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Background: The cause of most industrial accidents can be found in not observing the consideration of engineering science completely and human factors at individual or organizational levels. Undesirable noises in working areas, has negative effects on workers' mental conditions and reduces their pruductivity. Based on these facts, the subject of assessing the noise pollution rate in industrial environments & presenting practical approaches for improving and controlling work conditions was reviewed & implemented in one case study. Material and Methods: For recognizing and assessing the pollution rate in different working stations, noise elevations at different levels were measured by SLM machine and the average pressure elevation of the considered unit noise was calculated. In addition, noise dosage was performed for the employed personnel and the maximum permitted time for working units was measured. To assess the effects of undesirable noises on the employees, the hearing level of all the under-study personnel was reviewed by periodical tests. Results: Input analysis showed server noise pollution in the area of word chips production and the results of measuring noise reduction hearing level of the personnel was an indication of noise pollution in the above mentioned area. After applying the related approaches, the results of periodical noise measurements for the personnel showed that noise pollution of that area was under control. Conclusion: Following the individuals and managerial actions for solving the problem of noise pollution in the wood chips area, the continuous reviews and noise measurement tests, showed that the undesirable effects of the noise on the personnel was under control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expectation is one of the most important themes of strange songs. These songs include important themes of human life, work and suffering, and at the same time, they have a long-standing connection with love and enamored of love. Popular literature is a science for recognizing people's conventions and beliefs, which includes myth, beliefs, tales, and songs. Folk songs are considered an important part of oral literature due to the protection of the cultural-national identity and the transmission of the feelings and opinions of our ancestors. In Mazandarani's poems, there are themes such as hidden expectation, which is rooted in the culture and daily life of the people of this country, but it has not been addressed so far. This research, with a descriptive-analytical method, aims to investigate the concept of expectation in Mazandaran popular literature couplets. By studying more than 1000 couplets of Mazandarani, 310 couplets, i.e. about 31%, have been seen within the expectation. Based on the library and field research findings, it can be said that songs with the concept of waiting in general, and waiting for the lover to return in particular have the highest frequency. Besides, the lover waits for spring to come and the flowers to bloom in order to see the lover, however, the lover waits for the return of the beloved from military service, while the family members wait for their loved ones to return to the city and the country. Finally, the hardworking farmer waits for the harvest and also the end of grief. In such a context, stories, the suffering of exile and reaching peace and freedom have a special place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Although congenital hypothyroidism is a preventable cause of mental disabilities, less than 10% of newborns are diagnosed based on clinical symptoms in the first month. If the diagnosis is not made based on screening programs, it would be delayed and irrepairable cerebral and auditory complications will occur. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of congenital hypothyroidism in the Mazandaran province. Materials and methods: The study is a descriptive (screening) survey. From infants born from January 2007 to January 2008 in Mazandaran province heel blood samples on filter paper were obtained. TSH values were measured by ELISA method and TSH> 5 mlu/L was considered as the recall criterion. Diagnosis of neonatal hypothyroidism was made based on TSH>10 and T4<6.5. Treatment was performed based on the results of second tests. Except in cases where the initial TSH was greater or equal to 20 -where the treatment was started from the beginning- if the second test results were reported normal, treatment was discontinued and the case was considered as a transient hypothyroidism. Results: Out of 45218 infants studied, 49% were female and 51% were male. 4.6% of newborns (2109) were recalled, among whom 1885 had 5< TSH< 10 mlu/L and 185 had 10< TSH< 20 mlu/L and 39 had TSH = 20.73 infants were diagnosed with hypothyroidism. Thus, the prevalence of neonatal hypothyroidism was 1.6/1000 in live births in Mazandaran province. Also prevalence of transient neonatal hypothyroidism was 1 in every 2500 live births. Conclusion: Given the high prevalence of hypothyroidism in the province, more screening programs are essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing rural tourism based on the development of sustainable tourism and turning tourism into an economic engine for the region to develop rural areas is one of the most important issues requiring the adoption of logical and strategic strategies in accordance with regional and local capabilities and with planning orientation. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to develop the rural tourism destinations in the east of Mazandaran province, considering the spatial dimensions (human, activity, space), and the dimensions of sustainable development (economic, social, cultural, and environmental). This study is descriptive-analytical and the related data collected based on documentary analysis, surveying and field studies. The statistical sample of the study included 10 experts from the Organization of Cultural Heritage and Handicrafts of Tourism of the province and 21 dignitaries. The SOAR analysis technique was used to develop a strategy for developing and explaining the strengths, opportunities, aspirations and measurable results. The results of the study showed that stakeholders' most important strategies are holding conferences and meetings-the development of investment in rural tourism along with strengthening the physical infrastructures and eliminating the problems associated with environmental barriers (topography, slope and height) of tourism sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years a lesser known disease that causes necrotic spots on flower and fruit surface of pomegranate have been observed in orcahrds of Golestan and Mazandaran provinces, Iran. The present study was aimed to characterize and determine the causal agent of this disease. Towards this aim, during spring 2016 pomegranate orchards were inspected in Golestan and Mazandaran provinces and symptomtic flowers and fruits were collected and transported to the laboratory. Isolation was made using routine plant pathology methods on Potato dextrose Agar supplemented with sulphate streptomycin. Pure cultures were established using hyphal technqiue. Colonies on MEA grew very slowly (attained a diameter of 3-4 mm after 7 days at 25℃), raised, floded, dense aerial mycelium in centre, white in centre and pink in margin. Conidiomata did not develop in culture. Acervuli were observed on lesions in fruit surface, subcuticular, subepidermal, 50- 200 μm diam; conidiophores dense, individual, short, and hyaline; conidiogenous cells hyaline to subhyalaine, phialidic.Conidia ellipsoidal, aseptate, hyalaine, 4-8 × 2-3.5 μm. The identity of the species was further investigated by PCR amplification and sequence of ITS-rDNA region. A BLAST serach against sequence data in GenBank, showed 100 percent similarity with some sequences avaibale in GenBank. Based on morphological and molecular data the fungus was identified as Elsinoë punicea. Inoculation of healthy pomegranate fruit (Yazd Cultivar) using mycelial suspension of the fungal isolates, resulted in the disease symptoms resembling those observed in field conditions; while, controls did not develop disease symptoms. The causal agent was re-isolated from inoculated tissues. With identification and determination of the causal agent, it is necessary to study the incidence of this disease in other pomegranate producing areas in country, biology of the causal agent, diseases cycle and finally provide proper management strategies for this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Due to the increase of incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Iran, This study was conducted to determine the epidemiological pattern of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the Mazandaran province, northern Iran. Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was carried out on medical record of 3313 tuberculosis patients in Mazandaran province, northern Iran during 2001-11. Age, gender, affected year, area and affected organ were gathered for each patient. Results: 843 (25.4%) of subjects were diagnosed with extrapulmonary tuberculosis. The incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis increased by 4% for every unit increase in incidence year (P<0.05). The mean age of patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis was significantly less than patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (42.8±20.6 years vs. 48.7±21.2, P<0.05). Extrapulmonary tuberculosis was significantly higher in women (P<0.05). The chance of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in women was 1.7 times of men. Lymph node (33%) was the most common affected organ followed by pleura (18.9%) and bone (17.7%). Conclusion: The trend of incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis was ascending during 2001 to 2011. The most affected organ in extra pulmonary tuberculosis was lymph nodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Hemoglobinopathies are among the most prevalent genetic disorders worldwide, and occur as a result of mutations in the gene involved in synthesizing hemoglobin chains. By now more than 1000 defects in hemoglobin chains are discovered. Hemoglobin D (Hb D) is one of these disorders, identified by a single nucleotide mutation on codon 121 of beta globin chain. This study was carried out to evaluate Hb D mutations through molecular methods in Mazandaran province of Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive laboratory study was done on 70 patients with an electrophoresis band in hemoglobin-S zone in Mazandaran province of Iran during 2010-11. Capillary zone electrophoresis was done to find out Hb D in 51 patients. Subsequently, PCR-RFLP was performed to evaluate the samples at molecular level. Results: Molecular investigation revealed all cases are carriers of hemoglobin D-Punjab. Two patients were shown to be homozygote carriers of the abnormal gene. Conclusion: This study showed all Hb D affected patients were carriers of Hb D Punjab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]