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Despite taking a neutral stance, Iran heavily suffered from the First World War. Russian and Ottoman forces violated this neutrality and occupied a vast part of the country along the western frontier. This critical situation caused many calamities with deep and viable effects on the social life of Western Iran which missed scholarly attention. Bearing this in mind, and drawing on a bunch of unpublished archival material, this paper aims to shed new light on some unexplored dimensions of the subject. The central focus of this article is on the social and economic problems that ensued from the lasting occupation of the western provinces of Iran. At the same time, it seeks to prepare a descriptive explanation of the behavior of the local elite in confrontation with this crisis and what we can term center-peripheral policies. The findings show that the Ottoman invasion to western Iran and its occupation had certain social and economic consequences. These problems not only affected the local economy and social life but raised serious challenges for the central authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India's quest to become a world-class developed economic power has enabled India to take an active approach in its economic diplomacy, as part of India's continued economic growth and development depends on its economic diplomacy. So, India needs to set clear priorities for its economic diplomacy. This paper examines the priorities of India's economic diplomacy in order to sustain India's economic development and how these priorities have an impact on India's economic relations with Iran. The research method used in this study is descriptive-analytical and data gathering is documentary. The conceptual framework used in this research is economic diplomacy. The results show that India's most important economic diplomacy priorities are energy security, facilitation of flow of goods and services, attracting foreign direct investment and communication and utilization of overseas Indian labor force, and India to fulfill some of these priorities including Energy security and increased trade and facilitating transit of goods require cooperation with Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sacrifice is a form of ritual sacrifice and one of the forms of worship that have deviated from their fundamental purposes at times until individuals have sacrificed themselves. The three civilizations of India, Iran, and Mesopotamia have long had many cultural ties and have been influenced by each other; one of these is human sacrifice. This paper tries to study the human sacrifice in these three cultures in a descriptive-analytical way and according to the theories of the ritual of sacrifice. And to answer the questions of when human sacrifice was performed in the mentioned civilizations and if so, in what ways has this effect been shown? The findings show that human sacrifice was often performed in special religious ceremonies and on sensitive occasions in order to reproduce nature and restore it. In Mesopotamia and India, due to the vastness and cultural differences of the region, human sacrifice was more common. The three civilizations mentioned in the rituals of passing through fire have influenced the privileges of alternative sacrifices and the exile of mythical characters (to the underworld). In the analyzes performed in the fertility sections, Fraser and Taylor's theories; the sacrifice for the idol, Taylor and Boyce's theories; Burning and symbolic sacrifices, freezer theories, and Taylor are more commonly used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of the research is to suggest solutions for consolidating the Islamic Republic of Iran's sovereignty over the three islands of Abu Musa, Big Tunb and Small Tunb. In order to find a solution, the main question of the article is: Can Iran's sovereignty over the islands be secured by de-securitizing the three islands on the one hand and implementing development-oriented policies on the islands on the other? To answer this question, first in the theoretical framework section, Barry Buzan's security theory and endogenous development theory are discussed. It then emphasizes the historical importance of the sovereignty of nations in modern times and then explains the importance of these islands for Iran by referring to Iran's historical sovereignty over these islands. The hypothesis of the article would be Iran's sovereignty over these islands might be consolidated by pursuing the policy of desecuritization in the three islands on the one hand and implementing a development-oriented policy on the other. The authors suggest Islamic Republic of Iran has to promote tourism, establish factories, universities and hospitals and attract foreign direct investment in order to ensure the Iran's rule on these islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental studies require an environmental gridded database. Environmental change, and climate change studies are not possible without a gridded climate database. In those environmental studies that cover a geographical area, but the necessary data is available for a restricted number of points (for example, meteorological stations) and not for the entire area under study, interpolation is required to convert the point data to areal data. In other words, it is necessary to create a network database. The first sample of such databases for Iran called Asfezari was introduced in 1996 at the University of Isfahan. This article introduces the process of preparing the third version of the Asfazari rainfall database prepared at the University of Isfahan. This gridded rainfall database is provided in a conical Lambert projection system. Its temporal resolution is daily and its spatial separation is ten kilometers. This database covers the daily rainfall of the mainland of Iran from 1349/01/01 to 1394/12/29. The error in estimating the average rainfall in this database is less than 15%. In preparing this database, the daily rainfall data of 2188 meteorological stations (including synoptic stations, climatic stations and rain gauge stations) of the Meteorological Organization of Iran (IRIMO) have been used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Il-khanid period, it had been created a good atmosphere that allow to the scholars of different lands to move to Iran as a result of the wide extent of the Mongol territory, as well as their Religious and intrinsic Toleration. Therefore, there was a widespread scientific relationship between the Il-khanid land and other civilization centers of the world. This case had created by the full support of the officials of science and education in Iran, along with the scholarly spirit, the scientific trips and the vast movement of scholars in Iran and other lands. These mutual relations have contributed to the revival of scientific activities in Iran and the exchange of heritage and scientific findings of this land with different nations from the Far East to the West, thus it should be considered as a positive and significant scientific and cultural outcome of the Ilkhanid rule in Iran. By descriptive-analytical method, this paper seeks to examine the factors caused these relationships, beside of describing the scientific exchanges between the scholars of the Il-khanid territory and other scholars of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration is one of the three main components that shape the growth and dynamics of the population in any country. Human population migration causes cultural, social and environmental changes in the origin and destination of migration. Ecological Footprint is one of the tools that tries to quantify human pressure on the environment. One of the important issues that have been neglected in migration analyzing is the state of the spatial pattern of migration and the spatial pattern of the ecological footprint in Iran. Therefore, in this research, secondary data was used to analyze the situation of these two variables in relation to each other. In this regard, the data of inter-provincial migrations of 2011 to 2016 period and the ecological footprint of the provinces for the year 2016 were prepared. By using the Geographic Information System and the quadrant chart, the situation of two variables was analyzed. The general result of the research in relation to the spatial situation of the pattern of ecological footprint and in- migrants, out- migrants and the net migration of the provinces showed that most of the destination provinces have a higher ecological footprint than the national average. In contrast, most of the origin provinces have a low ecological footprint than the national average. Regarding the net migration, most of the provinces with a positive net migration have high ecological footprint. In general, it can be said that the positive flow of migration goes to provinces that have a higher ecological footprint than the national average. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental sustainability, as an approach to development, makes it possible to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations. This approach helps to preserve natural resources, biodiversity, reduce negative effects on the environment, improve the quality of human life and develop a sustainable economy. Actually, environmental sustainability means a balance between economic development, social sustainability and environmental preservation. Achieving environmental sustainability requires identifying and determining the factors affecting it. Therefore, the main objective of the present study is to examine the effects of political freedom and human development on environmental sustainability according to three indicators of Ecological Footprint (EFP), carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) and Environmental Performance Index (EPI) in Iran over the time period of 1990 - 2022 using the Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS). In addition, human development index (HDI), has been used to investigate the hypothesis of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). The research results indicate that human development index (HDI) has a negative effect and political freedom (FPI) has a positive and significant effect on environmental sustainability. On the other hand, the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis test also showed that the square of the human development index has a positive and significant effect on environmental sustainability; As a result, based on this hypothesis, the inverted U relationship between human development index (HDI) and environmental sustainability is confirmed in this study. Moreover, other results of this research show that energy consumption (EC) has a negative effect, urbanization rate (URB) and commercial openness (OPE) have a positive and significant effect on environmental sustainability in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors affecting rural development policy failures in Iran, which is practical in terms of purpose, and the data collection is descriptive-survey and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. The desired factors were collected and interviews with experts and specialists were conducted with targeted sampling and then the complex relationships between the system components were investigated using the interpretive structural model. Finally, by using MICMAC analysis, the type of components was determined according to the impact and effectiveness on other components. The results showed that the effective components of not benefiting from a good governance model to achieve sustainable development, the dominance of the centralized rural planning system and the centralized and ineffective monitoring and evaluation system, and the direct intervention of the government and the failure to accept the role of supervisor and facilitator, with the power of influence 17, 16 and 16 are placed in the sixth level. Due to their high impact, these components act as the infrastructure and platform of the model, and in order to reform the policy structure of rural development in Iran, these factors should be emphasized. The inability of rural development policies to promote added value and the expected productivity in the agricultural sector, the lack of attention to the index of environmental capacities and ecological footprint in rural development policies, and the lack of capacity building and environmental empowerment (conserving water and soil resources, promoting sustainable agriculture). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parks are elemental components of urban landscapes that provide environmental and social function values. They contribute directly to public health by reducing stress and mental disorders, increasing the effect of physical activities, reducing health inequalities and increasing perception of life quality and self-reported general health. As human society is increasingly becoming urbanized and congested, park provision is of strategic importance to improve the quality of urban life. A starting point for inquiries about utilization and potential benefits of urban parks is an assessment of their geographical accessibility. The accessibility of urban park is an important indicator to reflect how much the natural service supplied by parks could be enjoyed by citizens conveniently and fairly. More people are attracted to parks due to short distance from their destination and parks area. Based on Arc GIS, this article calculates and analyzes the accessibility and enjoyment of the study area to urban parks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changes in the ecosystem of Lake Urmia are one of the important changes in the country's water resources therefore, this qualitative research was conducted with the aim of identifying strategies to improve the resilience of farmers in the catchment area of Lake Urmia to adapt to drought. The study population was experts from related organizations (Jihad-e-Keshavarzi, Natural Resources and Lake Urmia Crisis Headquarters) and sampling was performed using purposeful sampling method and snowball technique. Data were collected through 12 focus group discussions and analyzed using open and axial coding methods. The results showed that the strategies for improving resilience, according to experts, include compatible climate water management, compatible climate soil management, compatible climate agriculture management, compatible climate information management, compatible climate livelihood management and adaptive climate community management and also, experts have the most consensus on compatible climate livelihood management, which shows that the most effective solution is to improve the resilience of farmers. The results of this study can be effective in strengthening the farmers' resilience to drought and reducing the psychological and social damage caused by it. Will also improve farmers' adaptability to the drought crisis and make better use of these water resources, and will help farmers consider different management practices to deal with a variety of hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional inequality as one of the existing forms of inequality is one of the issues in the system of opportunity and its presence / absence and intensity / weakness has an important effect on the order and cohesion of society at different levels and dimensions. This is a serious problem, especially in developing countries. Due to the importance of this issue, this study seeks to identify the factors affecting regional inequality in Iran. The present study is a descriptive-exploratory study and the statistical population of the study consists of experts familiar with the issue of inequality and development of regions in Iran. Snowball, 10 of them were selected as a statistical sample of the study. Also, Content analysis, structural-interpretive modeling (ISM) and MICMAC analysis were also used to analyze the data. The results showed that out of 47 initially identified factors, 14 factors, including factors of poor planning, decisions of managers and planners and poor access to facilities and equipment, in calculating content validity, CVR coefficient above 0.75 and were recognized as the final factors of regional inequality. Also, the leveling of factors showed that the relevant factors can be classified into six levels. The factors of unique resources and capabilities were at the lowest level with 29% subscription and the factors of government centralism and inefficiency were at the highest level with 90% and 91% subscription. Their classification also showed that the factors of manpower constraint (with influence 10 and degree of dependence 5), lack of financial and investment resources (with influence 8 and degree of dependence 7) and lack of attention to research (with influence 13 and the degree of dependence 5) are the key factors of regional inequality and have a great impact on inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Establishing a balance between natural resources and the environment and population growth, followed by increasing human needs, is an issue that should be the focus of policy makers and population planners to ensure sustainable development in the country. Human population is both affected by climate changes, so it is important to identify the relationship between population and the environment primarily because of the extent of the effects of population on the environment. Therefore, the present study intends to use the discovery of the relationship between population movements and environmental indicators while explaining the prevailing conditions in the country, to provide solutions to implement these strategies, to achieve greater stability in Iran. The research method of this research is descriptive-analytical based on secondary data. In line with the purpose of the research, 5 components (climate, water, soil, air, natural hazards) and 9 indicators have been used. In the data entry and sorting stage, Microsoft Excel software and in the data analysis stage, SPSS software and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to consider the correlation between environmental data and demographic movements. GIS is used and the data output is displayed in the form of maps, tables and graphs. The results of the present study that population movements in Iran have no environmental origin, but these movements and migration of some provinces during the study period (1986-2016) have caused several environmental crises. Among the effects of population displacement on the environment can be mentioned the uncontrolled abstraction of groundwater and the water crisis, as well as the occurrence of subsidence in the continuation of this issue. Also, human activities due to population increase and destruction of vegetation in and around cities have intensified natural hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to study how the Pahlavi neo-patrimonial system confronts two new institutions arising from the formation of the modern government in Iran, namely the army and the bureaucracy, and its impact on the functioning of these institutions. In Weber's analysis of the state, the traditional Iranian state was an individualistic state, based on the hierarchy and domination of patronizing relations between the ruler and the court, which ensured its continuity through a set of political strategies in accordance with patrimonial relations. The quasi-modern Pahlavi government was the first organized government in Iran to emerge based on the expansion of bureaucratic institutions and the modern army. However, the combination of the Neo-patrimonialism character of this state with modern structures imported from the West led to a change in the nature and function of these structures. The hallmark of Neo-patrimonialism was the combination of features of traditional patrimonialism such as individualism, the dominance of patronizing relations, and the personalization of power with the institutions of the modern state. Based on the issues mentioned, this study, based on descriptive-analytical method, seeks to answer the question that what effect has Pahlavi neo-patrimonialism had on the functioning of the military and bureaucracy? Findings show that Pahlavi neo-patrimonialism has affected modern institutions in the absence of strong and independent classes as a social base as well as the weakness of private property and has made them the heart of nature. In this sense, the combination of the characteristics of the traditional monarchy with the neo-patrimonialism of Pahlavi in the structure of modern institutions deprived them of their main functions and weakened the capabilities of institutions such as the bureaucracy and the army. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]