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Background: Many studies were conducted to evaluate the association between dietary glycemic index, glycemic load and children obesity. The aim of this study was to review these studies. Methods: We searched the ISI and PubMed databases for studies that evaluated the association between dietary glycemic index, glycemic load and obesity in children. At first, the studies containing the words "glycemic index", "glycemic load", "glycaemic index" or "glycaemic load" plus "child", "children", "young", "youth" or "adolescent" were selected. Among 1001 selected studies, articles were accepted if they had considered obesity or related factors as their main dependent variables. Findings: Twenty studies were included. Although the cross-sectional results were inconsistent, stronger studies had found a direct relation between dietary glycemic index, glycemic load and children obesity. Cohort studies had shown positive, neutral and negative associations between these dietary factors and obesity in children. However, although most clinical trials had reported a positive effect of dietary glycemic index on childhood obesity, they had not shown the similar effect for glycemic load. Conclusion: There is not enough evidence for making a certain conclusion. Therefore, further studies in this field are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Vocal nodules are the main cause of voice disorders in children, which can be caused by several behaviors such as excessive speaking and yelling, and can significantly impact their overall communication development. Different nonmedical treatments exist for vocal nodules, but there is no consensus on the most effective methods. The aim of the present systematic review was to study the nonmedical interventions for vocal nodules in children. Materials and methods: The systematic search was performed in electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, ISI (Web of Science), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Google Scholar. The search involved articles published between 2000 and 2022. The following terms were used as keywords: vocal nodule, vocal fold nodules, therapy, treatment, intervention, voice disorder, pediatric, and telepractice. Studies were selected if they 1) had examined 0-18-year-old subjects with vocal fold nodules; 2) had obviously stated the kind, process, and evaluation tools and also 3) the kind and the process of the interventions and the intervention groups; 4) had provided nonmedical interventions; 5) had been published in English and after 2000; and 6) presented the outcome data. The methodological quality of the papers was evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. Results: We identified 729 articles, of which 11 met the inclusion criteria. These studies were different in the study design, participant characteristics, types of assessments, types of interventions, and follow-up periods. According to findings, nonmedical treatments of vocal nodules were successful in elimination of/decreasing the vocal nodules sizes (four studies), improving the quality of life (two studies), and improving acoustic parameters of voice (nine studies). Conclusion: The present systematic review showed the effectiveness of nonmedical treatment of vocal nodules in children, despite being challenging. Further researches are required to have higher levels of evidence, more accurate methodological quality, and long-term follow-up evaluations to draw more accurate conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Exposure to lead and its effects on children's health is one of the most important and widespread concerns of human societies today. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic study was to evaluate blood lead levels in Iranian children. Materials and Methods: In this systematic review, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Scientific Information Database (SID), and Iran Medex databases were comprehensively searched for papers published from 2005 to the end of October 2021. Studies that reported blood lead levels in Iranian children were collected. Then the articles were evaluated according to a pre-prepared checklist. Results: Of a total of 143 articles found in the initial search, 13 studies were included in our systematic review. The lowest and highest mean blood lead levels were 0.65 micrograms per deciliter in Abadan and 57.1 micrograms per deciliter in Mashhad, respectively. In three studies conducted in Mashhad and Isfahan, blood lead levels were reported to be higher than 5 Micrograms per deciliter in all children studied. The level of education of the father, the use of canned food, the habit of eating soil by the child, damage to the paint of the house, and the reduction of blood iron levels were the effective factors in increasing the blood lead levels in Iranian children. Conclusion: Due to the high prevalence of blood lead samples above 5 micrograms per deciliter in some studies, reducing the exposure to lead should be seriously pursued by health policy makers and health systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employment of mothers can have different consequences and effects on their children. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Iranian mothers' employment on their children's mental health. This study was a systematic review and 4 international electronic databases- Scopus ،Science direct, PubMed, & google scholar and 4 domestic databases- Magiran, Ensani, Noormags, & SID during 2000-2020 were searched using a comprehensive search strategy with determinesd keywords. As a result of this search, 261 articles retrieved. According to a PRISMA method and use of an inclusion and exclusion criteria, 11 research papers were selected to entry of the research. The findings of the research were mixed. Some findings suggest that maternal employment increases the development of externalized and internalized disorders in children and weakens the parent-child relationship. On the other hand, some findings have shown that maternal a comprehensive model of the impact of mother's employment on Iranian children's employment has a positive effect on the child's mental health. Also, some studies have not reported a difference in the mental health of children with working and non-working mothers. Given the different and mixed results of research, it seems that many factors besides mother's employment affect children's mental health that without considering them in the analysis, we can not provide mental health. So, it could be concluded that the mediating role of some variables including mother’s satisfaction with her job, job schedule of mother, the stress level of mothers in work place, the age of the child, father’s participation in parenting, etc. that can be investigated in future research. The role of mediator variables has been neglected in this respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Nowadays, overweight and abnormal blood pressure (BP) have increased among children. This paper aimed at investigating the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and BP in children younger than 7 years of age. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, 400 children aged 18 months to 7 years old were selected through random cluster sampling from 20 urban and rural healthcare centers. Their personal and medical information was recorded. Then, the height, weight, and blood pressure were measured. Data were analyzed in SPSS V21. Results: The study was performed in 315 children whose parents agreed to complete the study. The participants included 187 (59.4%) boys and 128 (40.6%) girls. According to BMI, most of the male subjects had normal weight (n=162, 51.4%) but 25 (7.9%) were found with abnormal weight. Similar situation was also seen in girls (114 [36.2%] vs. 14 [4.4%]). Normal and abnormal systolic blood pressure in boys and girls were seen in 176 and 11, and in 123 and 5, respectively. In this study significant relationships were found between BMI and systolic blood pressure (P= 0.032) and BMI and diastolic blood pressure in children (P= 0.008). Conclusion: The increasing trend of overweight and consequently increased blood pressure among children call for life style modification to decrease the consequences caused by these health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and A im : sexual health in children is difficult subject, does not deal with it formal method. Importance of Sex education of children is accepted in the world. The aim of this paper is describing the concept of sexual health from the viewpoint of children's famil y and identification norms of child sex education and determining sex education priorities of the parent's viewpoint. Materials and Methods: This is qualitative study. Samples were selected by targeted method of student's parents of five regional educated o f Tehran. Data were collected by focus group interview and discussion and were analyses by subject and content analysis. Results: The findings were classified in three main areas: 1) Family management 2) the role of school 3) framework of the religion an d traditions. C ONCLUSION onclusion : Most participants believed sexual health behavior in children is not health indicators. They implemented their family policies in management of Sexual behavior o f their children. In Family control was meant: restriction of sexual behavior in child as a norm. Culture of silence and connivance in management of children's behavior has become norm, because child's sexual behavior is inconsistent with traditional values of family. In identifying priorities of sexual education of children, progression interaction between home and school was known as the most deficits. They are acting their internal values in educational system of children because their conflict of values, norms and tastes difference has not been challenge. It is important and priority of parents to being prepared for the management of their children's sexual behavior . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]