to changes related to the perception of the role of the mother in modern times. They contribute to the undertaking of more extensive research on the need for (re) construction of motherhood.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to provide insights into the views of “Przegląd Powszechny” on the principles of the Polish school system after Polish independence. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: In 1918, Poland had to re-create its own school system. The discussion on the model of schools was joined by the periodical “Przegląd Powszechny”, published in Krakow. The main questions in this article are: What did the authors of the magazine write about proposals for changes in education? How were they assessed? What particular issues did they pay attention to? In the analysis of the journal's content, the historical method of research into education was used. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The author analyzed the content of the journal issues from the autumn of 1918 to the spring of 1921, the moment at which the “March Constitution” was announced, which formulated the main lines of development of education. The article discusses chronological political events related to education and shows the reaction of the periodical to them. RESEARCH RESULTS: Research shows that the authors of the periodical reacted rapidly to schemes for reforming Polish education. Their statements were bold, uncompromising, and critical of some of the proposals made by educational authorities. "Przegląd" focused primarily on the postulate to create a confessional public school, as well as criticizing the state monopoly on matters of education. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The findings show that some educational solutions introduced in Poland 100 years ago were a manifestation of the state's greater trust in its citizens than is the case now: compulsory education could be carried out at home, there was no obligatory control of private schools by the state, prospective teachers could be trained in private institutions according to their own programs, and parents had a decisive voice on the issue of raising their children.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to provide insights into the views of SE and SI experts from different settings on university education in these two fields. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: SEE 1 has been gaining significant interest following development of the research field. However, literature is scarce in this area, and the empirical work on SEE is almost nonexistent. The research is based on the SE and SI ecosystem development projects run by two neighbouring cities in Poland. Using inductive approach, the author presents qualitative data from group discussions and semi-structured interviews among experts from different settings. Grounded theory methods are used to generate key categories representing direction for SEE and SIE development. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: Based on review of literature and analysis of gathered data, the author provides key guiding directions for SEE and SIE development. First, their main features emerging from literature are presented. Next, the research design and key findings are presented. RESEARCH RESULTS: Research results indicate the need for encompassing approach when designing key directions for SE and SI education. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The findings show that SEE should be extended beyond business school environment. Also, educational model should be constantly refined in response to stakeholders’ needs, also academia should include community and other stakeholders, also from other fields and disciplines. The engaging approach in educational setting draws attention to university contexts, expose SEE to local problems and construct them accordingly. Also, SEE requires significant efforts in promoting SE phenomenon and the education itself, to gain legitimacy and engage dedicated individuals and organizations.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the article is to present the results of the analysis on diversity of the education attainment of women and men in the European Union countries. By implementing such a purpose, it is possible to present not only heterogeneity in education on the basis of gender but also disproportions between individual EU countries. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The article raises three important research problems: education, gender equality and diversification within the European Union countries. The analysis covers 28 EU countries and a period of 10 years: 2007 - 2016. The research method used in the paper is the analysis and criticism of the literature and taxonomic analysis using a set of diagnostic variables describing selected aspects of education. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The line of reasoning consists of three essential elements. The first part presents the problem of education with particular emphasis on gender gap according to international literature on the subject. The second part contains description of the research tools and methods. Part three of the article presents the results of the comparative study in the field of education of woman and man in the European Union members. RESEARCH RESULTS: The research results are consistent with previous studies indicating that the level of education of women is higher than that of men. The level of diversity of education of women and men in individual EU countries is moderate. Among the most educated economies, the Scandinavian countries should be indicated. On the other side are the countries of southern Europe. The most numerous group of countries are countries with a moderately high and medium-high level of education. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: This type of research can have significant useful value for shaping the education policy of women and men and other development policies. Considering the importance of education of women and men, there are definitely more possibilities of confronting the results of research with various areas of the economy. The lack of this is definitely disadvantage of the elaboration. On the other hand, this is a significant impulse and recommendation for continuing and deepening research in this area.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of this concise review is to both demonstrate the pros and cons in regards to personal health budgets (PHBs), as well as critically evaluate their performance and possibilities. Another purpose of this paper is to familiarize the wider public with the concept of PHBs. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The reason behind introducing PHBs and direct payments was to bring social care and long-term healthcare “closer” to the patients in order to personalize treatment and support. By “personalization” we understand the possibility of choosing services that best meet the unique and individual needs of a specific person. However, the tempting concept of PHBs carries with itself both pros and cons. This qualitative, comprehensive narrative review brings to light the current state of knowledge and different parties’ opinions on PHBs. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: A PHB is an allocation of public/private financial resources used to identify and meet the health-related needs of a specific person. Such a resolution should potentially lead to new and innovative ways of spending the available funds, outside what traditional services offer, in order to personalize healthcare, increase its effectivity, and decrease the cost/benefit ratio. However, PHB’s are not all-inclusive but cater to needs easily overlooked in the traditional healthcare system. RESEARCH RESULTS: The described PHB organization combines the best available clinical experience with the cumulated health- and care-related experience of the patients. This way both long-term and new short-term needs can be addressed and the intervention that has begun can last as long as the patient needs it. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The healthcare system faces difficult times, and PHBs may be a potential solution to at least a part of the problems. The only question is will they be implemented correctly becoming a positive driver of change or will they become the anchor that pulls down a sinking ship?

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to summarize the knowledge of non-pharmacological treatment in the care of people with Alzheimer’s disease. The contribution is theoretical and provides a suitable prerequisite for further examination of the subject matter, namely the need for quality education and the need to change the approach of care for people with Alzheimer’s disease. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The presented contribution approaches the preferred values of care such as coping, self-decision and identity from the clients perspective, as well as new trends in non-pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer’s. Based on the study of professional domestic and foreign literature of social, psychological and medical orientation, we approach selected non-pharmacological therapies. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: After defining the goal of the contribution and the basic concepts of Alzheimer-type dementia, it follows (i) the theory of physical environment adaptation, (ii) Tom Kitwood’s approach to care and (iii) health promoting and preventive approach in the social-healthcare sector. A substantial part of the argumentation is the need to create a new culture of care provision. RESEARCH RESULTS: The result of this argumentation is the need for quality preparation of future generations of healthcare professionals and the need for a change in the philosophy and culture of providing care for people with dementia in the countries of Eastern and Central Europe. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: This analysis confirms the need to change the attitudes and self-reflection of helping professionals in the care of people with Alzheimer’s disease. There is also an urgent need to change the preparation of future generations of assisting professionals and further education in line with the latest research and knowledge on the provision of social and health care.

The autonomy of the family in the modern world Editorial Ladies and Gentlemen, The current issue of our journal is devoted to the widely recognized issue of the autonomy of the family in the modern world. In every human being’s life family plays a special role: it meets the existential needs of its members, introduces children to the world of moral, social, legal rules, shapes the attitudes of its members and teaches them responsibility for their lives and lives of their loved ones. In accordance with Article 18 of the Constitution of 1997 the Republic of Poland guarantees legal protection and care of the family, marriage, motherhood and parenthood. On the one hand the state is obliged to take action that establish the best conditions for the functioning of the family and strengthening marriage and family ties, on the other hand – it is obliged to protect the family from the situations threatening its structure, implementation of its tasks and its functions. In accordance with Article 71 of the Constitution, in all its actions, public authorities should be guided by the principle of best interests of the family. State institutions are obliged to respect the autonomy of the family, the principle of the primacy of parents in the upbringing of children, privacy, family life, honor, good name and the right to make decisions about their personal lives (Articles 47; 48; 53; 70 of the Constitution). The Republic of Poland plays subsidiary role in relation to the tasks entrusted to the family. The state has an obligation to support the family. It may interfere in family competence only if a family is unable to fulfill its functions properly. The same principle applies in many other countries around the world. But there are such states which grant public institutions a broad right to interfere in family life and in which the principle of autonomy of the family seems to be at stake. Thus many question arises: Is family still autonomous in the modern world? Are parents autonomous in upbringing their children? Is private and family life successfully protected from the interference of public institutions or media? In the current issue of ‘Horizons of Education’ you will find papers - written by foreign and Polish authors, on issues relating to various aspects of the autonomy of the family in the modern world. You will read about the changes of autonomy in the family from the middle, to the modern and across the contemporary times through the conceptions of collective mentalitiés, private space and sociability and governmentality. Then you will learn about how the autonomy of the family forms an obstacle in preventing and identifying assault of children. You will find out how social behaviors generated by the indiscriminate use of the technologies (the mobile phones and the social networks) endanger the communication between the members of the Mexican families. Then you will read on how strategic learning techniques could constitute measures enhancing the visibility of the cognitive process of learning. You will also find out how race can be a salient factor in how people experience, inhabit the world and consequently family. In the end you will learn about arguments against the admissibility of adoption of a child by a homosexual person in the light of the principle of the best interests of the child as it is understood in Polish family law. On behalf of the entire Editorial Board I wish you an enjoyable and beneficial read. Marta Prucnal-Wójcik

REASEARCH OBJECTIVE: The subject of the analysis carried out in this study includes the letters of T. Bzowski to his students. THE REASEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: On the basis of such analysis we shall try to answer the question: How did Bzowski reinforce the memory of the Chyrów school’s ideals in his students? The analysis shall be carried out on the basis of the content of his letters. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The memory of a school is created by a group of different people. It usually includes students-graduates, which – in a way – extend and transmit the school’s ideals, but the group also includes teachers and tutors. This study shall focus on the teacher’s memory of the Scientific and Educational Department of the Jesuit Fathers in Chyrów. It was an elite secondary school for boys. One of the most significant persons among the Chyrów school teachers was a Jesuit named Teofil Bzowski. Former Chyrowiaks wrote for that paper which reflected the school’s rich activity and the histories of its students. REASEARCH RESULTS: The analysis shall make it possible to specify the system of values cherished by the authors of the letters. The knowledge gained from the analysis of the letters as ego-documents shall make it possible to not only reconstruct the picture of the school and its influence on the people connected with it, but also to recreate the spiritual atmosphere of a given historical period. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Analysing the source materials one may come to the conclusion that the letters exchanged between the teacher and former students are a tool used for maintaining the memory of the school and its ideals. The memory is created through intergenerational interactions (teacher-students).

The autonomy of the family in the modern world Editorial Ladies and Gentlemen, The current issue of our journal is devoted to the widely recognized issue of the autonomy of the family in the modern world. In every human being’s life family plays a special role: it meets the existential needs of its members, introduces children to the world of moral, social, legal rules, shapes the attitudes of its members and teaches them responsibility for their lives and lives of their loved ones. In accordance with Article 18 of the Constitution of 1997 the Republic of Poland guarantees legal protection and care of the family, marriage, motherhood and parenthood. On the one hand the state is obliged to take action that establish the best conditions for the functioning of the family and strengthening marriage and family ties, on the other hand – it is obliged to protect the family from the situations threatening its structure, implementation of its tasks and its functions. In accordance with Article 71 of the Constitution, in all its actions, public authorities should be guided by the principle of best interests of the family. State institutions are obliged to respect the autonomy of the family, the principle of the primacy of parents in the upbringing of children, privacy, family life, honor, good name and the right to make decisions about their personal lives (Articles 47; 48; 53; 70 of the Constitution). The Republic of Poland plays subsidiary role in relation to the tasks entrusted to the family. The state has an obligation to support the family. It may interfere in family competence only if a family is unable to fulfill its functions properly. The same principle applies in many other countries around the world. But there are such states which grant public institutions a broad right to interfere in family life and in which the principle of autonomy of the family seems to be at stake. Thus many question arises: Is family still autonomous in the modern world? Are parents autonomous in upbringing their children? Is private and family life successfully protected from the interference of public institutions or media? In the current issue of ‘Horizons of Education’ you will find papers - written by foreign and Polish authors, on issues relating to various aspects of the autonomy of the family in the modern world. You will learn about author’s arguments against the admissibility of adoption of a child by a homosexual person in light of the best interests of the child principle in accordance with its understanding in Polish family law. You will read about the changes of autonomy in the family from the middle, to the modern and across the contemporary times through the conceptions of collective mentalitiés, private space and sociability and governmentality. Then you will learn about how the autonomy of the family forms an obstacle in preventing and identifying assault of children. You will find out how social behaviors generated by the indiscriminate use of the technologies (the mobile phones and the social networks) endanger the communication between the members of the Mexican families. Then you will read on how strategic learning techniques could constitute measures enhancing the visibility of the cognitive process of learning. You will also find out how race can be a salient factor in how people experience, inhabit the world and consequently family. On behalf of the entire Editorial Board I wish you an enjoyable and beneficial read. Marta Prucnal-Wójcik

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to understand autonomy of the family in the ‘modern’ world by locating the family in the historical changes that led to its present form. The autonomy of the family was shaped in two ways, as collective mentalitiés and as private space. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The present research problem concerns an important inquiry into the private space of the family and the role of the state in shaping and governing the individual by intervening in the family. The paper uses the method of historical inquiry and analysis of reference literature. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: After having defined the aim of the study and the fundamental concepts (modernity, autonomy, mentalitiés) there has been presented the psychogenic history of the family in the context of France. This is followed by the presentation of changes in mentalitiés and private space in the family, with a special emphasis on the changing focus on the child in the family. The essential part of the argumentation was also to build the concept of autonomy through the changes in mentalitiés and private space that unfolds in three stages of the psychogenic history of the family. RESEARCH RESULTS: The result of this argumentation is the autonomous space of the family in the modern times, which is impacted by the state and popular culture. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: This analysis confirms the changes of autonomy in the family from the middle, to the modern and across the contemporary times through the conceptions of (i) collective mentalitiés, (ii) private space and sociability and (iii) governmentality. It argues that ever since the turn of the modern, the family has never been autonomous, though in law it appears to be a ‘private space’. Family in the contemporary times is insidiously governed by messages and images that circulate in media. Autonomy of the modern family has always been under threat. The arguments point to the necessity to question and problematize the contemporary conceptions of family and the child as mirrored in the domain of popular culture.

This paper demonstrates that practical theology can make an important contribution to values education. Following an introduction to the values education framework within England and Wales, attention is focused on a case study which illustrates the sexual values of young people. This illustration makes available a seminal study published in the English language to a Polish audience and shows the extent to which practical theology can inform values education.

This paper demonstrates that practical theology can make an important contribution to values education. Following an introduction to the values education framework within England and Wales, attention is focused on a case study which illustrates the sexual values of young people. This illustration makes available a seminal study published in the English language to a Polish audience and shows the extent to which practical theology can inform values education

Teachingstudentsoflawaboutjusticeisasubject,whichcan be easily turned into a philosophical dispute about the relation between justice and positive law. This kind of a very theoretical disputemaybeusefulbutitsrealimpactonfuturelegalpractice andfunctioningofthesocietyisquitelimited.Better effects may beachievedthroughtakingbytheacademiamoreresponsibility for the practical education of prospective lawyers. During the earlystagesofeducationstudentsneedtobefacedwiththereal problemsoflifewhichneedtobesolved.TheEuropeanteaching traditionwasmorefocusedonthe„blackletter” of law. This way ofteachingeasilyskipsoutthenecessaryreflectiononthereality ofthelegalpracticeaswellasethicalandjusticeissuesinvolved in it. In the paper, I try to argue that a useful remedy on a very practicallevel is a program of the clinical legal education. In the frames of this academic program, students, supervised by professors, provide a sort of legal assistance to the poor. This programisaccompaniedbyeducationalseminarsandconsulta tions and helps students not only to reflect on how client’s problems can be solved in reality, not only in the formally, but also in the substantially correct way. This problem-solving approach shows the natural limits of the legal system and the need of a broader perspective on the client’s problem. Clinical legal education, by facing students with the problems of poor people, makes the future lawyer more aware of the social problemsinthesociety and the malfunctioning of the legal system. It is a very optimistic sign in Polish legal education that clinical legal education is gradually becoming an education standard among Polish law schools.

Education system and the teacher are ascribed a vital role in the knowledge society. Learning and education outcomes greatly depend on the teacher’s qualifications, motivation and personality features. In accordance with the idea of making academic studies more practical, teachers’ entrepreneurial competences gain more and more significance. The role of the teacher in market economy is frequently associated with the organisation of educational process (learning), becoming a natural leader and developer of an attractive educational offer. The paper discusses physical education teachers’ managerial competences. In order to evaluate the level of these competences, surveys were conducted among physical education graduate students majoring in PE teaching. The analysis encompassed several skills recognised as characteristic for entrepreneurial competences of university graduates. It was stipulated that the level of managerial competences acquired in the course of studies deviates considerably from the expected one.

Entrepreneurship constitutes one of the key competences and a significant element of todays’ university graduates’ professional training. Academia, in its didactic and educational process, offers numerous opportunities for shaping students’ entrepreneurial behaviours. A fundamental role in this respect is played by the scope of knowledge and skills offered, as well as by shaping proper attitudes in the course of professional internships, participation in student organisations and science club projects. The present study attempts to evaluate the university’s role in the process of shaping entrepreneurial attitudes of students representing the selected universities in Lublin. Respondents’ opinions, collected by means of a diagnostic poll method and a survey, were analysed. The paper verified the thesis regarding insufficient outcomes of education in developing entrepreneurial competences of students from selected universities.

The importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in nowadays business reality is constantly growing thanks to many factors, including the important promotional effort at all possible authorities levels and increasing educational effort of universities and in particular of business schools. Since there is no commonly accepted guideline/curriculum/content of social responsibility (SR) education, business schools at higher education institutions (HEIs) start to develop their own approaches on SR education. This paper aims to present the general background of CSR education with particular emphasis on its enhancements existing in EU and other countries or continents. Its ambition is also to offer a picture of CSR related educational activities launched by Polish HEIs and to present its evaluation by students. The first goal will be accomplished with the literature study and the review of initiatives publicly disclosed by the authorities, NGOs and finally by HEIs themselves. The second ambition will be completed with the outcomes of the survey conducted by the author in Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), Faculty of Management and Economics (FME). The conclusions of this work allow to propose recommendations to be implemented in the SR education in the future.

The paper presents an analysis of the research into the influence of culture differences on behaviour at work and the interactions between attitudes and behaviours at work on the example of Turkey and Poland. In order to examine this problem a model of work culture was developed. The study involved altogether 583 production workers. The results indicated a strong relationship between work culture and attitudes at work (e.g. the significance of work for the worker, engagement, self-discipline, effort invested in work) as well as behaviours at work (e.g. effectiveness, competence, absence, sick leaves). Związek między kulturą pracy a zachowaniami w pracy: badania międzykulturowe. Artykuł przedstawia analizę wyników badań dotyczących różnic kulturowych w zachowaniu w pracy oraz interakcji pomiędzy postawami i zachowaniami w pracy na przykładzie Turcji i Polski. W celu zbadania powyższej kwestii utworzony został model kultury pacy. W badaniach wzięło udział łącznie 583 pracowników produkcyjnych. Wyniki badań wskazały na silny związek między kulturą pracy a postawami w pracy (np. znaczenie pracy dla pracownika, zaangażowanie, zdyscyplinowanie, wysiłek włożony w pracę) oraz zachowaniami w pracy (np. efektywność, sprawność, absencja, zwolnienia z pracy).

This paper discusses changes in the functioning of foster care since it was reformed in 1999. Its focus is to demonstrate changes in Polish law and evolution in pedagogical views as well as in administrative practice in the context legal standards of foster care set forth in international documents (Convention on the Rights of a Child, European Convention on Human Rights and many others) and in the constitutional principle of subsidiarity. Much attention was also devoted to provisions of the Act of 9 June 2011 on support for Families and Foster Care system as well as to new laws of the Family and Guardianship Code. Of paramount importance is the right of children in care to return to their families (family reintegration), a right that derives from international standards. In this context evolution in pedagogy and the significance of social care were emphasized. The author highlights emotional problems of foster families which hinder efforts aimed at supporting children’s parents.

Abstract: The article discusses issues connected with current multiculturalism. The paper is divided into several, general sections including discussion about the presence of multiculturalism in a modern world. The terms of multiculturalism and interculturalism are explained. Also, focusing on problems, occuring due to misunderstanding or different understanding of concept, with defying these phenomen. Considerations are based on attempt to answer questions that are usually asked by intercultural education: ?Who are we?? , ?How we live together?? , ?how we cooperate together?? Further parts of article contain definition of basic terms and determination of their ranges. Highlighting the relation between multiculturalism and identity while taking into consideration different perceptions of muliticultural and intercultural education. Including experiences from other countries in multicultural area. Thus, while introducing this issues various sources of multicultularism are presented. FromCanada,United States andAustralia to European experiences. Remembering about directions and trends of multiculturalism occuring inEurope as well as to paying attention to a contemporary problem, that one can see different response to otherness. Including current phenomenon like development of of separatist movements, politicization of cultural identity or increasing social, cultural and political role of all minorities. Finally, reference was made to occurrence of national and ethnic minorities inPoland and to local experiences fromLubuszLand.

Artykuł przedstawia niektóre aspekty współczesnej, toczonej w naukach społecznych, dyskusji na temat komunikacji. W powszechnym przekonaniu mamy do czynienia z głębokimi przemianami komunikacji nie tylko względem intensywności, tempa i skali komunikacji. Pojawiły się także nowe formy komunikacji i nowe media. Ich konsekwencje społeczne, o których twierdzi się, że są równie głębokie jak te, które kiedyś spowodowało upowszechnienie się pisma i druku, są jednym z najważniejszych tematów badań nauk społecznych. Rozwój nowych mediów sprawia, że w teorii komunikacji następuje odejście od klasycznego rozumienia komunikacji, w którym oznacza ona relację interpersonalną – porozumiewanie się świadomych podmiotów, osób. Komunikacja bezpośrednia pozostaje jednak niezbywalnym wymiarem ludzkiego życia, a dyscypliny takie jak pedagogika nie mogą zrezygnować z rozumienia jej jako relacji interpersonalnej. Komunikacja jest także coraz ważniejszą areną rywalizacji o władzę i środkiem jej sprawowania. Aby być skutecznym w polityce, trzeba umieć się komunikować zarówno z własnym społeczeństwem, jak i umieć oddziaływać na inne społeczeństwa. Także w stosunkach międzynarodowych komunikacja odgrywa coraz istotniejszą rolę i staje się świadomie stosowanym narzędziem politycznym. This paper presents some aspects of the contemporary discussion on communication in social sciences. According to the prevailing opinion we experience a profound change in the intensity, pace and scale of communication. Moreover, new forms of communication and new media have emerged. Their social consequences, which – as it is claimed – pare as profound as those which had resulted after the diffusion of writing and print, are one of the most important research topics in contemporary social sciences. The development of new media is one of the reasons why communication theory often breaks with the classical understanding of communication, which based on interpersonal relationships – the communication of conscious subjects, persons. Yet direct communication remains an indispensable dimension of human life, and disciplines such as pedagogy cannot resign to refer to the understanding of communication as interpersonal relationship. Communication is also an increasingly important arena of power competition and a tool of exercising it. To be effective in politics one must be able to communicate both with their own society, and be able to interact with other societies. Also in international relations, communication plays an increasingly important role and becomes a political tool consciously used.

Artykuł opowiada się za wysoką pozycją sztuki tanecznej w naukach humanistycznych. Jako, że taniec jest zakorzeniony w ludzkim ciele, tworzenie tańca oznacza tworzenie istoty ludzkiej. Składa się to na autentyczną sferę antropologicznej twórczości. Można zatem powiedzieć, że taniec jest antropologiczny i antropocentryczny. Stanowisko to znajduje swoje korzenie w tradycji helleńskiej, gdzie paideutyczna formacja społeczeństwa wolnych ludzi uwzględniała ćwiczenia fizyczne, głównie taniec zjednoczony z muzyką i słowem. Ludzkie ciało było tam postrzegane jako boska świątynia najszlachetniejszych ludzkich zdolności, które poddawane były ciągłemu szkolenia i doskonaleniu. Przedstawiono listę współczesnych dłużników Greków na tym polu w celu wykazania nieśmiertelności helleńskich idei wychowawczych przez tysiąclecia. Innym aspektem rozprawy są wzajemne relacje pomiędzy estetyką i etyką poprzez proces szkolenia w tańcu. The paper advocates the high position of the art of dance in the humanities. Since the dance is embedded in the human body, creating dance stands for creating human being. This makes up an authentic realm of the anthropological creativity. Thus one can say that dance is anthropological and anthropocentric. The stand is rooted in the Hellenic tradition, where paideutic formation of the society of free men included physical exercises, predominantly dance united with music and word. In this the human body was perceived as a god-like temple of the noblest human faculties that were the subject of constant training and melioration. The list of modern “debtors” to the Greeks in this field is presented to instantiate the immortality of Hellenic educational ideas across millennia. Another aspect of the discourse is the interrelation between aesthetics and ethics through the training process in dance.

Celem recenzji jest zaprezentowanie znanego naukowego czasopisma – jego dziewięciu ostatnich numerów opublikowanych od 2002 roku w Polsce. Temat omawianych artykułów zawartych w każdym numerze półrocznika „Horyzonty Wychowania” był analizowany na dwa sposoby. Pierwszym była analiza ilościowa, czyli zastosowano ocenę treści najbardziej popularnych krajowych i społecznych czasopism pedagogicznych; a drugim – z punktu widzenia kilku tematów, utożsamionych w każdym z wybranych numerów z powszechnymi naukowymi europejskimi problemami pedagogicznymi oraz ich pochodnymi wówczas, gdy zajmowały kluczowe miejsce w danym artykule. Autor podejmuje próbę zwrócenia uwagi czytelnika na unikatowy i naukowo uzasadniony charakter recenzowanego czasopisma. Wszystkie numery stanowią obszerne opracowania w zakresie próby określenia procesów i ich odrębności dla teoretycznych implikacji w okresie anomii, anomalii, nieprawidłowości i zmiany społecznej. The purpose of this review article is to present a comparative analysis of a well-known scientific journal – its last nine issues published since 2002 inPoland. The subject of the discussed papers included in each issue of the semi-annual journal “Horizons of Education” was analyzed in two ways. The first one was quantitative analysis, i.e. the assessment of the contents was applied to the most popular national and social educational journals; and the second one, from the point of view of several topics, which were identified in each of the chosen issues with general scientific European educational problems and their consequences when their place was essential in the body of a given article. The author makes an attempt to draw the reader’s attention to the unique and scientifically justified character of the reviewed journal. All issues constitute comprehensive studies as far as an attempt to conceptualize processes and their identity for theoretical implications in the period of anomy, anomaly, irregularity and social change.

The article is devoted to the role of social capital in the development and perception of modern changes, technologies, values, norms etc., in the period of social change in Poland during the last twenty years. In fact, the author presents the comparison between traditional and modern societies. The si tuation in Poland leads to the discovery of unexpected changes, contradictions and paradoxes implemented in the post-communist society. A lot of questions are addressed to the representatives of social sciences. Paradoxically, in the post-industrial era of informationalism and the society of knowledge – in the case of Poland – science and modernity are not conducive to the expected autonomy of new type changes and social relations in modern civil society. What influenced author’s personal views was an invitation to write a paper to this issue of „The Horizons of Education” devoted to, among other things, the human mind, rationality and pragmatism as the impact of new information technologies on the functioning of the contemporary postindustrial society. On the basis of the issue raised, the author confronts the alreadyreached achievements in the field in Poland, arguing that traditional communities, in the contrast to modern structures, limit mass social participation in terms of approval of patterns, norms and values propagated, among others, in the culture of digital modernity represented mostly by the Internet and real democracy. The author makes an attempt to draw the reader’s attention to the native situation within the scope discussed here, which is marked by numerous contradictions of social incompetence.