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1- Introduction The new approaches of urban and transportation planning are being aimed to facilitate pedestrian movement and improve the quality of spaces denoted specifically to pedestrians in the last two decades. In this regard, the route of a movement is as important as the origin and destination points of that movement. One of the contributing factors in facilitating the flow of pedestrian movement is creating over/underpass. A huge bulk of funding has been denoted to establish and maintain such structures in Iranian metropolitan areas in recent decades. However, field experience shows that in most cases, if possible, a significant proportion of pedestrians are less likely to use overpasses. The main theme of this paper is to identify and then measure and analyze the scope and quality of the factors influencing the use or non-use of pedestrian overpass. For this purpose, a total of 20 bridges with relatively balanced distribution throughout the metropolitan Shiraz are selected. Then some 300 pedestrians are interviewed to ask about their usage of footbridges and desires of using them. The result of interview shows that lack of lift or ramp is a crucial factor in using a bridge. Moreover, low perception of personal security when passing over the bridge is a negative affective factor. These two factors especially matter for non-drivers who choose walking for any reason. The results of the discrete choice model indicate that there are factors such as the physical obstacle under the bridge, history of residence, accident record and the appearance of the bridge effective. The findings of this paper can be helpful in managerial decision making for the improvement of exist bridges or establishment of new ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Shiraz and Mamasani Conquest by Manoochehr Khan Motamed-al-Dowleh Gorji and his dominance over this land and the whole Fars State, from 1834 to1836 AD is one of the most important historical events in Fars and Iran during the Qajar dynasty. In his manuscript, ‘Madayih Al-Motamedieh’, written in his name to describe his political life, intentionally or unintentionally, the events that happened during these two years are briefly and practically distorted. Unfortunately, in other first-hand sources, only brief and repetitive references to this period have been made. This paper aims at explaining Shiraz and Mamasani Conquest by Manoochehr Khan Motamed-al-Dowleh and his political style in Fars based on first-hand sources. Moreover, this article also discusses the importance of why the state of Fars has been so important in the eyes of the Qajar government and has always been the center of discord and policy-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important Persian biographical works is Shu'ayyah Biography of Mohammad Hossein Sha'a Shirazi (Shua'a al-Mulk) which is written in Qajar dynasty in Shiraz in 1942. Shuayyah Biography includes biography and sample poems of 150 poets that the author has seen or heard them from 1941 to 1951. This biographical work was edited and revised by Mahmoud Tavousi, and was published by the Persian Foundation in 2001. The question of the present article is to what extent the correction of this biographical work is scientific, critical, and valid? Investigations show that the edited and revised text of Shu'ayyah Biography is full of errors. Three major reasons can be made to correct the mistakes in the revised text: choosing a wrong method, ethical correction, and bad reading. Contrary to the general correction principle, the editor is confined to a handwritten version of the Faculty of Literature of University of Tehran, which is late, and ignored the handwritten version of the Malek National Library, which is a more appropriate measure. Due to the fact that Shu'ayyah Biography is the most important work of Shua'a al-Mulk and has significant historical, social, and linguistic advantages, criticism needs to be made and its edited text should be available to the scholars and enthusiasts of the ancient Persian language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]