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Using a two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation of collision-less plasmoid instability, dynamics of formation and growth of magnetic islands are investigated. In the extended nonlinear magnetic reconnection process, the electric current layer undergoes a nonlinear deformation. This perturbation shows itself in the form of a cut in the electrical current layer, which is called a point. This phenomenon creates magnetic islands or plasmoids on either side of the point. Plasmoids are structures with a high mass density that are formed from the output flow of the plasma. In this study, different properties of plasmoid instability such as temperature, electric field vector, and stages of formation and growth are investigated by particle-in-cell simulation. The effect of a constant perpendicular magnetic field (guide field) on the apparent deformation of the electric current sheet and the coalescence rate of the plasmoid is investigated. The presence of a constant guide field reduces the number of magnetic reconnections and also reduces the process rate of plasmoid coalescence. The ratio between the conduction field and the initial magnetic field determines the number of magnetic reconnections. So that reduces the number of points to three and increases guide field up to prevent the formation of plasmoid instability and keeps the system in the magnetic reconnection state.

The objective of this work is to investigate the use of PCC, and the impact of its coating weight on paper coating. In this study, two base papers from Mazandaran Wood and Paper Industries (APC and NS), and two coating compositions with the solid content of 25% containing PCC filler (100 parts), PVA binder (14 parts) and dispersant (1 part) were used. The first composition included PCC B102 for opacity increment, and the second one PCC 9020 for the improvement of brightness. Two rod RDS14 and RDS30 were used for different coating weights. After coating, the treated samples were dried in room conditions at air temperature of 25◦C and relative humidity of 54%. Physical and optical properties of control and treated samples such as air resistance, thickness, Cobb60, brightness, yellowness, opacity and roughness were determined. In comparison to the control group, all the treated samples showed improvement in brightness, opacity, yellowness and air resistance. By the two different formulations and two rods, paper roughness was increased, and the increment of water absorption was due to capillary development in coating texture. The analysis of variances showed that the usage of PCC 9020 had considerable effect on roughness of papers. In NS papers, change of PCC caused significant difference in brightness and roughness, but in APC papers did not. The change of coating rod in APC papers had significant effect on water absorption, brightness and opacity but did not show in NS.

Antibacterial papers such as food packaging papers are important for human health. In this study, with the aim of the production of environmentally friendly antibacterial paper, nanoclay was selected as a productive agent of antibacterial effect. Since the effectiveness of nanoclay depends on the amount of its negative charge, nanoclay was homogenized using a homogenizer until be processed a homogeneous structure with more negative charge. Due to the negativity of charge of fibers and clay nanoparticles, Nanoclays was combined with starch at levels of 1, 3 and 4%, and the suspension was applied to on surface of the paper as an overlay using Auto Bar Coater. Antibacterial and physical properties of papers were evaluated. The results showed that nanoclays had a significantly effect on inhibiting the growth of bacteria and were able to reduce the growth of bacteria even at low levels of consumption. Water absorption of papers decreased and their resistance to air increased. Hence it can be said that homogenized nanoclay can be a desirable factor in the production of packaging papers with low water absorption, high resistance to air and resistant to bacterial microorganisms.

In the current study, modification of NSSC pulp broke fibers was done by forming starch polymeric multilayers, using Layer-by-Layer (LbL) layering method. After fiber slushing and preparation of pulp suspension with 0.5% consistency and conductivity formation of about 437 µS/cm, adding water solution of 1 mM NaCl, the experiments of fibers treatment were conducted to build the polymeric layers (up to 5 consecutive layers). Afterward, water retention value (WRV) of fibers was calculated in samples to evaluate the influence of this method on fibers hydrophilicity. The fibers were then used to prepare standard handsheets (60±3g/m2) and the physical and strength properties of sheets were evaluated as a function of the number of layers deposited on the fibers. The results showed that the WRV index of the fibers was improved by the LbL treatment of NSSC broke pulp fibers, due to the increase in starch electrostatic absorption. Successive variation in paper apparent density increase and paper thickness decrease confirmed the construction of starch multilayers on the surface of broke fibers. Formation of such multilayers on broke fibers has led to considerable improvement in tensile index (from 13.21 N.m/g to 30.65 N.m/g) and burst index (from 1.23 kPa.m2/g to 2.36 kPa.m2/g). Also, the prepared SEM micrographs approve the sheet web compaction and paper mechanical improvement resulted due to an increase in inter-fiber bonding.

In this study, the reinforcing effect of recycled newsprint paper (RNP) in cement boards has been investigated. The experiment was designed to apply two variable factors, RNP and calcium chloride (CaCl2). Cement-fiber boards with the density of 0.7 kg/m3 were manufactured using fiber/cement ratios of 10:90, 15:85, 20:80 and 25:75 (w/w) and 3% and 5% CaCl2 as accelerator. Minimum four boards (replications) were fabricated for each combination of variables, and the mechanical and physical properties of the boards were evaluated. The statistical analysis showed that the effect of the RNP and CaCl2 contents on modulus of rupture of cement fiber boards were significant at 1% significant level. The results showed that addition of CaCl2 enhanced the mechanical properties of the boards. All properties of the boards were improved as the CaCl2 content was increased from 3% to 5%. The modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity of the boards decreased with addition of RNP, and the maximum values were obtained at RNP loading of 10%. The results also showed that as the fiber content was increased, significant increase in water absorption and thickness swelling occurred. Increasing RNP fiber content from 10% to 25% reduced both the mechanical and physical properties considerably. The optimum condition was obtained when the RNP and CaCl2 contents were 10% and 5%, respectively.

This article aims to facilitate the use of methyl cellulose adhesive to repair paper works that its ink is sensitive to water. This research is conducted by analytical comparisons method and samples is collected by experiments related to research topics such as pH measurement, Calorimetric, infrared spectroscopy with total attenuated reflection (FTIR- ATR), the measurement of tensile strength as well measurement of The adhesive strength of the samples. The stages of this study is conducted so that the adhesive methyl cellulose at a concentration of 7% in methanol was prepared. The prepared specimens is treated under Temperature-humidity accelerated aging in accordance with standard ASTM D4714-96 no for 384 hours and under light in accordance with ASTM D6789-02 for 360 hours and Changes of color, pH, tensile strength and adhesion is investigated for them. Results showed that the samples pH is changed from 6.91 to 6.39 after light aging and to 6.06 after temperature-humidity aging. Also, Tensile strength of Samples is reduced from 0.31 to 0.23 kN per meter after light aging and to 0.24 kN per meter after the temperature-humidity aging. Also, the adhesive strength of the samples is decreased from 1.43 to 0.97 Newton after light aging and to 1.51 Newton after temperature-humidity aging.

Writing research papers and books as well as publishing in scientific journals are very important in universities’ scientific promotion. They have a veto-like role in promotion procedure. Reaching high level in academic procedure is valuable, provided that scientific activities reach the highest points and, above all, can be used in solving each country’s internal problems. Here, by papers, I do not refer to fake and stolen papers; I am referring to those papers which researchers and the authors consider to be true papers but they are not, since they seem to be artificial, or the variables used in them are insignificant, or they are of no use to the society’ interests and do not increase one’s knowledge. It is said that some scientific groups are jealous of others’ promotion and do not want to increase the number of members of their team. It may be true, but we must also take into account that the true ranking level of universities is much more important. I should mention that in some scientific groups, besides self-citation, team citations occur frequently, which takes place when authors cite their teammates’ works. In some countries such as Iran, there is more attention to ISI citations, while it should not be the main element in academic promotion. Some foreign journals might accept weak papers because they offer some new information about their countries or they may help other countries’ projects, but they are useless in terms of own countries. It is very bad that for some writers of articles, external acceptance is more valuable than its inner usability. This also the case for the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (MSRT)’s preferences, policy and its scientific management. It is mostly heard that some professors have been listed among the top one percent of authors in the world. This matters without taking into consideration that how a professor can reach to this position and how he/she can write or mange these number of articles by himself and also without taking into consideration whether it is right for a professor to appropriating a student’s work. Furthermore, it is more important to ask how these articles can solve their home counties’ problems. We have a proverb that “science which is used without capability is like a tree without fruit”. Of course, it must be mentioned that judgment for professors regarding their colleagues’ scientific promotion is not easy by itself. But this toughness and complexity must be a good criterion for promotion. Therefore, one may have not so many articles published but has the capability to criticize others’ works instead. Unfortunately, the MSRT has no idea of this. I suggest that a person’s paper or book should be reviewed and criticized by his colleagues first, before and after its publication, considering its gains for local, national or international interests. This can prevent copying and worthless writings.

Background and Objectives: Pre-hospital care report is a valid medical document containing demographic information, vital signs, times related to ambulance location, evaluations, and performed medical procedures. With the advancement of technology and communication, Asayar smart program has replaced the paper registration method. Therefore, the current study aimed to compare the time indicators and outcome of pre-hospital emergency operations in two methods of electronic registration with the Asayar program and paper registration. Methods: This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in Isfahan in 2019. A number of 700 missions registered by paper in 2017 and 230 missions recorded by Asayar program methods in 2018 were reviewed. Samples were selected by a stratified method with a proportional allocation approach. In order to collect data, researcher-made tools were designed, and content validity was examined. Data analysis was performed by propensity score matching, descriptive statistics, as well as Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests. Results: The results demonstrated that incomplete data were obtained at 2.68% and 7.19% in the Asayar method and the paper method, respectively. The rates of hospital admission in the Asayar and paper methods were reported as 0.9% and 4.9%, respectively. Ambulance arrival time at the patientchr('39')s bedside, in the Asayar and paper methods were calculated at 8 min and 43 sec and 11 min and 30 sec, respectively. Moreover, the time of ambulance discharge from the hospital in the Asayar and paper methods were reported as 9 min and 20 sec and 12 min and 37 sec. Conclusion: As evidenced by the obtained results, documentation by the Asayar method reduced the lost data and increased patient admission in hospitals. Furthermore, it reduced the time of ambulance arrival at the patientchr('39')s bedside and the time of ambulance release.

As a result of water treatment and during the water softening and hardness reducing process, calcium carbonate deposits with other impurities produced, collected and buried as mineral sludge. This study was done to investigate the effect of using calcium carbonate filler (as a byproduct of water treatment process in Mazandaran wood and paper mill) on strength properties of fluting paper produced from both old corrugated container (OCC) and neutral sulfite semi chemical(NSSC) pulps. Calcium carbonate added to the pulps at levels of 5, 10 and 15 percentage of bone dry weight of paper. The air resistant with the tensile index, burst index, tear index and resistant to fluting of handsheets were measured and compared to control handsheets (samples without calcium carbonate). The results showed that the use of calcium carbonate from the water treatment has a negative impact on fluting paper strength properties. Calcium carbonate filler negative impacts on virgin pulp (NSSC) and recycled pulp (OCC) is different and is more in OCC pulp.

Background and aim: Nowadays, increase in population have caused increasing demand for paper, and in addition, greater restrictions on raw materials, initiated the production of high-yield pulps and mechanical pulps has found special status. These pulps are produced with the yield greater than 85%. The utilization of these pulps due to the presence of lignin, extractives, and metal ions, is limited to short-term usage, as in the long they suffer from brightness reversion and photo-yellowing. This study aimed to investigate the effect of DTPA, nano-cellulose, and nanochitosan spray on the optical properties of chemical-mechanical pulp (CMP). Materials and methods: For this purpose, first, a quantity of bleached chemical-mechanical pulp (CMP) was selected as a control sample from Mazandaran wood and paper industry. Papers with a basis weight of 60 gr/m² were prepared from the mentioned paper pulp. In this study, the nano-fibrillated cellulose (NFC) was purchased from Nano Novin Polymer Co. (Sari, Iran), which was prepared from softwood alpha cellulose pulp with an average fiber diameter of 32 nm. The NFC was sprayed at 2% on paper sheets. Nanochitosan (“Seafresh”, Thailand), with a deacetylation degree of 93% and a molecular weight of 270 kDa was used. Nanochitosan was sprayed at 1 and 2% of the dry pulp weight. Diethylene triamine penta acetic acid (DTPA) was prepared from DIPER-Samchun (South Korea(. To spray the DTPA onto the paper surface, 0.5% DTPA solution was prepared. To prepare samples for the surface modification, paper sheets with a basis weight of 60 g/m² were made. Then, 0.5% DTPA, 2% nanochitosan, and 2% nanocellulose were sprayed separately on the paper sheets. In addition, another treatment named mixed-solution (containing 0.5 % DTPA + 2% nanochitosan + 2% nanocellulose) was sprayed on the handsheets. The spraying time and distance were 20 s and 20 cm, respectively, and the treatment process was named “spray-coated”. Then, the optical properties (brightness, opacity, yellowness, and greenness) of the hand-sheets were measured according to ASTM and TAPPI standard methods. Results: The results showed that by DTPA, nano-cellulose, and nano-chitosan spray on the handsheet paper, brightness, yellowness, greenness, L* factor, and the opacity increased and the a* factor decreased. By spraying nano-cellulose on the test samples, most of the optical properties were significantly improved except for the yellowness of the handsheet paper. In addition, the most appropriate properties were observed in the paper obtained from DTPA spray and also in the simultaneous spray treatment of DTPA, nano-cellulose, and nano-chitosan on hand-sheet papers. Therefore, it has caused a very sensible increase and improvement in all the optical properties, which can be selected and suggested as the best treatment. The evaluation results of the brightness reversion of the hand-sheet paper from CMP pulp showed that most of the treatments led to a relative reduction of the return of the paper brightness. On the other hand, the lowest and highest brightness return values in the hand-sheet paper were obtained from 0.5% DTPA spray and nano-chitosan spray, respectively. The evaluation results of the SEM images of the test samples compared to the control sample showed that the hand-sheet paper with nanochitosan and nano-cellulose spray and also in the simultaneous spray treatment of DTPA, nanocellulose, and nano-chitosan had more favorable surface and structural properties. The existence of less empty spaces (cavity) and more overlap of fibers in the test samples can be a reason for the higher quality of the properties, as well. Conclusion: The results showed that by spraying nanocellulose, nano- chitosan and DTPA on the test samples, the optical properties, brightness, greenness, opacity, a* factor, l* factor, yellowness and brightness stability improved. In addition, among the various treatments, the DTPA treatment in long-term thermal aging and the use of chitosan-nano and nano-cellulose in the short-term aging had noticeable effects on brightness stability and decrease in the color reversion. As a result, there was an increase in the durability of the paper against thermal deterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Some medicinal herb extracts have the antibacterial capability. On the other hand, herb extract is one of the organic, natural, and environmentally friendly substances. In recent years, the production of environmental and safe packaging materials has attracted the attention of scientists and industrialists. Paper is one of the biodegradables and lowcost options for packaging in various industries, including the food industry. Also, the raw materials of paper can be modified and changed with different materials. As a result, paper fibers can be treated with herb extracts and used in the production of renewable papers with antibacterial properties. Methodology: In this research, thyme plant residue (Zataria Multiflora) was used for extraction. The thyme obtained from the research farm was dried and then powdered. 10 grams of thyme powder was poured on 100 ml of ethanol and then it was treated with an ultrasonic probe. In this method, two amplitudes of 40 and 60 amplitudes and three time levels of 3, 6, and 9 minutes were used for extraction. Then the papers with 120 grammage were treated with herbal extract prepared using two dosages of 15 and 20% based on the dry weight of the paper by spraying. The antibacterial properties of the papers were investigated with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The chemical structure of the extract from the thyme was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) analysis. Also, gas chromatography (GC-MASS) analysis was used to investigate the components of thyme extract. The optical properties of the paper, including brightness and opacity, and the strengths properties of the produced papers were measured by tensile, tear, and burst strengths. Results: The highest inhibition zone diameter in the treated paper with the thyme extracted by ultrasonic method was 20 mm in 40 amplitude and 9 minutes for Escherichia coli bacteria. Also, the highest inhibition zone diameter for Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was 14 mm in 60 amplitude and 6 minutes. According to the results of the papers analysis, the papers showed better antibacterial properties and higher inhibition zone against the Escherichia coli bacteria. The chemical compounds in the thyme extract including various substances such as hexane and furans. The most important chemical components that caused the antibacterial properties of the papers is carvenone, which was observed in the thyme extract. The results of the strength test of the treated papers showed that the sample of the thyme extracted by the ultrasonic method at 40 amplitudes, 3 minutes, and the 20% consumption amount based on the dry weight of the paper has the highest tensile and burst index. As well as, the highest tear index of the treated papers was in the treated sample with the thyme extracted at 60 amplitudes, 3 minutes, and 15% consumption amount based on the dry weight of the paper. The results of the optical tests showed that the opacity of the papers decreased and the brightness increased. Conclusion: The results of this research showed that the paper as a biodegradable and environmentally friendly material has the ability to be treated with herbal and natural antibacterial materials such as the thyme extract. Also, the herbal extracts are a suitable alternative to inorganic and metallic materials in the production of materials with antibacterial properties due to the herbal extracts are cheap, available and natural materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the relativistic Dirac equation in one dimension is investigated for a particle in an external electromagnetic field, with the property of position-dependent effective mass approximation (PDEM), in the absence of vector potential. By removing the lower spinor component and combining the pair of equations, a Schrödinger-like equation is obtained for the upper spinor component. Using canonical transformations and introducing two first-order Hermitian and anti-Hermitian differential operators, a formalism for pseudo-hermitic Hamiltonians with parity-time reversal symmetry (PT) has been obtained. Comparing the equation derived from pseudo-Hermitian Hamiltonian with the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation leads to a general formalism for one-dimensional solvable imaginary non-Hermitian potentials with real energy spectra. Also, using this process, the complex potentials of Pöschl-Teller and Scarf II with real energy spectra in Dirac equation with PDEM approximationand PT symmetry have been investigated and their application has been expressed. For some particular parameters we will see the phenomenon of energy-levels crossing. In fact, it means that energy levels disappear from the spectrum. Also, for the mentioned examples, potential figures are drawn.

In this paper, the standing magnetohydrodynamic slow waves in the magnetic flux tubes are investigated under coronal conditions. The temperature and equilibrium plasma density of the tube is assumed to be homogeneous and constant and the compressive viscosity is considered as the damping mechanism. Also, the plasma flow is considered in the flux tube. Assuming that the damping rate to be much smaller than the oscillation frequency of the waves, the perturbation method is used to solve the problem. The oscillation frequency and the eigenfunctions are found from the first-order perturbation while the damping rate is determined from the second-order perturbation. To increase the flow speed makes the oscillation frequency decreases and the damping rate increases. Also, increasing each of the flow speed and background temperature of the tube, decreases the ratio of the damping time to the oscillation period. But this ratio increases due to the increasing the length of the tube The results found here are consistent with the theoretical results obtained earlier. Also, the obtained results can justify some observational cases.

Using all optical devices for implementing all optical communication networks is very important. By using all optical frequency shift keying demodulators one can generate binary codes from the frequency of optical waves. In this paper a novel structure has been proposed for designing photonic crystal based all optical frequency shift keying demodulator. Three resonant cavities with different resonant modes were used for the frequency selecting section. In order to separate three different resonant modes, the radius of the defect rods used inside the cavities was chosen with different size. The simulation results show the proposed structure can generate four binary codes according to the frequency of the input optical waves. Therefore the final structure can work as an all optical frequency shift keying demodulator which can generate 00, 01, 10 and 11 codes at the output ports. The maximum delay time of the proposed structure is 4 ps.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is widely used in optical coating technology because of its stability and high index of refraction. The homogeneity of the chemical composition (stoichiometry) of the optical thin films plays an important role in the quality of the layers. Increasing the homogeneity increases the transmission coefficient and the laser-induced damage threshold and decreases the absorption coefficient. To increase the homogeneity of the layers, various methods are used during and after the process of film coating. Annealing (heating the deposited films up to a certain temperature) is a common technique. After the coating process, TiO2 thin film is uniformly heated to 400 °C to obtain the homogenization of the stoichiometry. In this research, the dependence of the homogeneity of the stoichiometry of TiO2 optical thin films on the rate of heat treatment (a gradual increase of heat treatment temperature over time) is investigated by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) of the samples. So, the 400 nm thick TiO2 layers are coated on the BK7 optical glass, utilizing an electron gun. Then, each sample is subjected to heat treatment at different rates. The data obtained from the XPS analysis show that the samples subjected to slow heat treatment (2.2 °C per minute, up to a final temperature of 400 °C) have a more homogeneous stoichiometry and contain higher amounts of TiO2. Based on the results, the laser-induced damage threshold of laser mirrors can be improved in the nanosecond and femtosecond regimes of radiation.

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is the excitation of cumulative charge oscillations in the metal-dielectric interface. Of the various surface plasmon-based measurement methods, phase-based measurement methods are the most accurate and sensitive. The wave phase can be measured with appropriate accuracy by various interferometry methods. The common path polarization heterodyne interferometry method compared to the conventional heterodyne method has the advantage of stability against changes in the ambient due to vibration and temperature changes. Increasing sensitivity has always been considered as one of the important challenges in designing and manufacturing various types of SPR-based sensors. In this study, after a theoretical investigation of enhancement of the phase sensitivity due to the addition of a quarter-wave plate in the common path polarization heterodyne interferometer, the SPR phase change in the standard common path polarization heterodyne interferometer arrangement is measured. Comparing the results with the results of the modified setup proves the phase sensitivity enhancement. Experimental results show a sensitivity enhancement of at least 3.5 times.

Background and Objectives: Wastewater treatment of paper recycling and cardboard industries with the aim of water recycling and reducing environmental impact is one of the daily needs of industries. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to optimize the conditions of coagulation and flocculation process in wastewater treatment of paper recycling industries using the response surface method. Materials and Methods: In this laboratory study, response surface method and central composite design were used to design the experiments and to determine the effects of the studied variables (pH, concentrations of alum, Poly aluminum chloride (PAC), and cationic polymer) on the total suspended solid (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency. Data analysis was done using ANOVA statistical test with a significant level of 0.05. Results: The results showed that in the combination of PAC with cationic polymer (optimal conditions; pH=7.5, PAC concentration=450 mg/L, cationic polymer concentration=1.5 mg/L), the TSS and COD removal efficiency were 97.34% and 75.76%, respectively. In combination of alum with cationic polymer (optimal conditions; pH=8.5, alum concentration=550 mg/L, cationic polymer concentration=2 mg/L), removal efficiencies were 98.96% and 77.83%, respectively. The simultaneous effects of two independent variables, pH and concentration, had a significant effect (p<0.05) in removing TSS and COD variables. Conclusion: The results showed that the combination of PAC with cationic polymer had a better efficiency. Also, the COD and TSS in the final effluent were higher and lower than the standard values, respectively. Therefore, chemical coagulation process is proposed as pretreatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, with the help of Heidegger and Foucault's conceptual tools, as well as the achievements of the cognitive science, we try to examine the transition from paper reading to digital reading. This discussion can be a preparation for a philosophical understanding of the digital age. We show that Heidegger's analysis of the ready-to-hand beings and technology can help to understand the reading behaviors of paper and digital readers. We have also use Heidegger's analytical framework for text ontology. On the other hand, Foucault's reflections on the embodied technologies can explain the power-knowledge relationships that is constructed around the reader. In addition, the cognitive science has provided detailed empirical findings on the effects of reading behaviors on the human cognitive biases and skills by examining the various modes of reading. Embodied and skillful cognitive science, by going beyond the computational understanding of human beings, has noticed the various behaviors and states of the body in reading processes and highlighted their effects. To integrate these areas of research, we try to place the findings of the cognitive science within the framework of Heidegger and Foucault's technological understanding of the modern power-knowledge relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiber-gypsum board is a composite material, in which fiber is used as the reinforcement in the matrix of gypsum. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of adding different amounts of waste paper fibers on the strength, and the fracture behavior of fiber-gypsum board. For this purpose, zero, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 35 percent gypsum was substituted by waste paper fibers in the mixture. The results of bending strength, internal bonding and moisture absorption after one month exposure to 100% relative humidity measurement showed that increasing the percentage of fibers up to 20% increased the mechanical properties. In general, using twenty percent fibers in the mixture increased the bending strength by 50% and the internal bonding was increase two and half times compared to the control samples. The load-displacement curve shows that the dosage of 5 to 15 percent of fibers does not change the fracture behavior of the fibergypsum board and exhibited brittle fracture as in control samples. While at higher dosage, the flexibility increases and the failure becomes ductile. Therefore, the best conditions in terms of strength, resistance, and flexibility was reached at 20% substitution of gypsum with waste paper fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sticky contaminants present one of the biggest technical challenges in the paper recycling process. These contaminants reduce paper strength, cause plugging of wires and felts, and stick to or deposit on machine parts affecting the runnability of the paper machine. In this study, first, the sticky deposit on doctor blades was subjected to multi-stage extraction with alcohol, acetone, toluene, and tetrahydrofuran solvents respectively. Then the nature of the resulting material and its physicochemical properties was investigated with FTIR analysis, GC-MS, TGA, XRF, SEM. The results showed that these deposite originates from the fibers, polymers such as polyvinyl acetate and styrene butadiene, which are components of hot melt adhesives, and fatty acid/resin esters. Fatty acids and resins are the most common organic compounds in stickies deposite. The possible origin of these compounds are chemical substances (saponified fatty acids), deinking steps and some resins and fatty acids used in the formulation of adhesives or more resistant resins and extractive materials related to cellulosic fibers. The identified minerals are mainly calcium, iron, silica and aluminum, which are present in the formulation of fillers and coating pigments during the papermaking process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of using different fillers in the presence of cationic rosin sizing agent on the properties of pulp and paper made from CMP fibers. For this purpose, cationic rosin internal sizing agent at the levels of 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 % based on oven dry fibers, and fillers including grounded carbonate calcium (GCC), precipitated carbonate calcium (PCC), Talc and Zeolite in 25 % level based on oven dry paper accompanied with cationic polyacrylamide retention agent at the constant level of 0.3 % based on oven dry fibers were added to the CMP pulp suspension according to the TAPPI standard. In order to examine the effect of different fillers in the presence of cationic rosin, handsheets with basis weight of about 60±3 g/m2 were prepared from each experiment. Then, various pulp and paper characteristics were measured. Statistical analysis of the results revealed that type of filler has dissimilar behavior on the pulp and paper properties in the presence of cationic rosin. Drainage time of pulp suspension was lower when adding Zeolite and GCC fillers. Talc and PCC decreased more the paper strengths properties. Ultimately optical properties of papers improved more when Talc and PCC were added to the CMP pulp. Consequently, with respect to the priority of brightness and opacity for the copy and print papers made from CMP fibers, addition of Talc and PCC in the presence of cationic rosin sizing agent may be meet more the requirements compare to Zeolite and GCC fillers.

‎ The most of the fungicide‏ ‏that are used to prevent or stop the biological destruction of the historical papers have been used ‎at the first time in domains of science and industrial So thiophanate methyl which is most useful in agriculture, have been ‎tested in repairing and protection of papers and it’s one of the most useful materials in agriculture antifungals.The main ‎aim of this research was assessment of aesthetic and structural effects on paper after treatment by Thiophanate-methyl ‎compound. Experimental method (laboratory experience) and library study wre applied in this research. ATR-FTIR spectra ‎showed that spray of Thiophanate-methyl on paper did not produce any degradation effect. The compound had not ‎changed aesthetical properties and pH values. Tensile strength of paper did not reduce due to the treatment. This indicates ‎nondestructive effects of Thiophanate-methyl on paper which signifies its great capability for application in conservation ‎and restoration of paper.‎

Nowadays, recycled fibers are the main fiber source for manufacturing packaging papers. Sizing of such papers, based on the type of application, is of great importance. In this research, the effect of alum-cationic rosin consumption amount in pH of about 6.5 on the properties of papers made from white sheets trimmings was examined. In order to optimize consumption extent, pulp suspension sizing with alum in six level of 0, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 10 %, and rosin with the ratio of 50 % of alum based on oven dry (OD) pulp was done according to the TAPPI standard methods. Then by preparation of handsheets with basis weight of about 65±5 g/m2, their Cobb test (45 second), structural and strength characteristics were investigated. Statistical analysis of the results have shown that alum and rosin consumption amount of about 7 and 3.5 % based on OD pulp is the best suitable level for internal sizing of white sheets trimmings fibers. In these alum-rosin level, Cobb value of papers decreased from 120±11.6 g/m2 the lowest value of about 64±9.7 g/m2. Contact angle of water droplet with the paper surface increased from 24.81º to 96.53º. Paper tensile index decreased up to 125±9.7 N.m/g by such sizing level and again increased with increasing alum-rosin level. Seemingly, such phenomena can be attributed to the alum role in charge neutralizing, cellulosic fines retention and improving bonding-ability of paper network. Meaningful decrease of paper surface roughness from 10.34±0.54 µm in control sample to 8.23±1.37 µm in sized papers in optimized level confirmed this assumption.

Paper relics have historical, artistic and scientific values in the human cultural heritage viewpoint. Given the importance of this material, its preservation is a matter of great interest. Biodeterioration and specially fungi are one of main decay factors of cellulose structure of paper. The aim of this study was to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Benomyl for Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus Terreus, Penicillium and Cladosporium isolated from infected papers and manuscripts. Isolates were tested for sensitivity to benomyl also been compared with each other. Fungal genera were identified based on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of isolated samples by using slide culture method and optical microscope disk diffusion method was used In order to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of Benomyl alcohol treatments on paper. ASTM D 2020-92 Standard Test Methods for Mildew were used to assess fungal resistance of treated paper. These test methods cover the qualitative determination of mildew (fungus) resistance of paper and paperboard, particularly those types which have been given a fungus resistant treatment. The results showed that all tested fungi are sensitive to Benomyl and Benomyl alcohol treatment prevents the growth of isolates on paper. Penicillium has the least MIC 12/5 ppm, and the highest MIC, 100 ppm, belong to Aspergillus niger. MIC obtained for Aspergillus terreus and Cladosporium was 50 ppm. In all isolates with increasing concentration of ethanolic solution of Benomyl the diameter of colonies in comparison with the control group, decreased And the percentage inhibitionof fungal growth on paper increased the results demonstrarte that the 100 ppm concentration of Benomyl in ethanol can be the lowest concentration necessary to provide an efficient antifungal action.

Background and Aims: According to the research background and need to print CBCT images in case of emergency, this study has been done to compare the quality and accuracy of the two methods of film and paper printing for CBCT images. Materials and Methods: The study of CBCT images taken from 5 patients was done and the cross-sectional slices on Fotolusio DNP papers and film AGFA were printed. Afterward, the images was exmined by a maxillofacial radiologist. The images’ quality were identified and recorded with anatomical, from 1 to 4 on forms. The accuracy was determined by the diagnosis of alveolar canal area and the comparison with the gold standard. Data were analyzed using independent chi-square and Fisher exact tests’. Results: The images quality in anatomical landmarks consisting PDL (P=0.02), lamina dura (P=0.006), the inferior alveolar canal (P=0.01) and the filling (P=0.006) had a significant difference. There was no significant difference. For the lower border of the mandible landmark, there was no difference between the two methods of printing. In comparing the diagnostic accuracy between the two methods (P=1). Conclusion: The results showed that the diagnostic quality in film printing is better than paper printing and the diagnostic accuracy is the same in both methods.

Background: According to the widespread prevalence of different chronic diseases, nurses need to know the choices, necessities, and abilities of patients. The study purpose was to investigate the methodological quality of published papers based on Family-Centered Empowerment Model (FCEM). Methods: This study was a systematic review. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline was used to retrieve all national and international studies in the field of FCEM. The final papers were reviewed for different methodological dimensions using three quantitative scales: Jadad, Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) 2010, and Newcastle-Ottawa, and qualitative scale of Cochrane risk of bias. Findings: In the initial search, 644 papers were retrieved; following PRISMA screening guideline, 47 relevant papers were recognized. Jadad scale scores showed that one study received a score of 5 and 33 received a score of less than 3. Consort scale scores indicated that four studies were scored 7 and the same number were scored less than 5. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale scores showed that 13 studies were scored 8, and 4 were scored less than 4. The five dimensions of Cochrane's risk of bias scale are detailed in the paper. Conclusion: The methodological quality of applied studies based on the FCEM was relatively good, but their reporting style and quality were inadequate.

Considering the importance of the wood and paper industry for the Iranian economy and interaction and linkages between the wood and paper sector with other economic sectors. In order to do so, Input-Output table for 1380 and hypothetical extraction method has been used. Calculation of sensitivity index of publication as well as the wood and paper industry publishing strength index respectively with figures 451.2 and 378.1 suggests that this industry ranked first and third release power sensitivity in between sections is And this means that the wood and paper industry, more than the average total other sections with the other categories in this connection and communication as well as alike and more balanced sections. In the case of the hypothetical extraction method from the perspective of the production output decreased the amount of million 112345678 (Leontief pattern) and 132456789 cents (gosh pattern). In terms of stretching the production ranking 19 of 34 of its assigned section.

In the process of crystal growth by Czochralski technique, lower part and core of the crystal are warmer than other parts of crystal and its environment, which leads to expansion in different parts of the crystal. The result of this thermal gradient is strain, which eventually causes thermo-elastic stress in the crystal. Increasing this stress leads to transition of the material from elastic limit and entering plastic area. To show thermo-elastic stress in crystals, a criterion called Von Misses stress is used. Using the solid mechanics approach, the mechanical response of crystal to the stresses can be determined through appropriate structural equations. In this paper, using appropriate structural equations, a set of numerical simulations of temperature field, thermal stress and dislocation density for a Czochralski setup used to grow Ge single crystal have been done for different heights of crystal. In order to investigate dislocation density, using a simple first-order approximation, in which the dislocation density is proportional to radial gradient of temperature is used. A two-dimensional steady state finite element method has been applied for all calculations. The numerical results reveal that the thermal field and thermal stress are mainly dependent on the crystal height, heat radiation and gas flow in the growth system. As the height of the crystal increases and the shape of the crystal-melt interface changes, we see an increase in thermo-elastic stress and dislocation density.

Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) is one of the modern technologies of external radiotherapy, which underwent widespread clinical adoption in medical centers. Modern radiotherapy makes use of new technologies in design, treatment, and delivery systems. However, despite the advantages of IMRT compared to previous methods, radiotherapy errors are still an obstacle to achieving the desired dose distribution. In this paper, effective errors of the IMRT technique, together with the sensitivity of different quality assurance (QA) procedures in diagnosis are investigated and classified. According to these studies, in addition to the importance of human errors in delivery and patient positioning, beam correction device errors are other most effective sources of delivery errors, responsible for 35% to 50% of radiotherapy uncertainties. Thus, IMRT QA methods such as diode detectors, films, electronic portal images, log files, and artificial intelligence methods have been used extensively to investigate the MLC leaf positioning errors. Moreover, uncertainties of treatment couch design and MLC modeling in TPS should not be underestimated, since numerous studies have demonstrated that various couch tops include non-negligible beam attenuation, ranging from 4% to 9% for a gantry angle of 0. Whereas posterior oblique beams are often used in the IMRT process. This article aims to highlight the importance of recognition and correction of radiotherapy uncertainties and reduce possible accidents during an IMRT process by precisely knowing various IMRT QA procedures.

The use of metal matrix composites can provide a combination of desirable properties of metals as well as the special physical properties of neutron absorber reinforcing particles such as boron carbide, which alone may be brittle. Therefore, in the present study on neutron attenuation power of composite shielding, several Al-B4C composite samples with weight fractions of 5, 10 and 20% B4C have been used. In order to investigate the neutron absorption properties of the studied samples, the MCNP Monte Carlo code and the neutron source of the dry channel of the MNSR reactor with a flux of 2.13E+5 n.cm-2.s-1 have been used ,which provided in nominal reactor power of 30 kW. The results show that the neutron flux in the presence of 5, 10 and 20% boron carbide samples is predicted to be 1.32E+05 n.cm-2.s-1,1.12E+05 n.cm-2.s-1 and 1.07E+05 n.cm-2.s-1, respectively. With this increase in the percentage of reinforcement phase, neutron flux is reduced down to 50%.

The unification between the theory of general relativity and the standard model of particle physics predicts the existence of a minimal measurable length on the order of the Planck length. Nowadays phenomenological studies of field theory in the presence of a minimal observable distance are extensively performed. The existence of a minimal measurable length leads to the generalized uncertainty principle (GUP). In this work, we obtain at first the angular wave frequency in the presence of a minimal observable length by considering the generalized uncertainty principle. Then, by expanding the generalized angular wave frequency, the nonlinear Schrodinger equation is found. Also, the soliton solution of the generalized nonlinear Schrodinger equation is obtained. In the limit, the soliton solution in generalized space becomes the same as usual soliton solution. The value of minimalobservable length is considered about.

Application of dry strength additives is regarded as a sustainable strategy toward improvement of recycle paper properties, and Bio-based materials utilization enhanced in this aspect extensively, respecting to different technological and environmental issues. In order to improving products properties, Cellulose and Chitosan as the most abundant biopolymers with unique characteristics, have been focused under ever increasing researches as natural and processed forms. Effects of the biopolymers, chitosan and nano fibrillated cellulose (NFC), individually and combined together on recycled pulp and paper properties showed that density and strength indices of paper (tensile, burst and tear), pulp drainage and retention during sheet formation improved with reduction in the material loss compared to the blank. Chitosan addition caused significant enhancement on all of the strengths, density and pulp retention and also reduction in material loss. Dewatering of the pulp suspension (CSF) was significantly improved by chitosan presence, with decline resulted from the higher addition level. The resulted developments were attributed to polymeric character, structural similarity and high bonding ability of chitosan with cellulosic fibers. Individually addition of NFC produced boost in the pulp retention, paper density, tensile and burst indices and fall in pulp freeness, material loss and tear index. Anionic nature, high specific surface area and hydrogen bonding ability of NFC were ascribed to these. Application of NFC just after chitosan as a complex mechanism in papermaking wet end not only had no increment in density and strength indices of recycled paper (except NFC 0.15%), reduced strengths in some cases. In the complex, the pulp properties were fluctuated compared to chitosan treatment, but were prior compared to nano fibrillated cellulose.

In this study, the effect of nanoclay particles and coupling agent on the physical and mechanical properties of polypropylene / waste paper composites was studied. To meet this objectives, waste paper fibers with polypropylene in 50% by weight, nanoclay (0, 2 and 4%) and coupling agent (0 and 3%) were compounded in an internal mixer at 155°C and 60rmp and the samples were prepared by injection molding. The results showed that the physical and mechanical strength of composite improved in the presence of coupling agent. As well as water absorption, thickness swelling, flexural and tensile strength and flexural and tensile modulus, were improved by increasing of nanoclay particles content, however notched impact strength was reduced. Also, study on structural behavior of composite with x-ray diffraction showed that nanoclay distributed as intercalation structure in polymer matrix, and distance between layers were increased with increasing of nanoclay particles content.

The objective of this work was to compare barrier property of biodegradable coatings on two base papers. Two different paper grades differing in structure (Kraft liner and printing & writing papers) were used. The papers are made in Mazandaran wood and paper industry. Coating materials with 30% solid content, included clay (100 parts) and cationic starch (12 parts), and they were mixed with two binders (PLA 10 parts and PVA 10 parts) for two formulations. The immersion method in both levels 1 and 2 minutes and two coating formulations were applied on papers. Then, the treated samples were dried in standard conditions of temperature (25◦C) and 54% humidity in the room. For that purpose, air resistance or porosity, thickness, mass, and Cobb60 were determined. As expected, time of treatment, reduced porosity and increased coating weight, but in terms of barrier properties, combination containing PVA was more effective than PLA. In comparison to the control group, all the treated samples had higher air resistance and water absorption, which the increment of water absorption is due to increased capillary in texture paper. The analysis of results showed that the immersion coating factors had considerable effects on performance of air resistance improvement and coating weight of papers. Then, calculated values of the thickness and density of coating were evaluated, which confirmed the status of water absorption. The treatments greatly increased the wettability of the surface by water.

The purpose of this letter to the editor is to provide an insight into the editorial process from submission to publication. There are many guidelines for authors before submission for the manuscript preparation to help their manuscript be processed faster; however, if the editors do not follow them, it will be less likely to process the submissions in a short time. After submission, the chief editor consults with the associate editors to decide whether to reject the manuscript or send it to the reviewers. If not rejected, it will be carefully assessed by a checklist in terms of different technical issues based on the instructions for authors exist in the journal website. The authors should ensure that they comply with instructions. This can speed up the process. A template is usually available for them in this regard. The second step is to select qualified reviewers for the manuscript. This is a very important step in the editorial process. The reviewers should be invited based on the relevance of their profession to the topic of the submitted manuscripts, and also based on their previous reviews. Since the “Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine” is a multidisciplinary journal, a large group of professionals are cooperating in the reviewing process. The reviewer comments are sent back to the authors, and the amendments and responses of authors should be sent back to the reviewers. This process may be repeated for several times until the reviewers are satisfied with the responses and revisions of authors.

Background and objectives: Waste paper recycling utilization has been increasing in Iran and world paper industries which offers many benefits to the environment and humans. Municipal waste is also reused after recycling processes. Cardboard recycling industry has great environmental and economic importance and helps overcone the lack of wood resources and high demand for paper products. It plays an important role in the development of paper-related industries. However, recycling can be associated with the reduction in the optical properties of the paper. The use of nanoparticles in the paper industry is also expanding gradually. Nanosilica is one of the most important nanoparticles which is used as a retention aid in the paper industry. In order to reduce the consumption of long fibers and obtain the desired optical properties, the use of nanosilica alone or in combination with other materials such as cationic starch and cationic polyacrylamide is investigated. The purpose of this research is to compare the effect of individual and combined use of nanosilica additives, cationic polyacrylamide, cationic starch and long fibers on the optical properties of white liner paper pulp. Methodology: In this study, white paper pulp with the brightness of at least 78% and the gloss of at least 45% was used to prepare handmade paper sheets. Long fiber kraft chemical pulp from coniferous wood imported from Russia with the brightness of 89% was used in the laboratory paper sheet making. Nanosilica powder (NanoSiO2) (Degussa), Germany, cationic polyacrylamide (Farinret K325 brand, Degussa, Germany), and cationic starch (LyckebyAmylex, Slovakia) were used. Independent treatments included the addition of 10% refined long fibers pulp, 6% nanosilica, 1.5% cationic starch and 0.15% cationic polyacrylamide and combined treatments included 6% nanosilica and 1.5% cationic starch and 6% nanosilica and 0.15% cationic polyacrylamide. Then 127 g.m-2 handmade papers were prepared and the optical and microscopic properties were evaluated. Results: The results showed that by adding 10% long fibers, the brightness decreased and by using 6% nanosilica, the maximum brightness was reached. Meanwhile, the whiteness of papers with 6% nanosilica was minimum and with the dosage of only 0.15% cationic polyacrylamide, the whiteness reached at the maximum value. Opacity showed its highest value with the combination of 6% nanosilica and 0.15% cationic polyacrylamide. Also, by increasing the amount of polyacrylamide and cationic starch, individually or in combination with nanosilica, the opacity increased. The light absorption coefficient was the lowest in papers with 6% nanosilica and the light scattering coefficient was the highest in papers containing 6% nanosilica and 0.15% cationic polyacrylamide. A colorimeter was used to measure the color components and the results showed that the additives had an effect on the brightness and whiteness of the papers. Also, changes in the color spectrum and the value of color change were also observed. Additives increased the darkness and changes in different colors. Conclusion: The use of nanosilica individually and in combination with starch and cationic polyacrylamide increases the brightness of papers. Also, the use of cationic polyacrylamide individually and in combination with nanosilica leads to an increase in the whiteness and opacity of papers. The brightness factor of the papers, which is representative of the L* component, decreased with the exception of the addition of 10% long fibers and 6% nanosilica. The amount of overall color change with ΔE* was the lowest in samples containing 1.5% cationic starch and the highest in samples containing 0.15% cationic polyacrylamide. The use of some treatments can lead to a decrease in the optical properties and a decrease in the printability quality of the white liner. To solve this problem, mechanical pulp that has been decolorized or coated on the surface of the paper can be used. The presence of nano-silica particles in the structure of the paper improves the surface structure and reduces the prosity, which results in the reduction of surface roughness and less light refraction, and increases the light reflection and brightness of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regarding the rapid development of optical communication, finding and preparing new materials with very fast and large optical responses are essential for making optical switches and processing equipment. Recently the use of materials smaller than micrometers and nanometers has been studied by researchers for a wide range of applications. The most important of these materials are nanofibers. Also, titanium dioxide is used as one of the most important materials in the field of optical communication. In this research, titanium dioxide nanoparticles with anatase phase were prepared using the sol-gel method and transformed into nanofibers using the electrospinning technique. To improve the performance of these nanofibers, they were also doped with silver nanoparticles. Raman spectroscopy was performed to ensure the purity of the particles of this material. It was found that the samples are all pure titanium dioxide (TiO2) powder in nanoscale and there are no impurities in their structure. The particle distribution of these nanomaterials showed that their size is in the range of 10-20 nm. Conditions for nanofiber electrospinning are: 10 cm distance between the needle and the collector, the feed rate of 2 mL/h, and the maximum voltage used was 15.5 kV. Also, silver colloidal nanoparticles were prepared by Li and Masil experimental method. The structure of fibers was studied in terms of material type using Raman spectroscopy and morphology with an optical microscope and fiber conductivity by FT-IR spectroscopy by determining optical coefficients. Optical microscopy showed that the surface of the nanofibers was smooth and flat and without beads. The diameter distribution of nanofibers was also very narrow (155±5 nm). FT-IR spectroscopy showed that on the surface of nanofibers, there were hydroxyl functional groups that were formed during the preparation of nanofibers. Finally, Raman spectroscopy showed the presence of impurities of silver nanoparticles (15±2 nm).

The entanglement of the helium and helium-like atoms have been studied. The calculations are performed considering the radial wave function as a linear combination of exponential functions and making use of Von Neumann entropy, Linear entropy and reduced density matrix. The coefficients and powers of the wave function were calculated using variational method and the energy and entanglement are obtained considering the optimized wave function. The results show that the entanglement tends to increase with increasing energy. The results also show that with increasing atomic number (in helium-like atoms), the electron-electron interaction becomes weaker and as a result the entanglement decreases.

Background and aim: Co-authorship increases the possibility of visibility of articles and reflection of their findings in the research of others. The aim of the present study was to determine the number of authors and the number of citations of hot papers in the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-E) in the Web of Science (WOS). Materials and methods: This quantitative study was conducted using the scientometric approach. The research community consisted of 3,475 hot papers in the field of science in WOS from 2020 to 2021. The Spearman correlation coefficient test was used to examine the relationship between the citations of the articles and the number of authors. Data were collected and analyzed using BibExcel, Excel, and SPSS. Findings: The hot papers showed a wide range, from one to 2718 authors. Moreover, a significant correlation was found between the number of authors and the number of citations of hot papers in the field of science (p= 0.000, n= 3475, r= 0.161). Therefore, statistically, there was a positive correlation between the two variables. Conclusion: Higher scientific collaboration in hot articles increases the number of citations and ultimately increases the visibility of these articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: Despite the increasing share of educated women over time, women still play a lesser role in academic and leadership status, receiving honorary awards and academic advancement. Since compiling academic articles is considered as one of the most significant factors of success in academic careers; therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate gender cooperation pattern among the authors of articles in Journals of Geography and Urban Planning, Geography and Development, and Natural Environment Hazards until 2019. Materials and methods: In the present applied and descriptive study, the statistical population included all indexed articles and information of authors in the Journals of Geography in Sistan and Baluchestan University. For this purpose, some factors such as the number of articles published in quarterly journals, number of authors, number of female authors as well as gender of first authors and corresponding authors were analyzed using independent t-test in SPSS and Excel. Findings: In reviewing the articles, 37.5% of the articles were written by three authors, indicating the authors' tendency to collaborate in this field. Moreover, the main hypotheses of the study stating no difference in the gender of the first and corresponding authors were rejected. The findings indicated that women had a small share in the status of writing articles in these quarterly journals and women attended as the first and corresponding authors only in 15.5% and 14.4% of the articles. Conclusion: Although women's participation in the articles published in the quarterly journals has increased during the recent years, their absence still remains in the main status of the articles and they have a very small share in the main status of authors of the articles (first author and corresponding author).

The oil-impregnated dielectric papers are the main components of distribution transformer which govern its service time. Therefore, durability enhancement of this grade of paper will cause to extend transformers life. Hence in this research long fiber unbleached Kraft pulp and mixture of it with bagasse soda pulp with the ratio of 20% to 80% were used to make oil-impregnated dielectric papers with the grammage of 60 g/m2. The effect of dicyandiamide application with different content in paper structure and thermal aging were then assessed on dielectric properties and tensile strength of the insulation papers. The results showed that with increasing dicyandiamide content, the capacitance and tensile strength index decreased in comparison with untreated samples, but dielectric loss, insulation resistance, and breakdown voltage were improved. However, slight changes were observed in most dielectric properties during aging, but dicyandiamide caused to prevent loss of the tensile strength of insulated papers. Generally it could be concluded that dicyandiamide acts efficiently in thermal stabilization of insulation paper exposed to aggressive conditions inside the oil-filled transformer.

In this study, changes in optical behavior of Poplar Kraft lignin before and after methylation by using dimethyl sulphate, was monitored by measuring optical indices ( brightness,light absorbtion coefficient, light scattering coefficient,light absorbtion coefficient to light scattering coefficient ratio and Post-Color numbers) of impregnated papers following accelerated photo aging. The structural changes in lignin caused by methylation reaction, were verified by using fourier transform infar red( FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results showed that, by methylation of lignin, it was observed that, in methylated lignin-containing papers, the extent and stability of brightness is more and post- color number is less compared to control samples. In methylated samples, even the strange phenomenon of photo bleaching was observed. Therefore, it was found that, methylation of lignin can prevent the formation of quinone groups and increases the stability of the optical indices in the photo aging conditions.Keywords: Kraft lignin, methylation treatment, accelerated photo- aging, optical indices,lignin-containing papers.

The current research aims at studying the conceptual relationship between the science and technology documents through the comparison of vocabularies that are used within the patents and the papers in the field of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV). The research method is descriptive. To perform the research, the patents were retrieved from Google Patents and Lens websites, and the papers from IEEE Explore database. A hybrid keyword-class method was used to conduct the search. It means that the search query was consisted of "Autonomous Underwater Vehicle" keyword and “H” class. The titles and the abstracts of the patents and the papers were automatically indexed through a semi-automatic method. This resulted in 195 keywords for patents and 114 ones for papers. Co-occurrence matrices of these two sets of keywords were created through RavarMatrix software. The hierarchical maps of keywords were drawn by SPSS. Findings show that 65 percent of papers’ keywords are those that occurred within the patents but 23 percent of patents’ keywords are similar to the papers’. The structural comparison of patents and papers clustering’s also revealed that the structural proximity between patents and papers vocabularies is equal to zero. The other finding showed that the similarity between the members of ego networks of prominent keywords is for two cases zero and for others fewer than 15 percent except for the keyword “data”. It may be concluded that the science is affected by technology in the field of AUV.

In this study, we evaluated the effects of treated effluent of Khuzestan Pars Paper Industry (0.5% and 1%) on liver biochemical factors of Alburnus mossulensis during 21 days. There were significantly increased aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase levels observed in fish after a 21-day exposure to treated effluent. Alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and total protein significantly decreased in liver tissue after exposure to effluent of Khuzestan Pars Paper Industry (P

In this research, nano fibrillated cellulose, as a reinforcement nano material and environmentally biodegradable material which has recently attracted the attention of most researchers and paper producers, has been added to chemi-mechanical pulp used for manufacturing of liner board at different charges of 5, 20, 50 and 100% in two different levels of freeness. Also, the effect of wet press, one of the the most important processing agents on the properties of paper reinforced with nano fibrillated cellulose, in two levels of press pressure which included 3 and 6 bar, has been investigated. Finally, physical, barrier and strength properties of the papers produced have been measured according to TAPPI test methods. Addition of nano fibrillated cellulose was resulted in improved tensile and air resistance of chemi-mechanical pulp and increasing trend in improving of these properties with increase in press pressure was one of the important achievements of the present research.

Bank-note during in its lifetime exposed to different environments and various applicationns with high frequency. As it is confirmed in scientific studies, bank-note can be one of the most important and perhaps rarest of disease and parasites carriers in society. The goal of this study is evaluation of the appropriate solution for antibacterial banknote paper production using silver nanoparticles as an antibacterial agent and a cationic polyacrylamide as retention aid. Laboratory pulp of cotton fibers bleached with hydrogen peroxide with freeness of 34 °SR, consistency of 3.1% and neutral pH were prepared and then above additives were added with specified conditions (nano silver with 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm with 0.3% percent cationic polyacrylamide) and finally 90 g/m2 standard handsheets made from above mentioned pulp. To verify the presence of silver particles in paper structure, the hand sheet papers were characterized by SEM. UV-vis spectrophotometric method was used to evaluate of antibacterial properties of paper. Also, papers were analyzed in strength and optical properties. The results showed that with increasing the silver nanoparticles consumption, paper strength properties and brightness were decreased, and opacity increased. The biological test results showed that the antibacterial properties of paper were improved with silver nanoparticles consumption. Based on the results of strength, optical and biological tests and also economic and environmental overviews, 25ppm consumption of nano-silver was determined as optimized treatment.

The properties of transformer electrical insulating papers are influenced by fiber chemical modification process. In this research, the effect of cyanoethylation of fibers and addition of cyanoethylated cellulose nanofiber (CNF) on dielectric properties including capacitance, dielectric loss, insulation resistance, breakdown voltage as well as tensile strength of two grade of handsheets made of unbleached long fibers and its mixture with bagasse soda pulp (with the ratio of 1:1) were evaluated after impregnating with mineral oil. Cyanoethylation of CNF and pulp fibers was performed by grafting of acrylonitrile under alkaline condition at 40 ̊C and room temperature respectively. Then, the nitrogen content of cyanoethylated samples was determined using Kjeldahl method and degree of substitution (DS) was calculated. The results showed that cyanoethylation of pulp fibers and CNF decreased the capacitance and tensile strength of insulated papers. It was also observed that the chemical modification imposed slight effect on dielectric loss, but insulation resistance and dielectric voltage were increased.

In this investigation, tensile and physical properties of polypropylene (as matrix)/wheat straw fiber/paper mill sludge (as filler) composites was studied. The ratio of wheat straw fiber/ paper mill sludge was selected as 40/0, 30/10, 20/20, 10/30 and 0/40 (w/w) were used. Also, for better compatibility between the two phases 3% MAPP as coupling agent was used. Mixing process was done in twin screw internal mixer extruder, and then composite samples were manufactured by injection molding. Result indicated that the tensile modulus of elasticity improved with increasing fillers and also it was observed that the toughness of composite increased when compared to the pure PP, while due to the usage of more paper sludge, these properties was improved. Tensile strength of composite decreased with adding 40% wheat straw fiber, but with addition of sludge tensile strength increased significantly. Adding wheat straw in PP matrix and its hydrophilic properties resulted in the highest rates of water absorption and thickness swelling. However, adding paper sludge and lower amount of lignocellulosic material, and the compatibilizer noticeably decreased the physical properties due to better bonding between two phases.

Background and Aims Hypermobility is considered a tissue adaptation of the neuromusculoskeletal system encountering injuries. The current study investigated the relationship between joint hypermobility and sports injuries. Methods In the current review study, advanced search using PubMed and Google Scholar databases was carried out via electronic search engines over the past two decades (2000-2020). The following keywords were used: “Hypermobility Joints,” “Hypermobility,” “Joint’s instability,” “Injury,” “Sport,” and “Sports,” along with related synonyms. The Iranian journal data banks were utilized to search Persian articles. Results Considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the present study, 19 articles (18 English and 1 Persia) were selected. These studies have studied the rate of joint hypermobility among different athletes. Its rate has been divided into three categories: low, medium, and high, based on Beaton-Horan criteria. Low hypermobility is reported to be 75.3% on average among all sports, and this rate is reported to be 24.7% for moderate and high hypermobility. A score of (1.6 to 8) in this criterion is not harmful and is necessary for young female athletes and the lumbar joint. And a cross-sectional analytical study and a prospective study have examined the harms of joint hypermobility in exercise. In these studies, hypermobility of the knee, shoulder, and ankle joints showed the highest significant relationship with injuries, respectively. Conclusion Joint hypermobility is not an independent risk factor for all sports. To determine the severity of joint hypermobility in athletes, the degree of hypermobility, sex, age, joint, type of exercise, and training periods should be considered. Joint hypermobility at an optimal level below 5 on the Beaton-Horan scale can not be harmed for athletes of different sports at a young age, provided that the joint is not associated with weakness and lack of muscle strength. Be fertile. Higher joint hypermobility (scores 5 to 9) can be a risk factor for injury if it is associated with muscle weakness and frequent, long periods of exercise.

In the recent decades, amount of researches in the field of industrial engineering grew increasingly which makes hard to find a new area in this field. Indeed it needs extensive searches on the many published papers related to the field. One the goal of review papers is to identify research trends and to introduce them to the researchers. So far, review papers published in the research fields of industrial engineering are focused on a specific area and there are a few articles with wider view to the scope (industrial engineering field). Related works are surveyed some specific journals, hence, in this paper using search through resources and scientific databases, research trends in the Industrial Engineering in the recent years (2012 to 2015 January) are determined. For better classification of the researches, two general classes of scientific researchers are considered. Finally, based on this classification, research trends in Industrial engineering are surveyed and analyzed.