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Objective(s): Drug prescription is one of the strategic issues in the field of health. Rational prescription of medicine and efforts towards appropriate, safe and efficient use of medicine are one of the main missions of health policy makers in the country. This study was conducted with the aim of reviewing the studies was done in the country in the field of drug prescription pattern. Methods: The present research was a scoping review using the Arsky and O'Malley protocol. The English and Persian databases examined in this study were Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Magiran and SID. Searched keywords were Prescription, Rational Use, Rational Utilization, Rational Consumption, Overconsumption, Overutilization, Utilization Management, Inappropriate Utilization, and Iran in English and Persian. Original research articles published in journals in English or Persian that estimated WHO prescribing indicators were included to the review. Studies published in other languages, books, theses, conference papers, review studies, articles whose full text was not available and articles published before 2010 were excluded from the study. Results: In the first stage 2846 citations were retrieved. After considering all inclusion and exclusion criteria 22 full articles were reviewed. About 70% of articles were published in English. 74% of studies focused on the prescription of a specific group of providers and 13% focused on drug administration in elderlies. The average number of drugs per prescription varied from 2 to 4.5 items in different studies. The percentage of prescriptions included antibiotics reported between 8.8 for elder lies' home health care to 97.6 for dentists' prescriptions. The prescriptions included injections also varied from 9.3 to 58.9 in medical interns and general practitioners in Kerman. Conclusion: The trend of drug prescription reflects the success of the country's policies toward rational use of drugs. However, to achievement the global standards, the implementation of policies to improve the prescription pattern in the country should be a priorities of health system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nearly ninety years have passed since the beginning of modern higher education in Iran. During this period, engineering education in the country, along with a large quantitative expansion, has gone through many ups and downs. Improving engineering education depends on identifying its challenges and providing solutions to overcome them. And this is possible only with organized research. One of the envisaged measures in this field is to create a center for communication between the activities carried out in the engineering education of the country and the educational centers of other countries and international organizations. In this connection, following the approval of the United Nations Scientific, Educational and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the UNESCO Chair on Engineering Education was established at the University of Tehran. The UNESCO chair, as a think tank, has put research and futures studies in various fields of engineering education, at the top of its goals. In this paper, while introducing the objectives and scope of activities of the UNESCO Chair on Engineering Education, the achievements of a decade of its activities have been reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The negative effect of oil shocks on the economy is one of the main problems faced by oil-exporting countries. These countries have many energy resources, but they have to sell their raw materials and may eventually fall victim to the Dutch disease due to the lack of development. In addition to suffering from Dutch disease, Iran is under international sanctions for more than 40 years. The sanctions against Iran date back to 1979 and include a combination of many different types of sanctions. In 2006, the United Nations Security Council imposed various arms and technology trade sanctions on Iran in response to the threatening trends in the development of Iran's nuclear capabilities. The US expanded its sectoral sanctions against Iran in 2007-2008. In 2012, Obama’s Administration deepened these sanctions by imposing severe financial sanctions on Iran, effectively cutting Iranian banks off from the global financial system. This, in turn, halted the country's oil exports and deprived the economy of significant revenues. These sanctions were further expanded in scope in 2013. In 2018, Trump’s administration unilaterally put Iran's economy under “aximum pressure” by re-imposing US sanctions after a brief period of multilateral sanctions relief related to the implementation of the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). Establishing and operating national development funds is a mechanism to reduce the negative impact of oil revenue volatility on the domestic economy. In addition to contributing to economic stabilization and intergenerational savings as well as protecting the domestic economy from the possible negative effects of natural resource revenues, these funds seek to invest financial resources and achieve higher returns (Sayadi, 2013). Additionally, they allow for the smoothing of government spending and investment, as surplus resources are accumulated in the funds in response to positive events and injected into the economy in response to adverse events (Bastani et al., 2016). At the beginning of the establishment of the National Development Fund in Iran, it was decided that, after deducting 14.5 percent of the oil company’s share and 3.5 percent of the oil-rich regions’ share, 20 percent of the foreign exchange earnings from oil and gas exports would be deposited in the fund’s account. This amount would be increased every year. However, due to the sharp decline in the oil revenues in 2014 and the needs of the government, this trend was not continued (Norouzi et al., 2019). In this context, this paper begins by reviewing the role of economic sanctions as a random shock to the Iranian economy, emphasizing the role of the National Development Fund and the stochastic-dynamic general equilibrium model. Next, Bayesian methods are used to examine their impact with the data from 2012 and 2018, when sanctions against Iran were at their most severe. In a developing country like Iran, which faces economic sanctions and Dutch disease simultaneously, the importance of this issue is enormous. Methodology: A new Keynesian stochastic dynamic general equilibrium model for the oil-exporting open economy is the subject of this section. The model includes households, labor market, firms, government, oil, national development fund, and foreign trade. The model parameters were estimated using the Bayesian method. The Central Bank of Iran (CB) and the Statistical Center of Iran (SCI) were the primary data sources for our quantitative analysis of the period of 2004-2020. The analysis focused on time series of available macroeconomic variables such as GDP, migration, exports, imports, and exchange rates. Seasonally adjusted quarterly data were also used from 2004Q1 to 2020Q4. They included de-trended data (Hodric-Perscott filter) on GDP, capital stock, government consumption, and private consumption. Findings and Discussion: Based on the variance decomposition results, among different shocks of sanctions, the share of the shocks caused by sanctions is different. The non-oil export sanctions have had the greatest impact on real wages, inflation, employment, exchange rate, and total production. After that, the embargo on the import of intermediate goods and capital is in the next rank of influence on these variables. Also, the assets of the National Development Fund have been more affected by non-oil exports and imports. This proves that the resources returned to the fund by the private sector and governments have changed and actually decreased, which is due to the increase in sanctions. On the other hand, a large part of the oil revenues have not been deposited in the fund. Furthermore, the IRF data indicate that the oil export sanction has reduced the reserves of the National Development Fund as well as the Fund's facilities to the private sector. This has occurred by reducing its exports. There will be an increase in the government consumption expenditure when these sanctions are in place, indicating that a larger share of oil revenues is being spent on government consumption rather than on contributions to the Fund. Indeed, the falling oil revenues reduce the National Development Fund, resulting in fewer facilities granted by the Fund to the private sector (Sayadi & Bahrami, 2014). As a consequence, private-sector investment has declined. Despite the existence of the National Development Fund, after ten periods of fluctuation, it has returned to equilibrium. Conclusions and policy implications: Economic sanctions have worsened the economic conditions of Iran and ultimately caused the reduction and reversal of the role of the National Development Fund in the country. In general, the imposition of economic sanctions on both export and import areas will worsen the situation of Iran's economy. On the one hand, the decrease in oil revenues has caused an increase in the government's consumption expenditures and budget deficit. It causes an increase in the fund. On the other hand, the imposition of this embargo on the oil sector by reducing the income of the fund has caused a decrease in the payment of facilities to the private sector; therefore, the investment of the private sector has decreased, and the amount of production has been affected too. The imposition of sanctions on nonoil exports and imports has caused an increase in the debts of the private sector to the fund due to the effect of reduced production. In order to manage the crises caused by sanctions in the short term, the governments have no choice but to withdraw from the development fund, so the majority of the fund's resources are allocated to expenses and the budget deficit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: While much attention has been given to understanding how different social groups have experienced the COVID-19 pandemic, few studies have focused on working children. Therefore, more information is needed about the challenges faced by this vulnerable group. This research aimed to explore the experiences of street-working children during this global health crisis and understand how their way of life, working conditions, and social relationships might have changed. Materials and Methods: This study employed a qualitative research methodology. Data were collected through observation and semi-structured interviews with 12 street-working children in Tehran, Iran, until reaching thematic saturation. The children had all lived and worked through the COVID-19 pandemic and were selected using purposive sampling. The data were analyzed using the thematic analysis. The reliability of the identified themes was corroborated by using the audit technique and analytical comparisons. Results: A total of 114 concepts, 16 subcategories and five main categories, including violation of home quarantine, multiple transformations, disruption of economic order, augmentation, and compounded violence experiences, emerged. On this basis, apart from the rise in the number of working children, unemployment and poverty confined these children to the streets so that they had to endure health risks, disruptions in the market, and multiple changes in their jobs, besides experiencing various forms of violence in their familial, interpersonal, and social interactions. Conclusion: Since the rise in the number of working children and the additional challenges in their living situations cannot be seen as inevitable outcomes of pandemics, state authorities at all levels and non-state players like NGOs need to ensure the necessary social, economic, and livelihood support for street-working children and other underprivileged families with children under 18 during any future pandemics or health crises. This would effectively help to avoid the social harms that come with child labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Scientometrics is used to identify existing study gaps, discover the future research directions, investigate fundamental trends and implement the necessary policies in a specific field of knowledge. Considering the key role of environmental factors in the health trends and the varyingburden of diseases in the country, this study was conducted with the aim of performing scientometric analysis of the role of environmental health in the prevention and control of diseases related to environmental factors in Iran. Materials and Methods: Bibliographic information related to scientific documents indexed in the Web of Science database until September 12, 2022, was analyzed and visualized using Citespace and Biblioshiny software. Results: A total of 1,212 documents were retrieved. These documents were published in 629 sources with the participation of 8,461 authors. The average publication year of the documents was 2010. The top three ranks of organizational affiliations were as follows: Tehran University of Medical Sciences (747 documents), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (436 documents), and Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (393 documents). Iran's cooperation network with other countries indicates substantial joint researchbetween Iran and the main countries in this network. Over time, the co-occurrence network of keywords has evolved from outcomes (such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, etc.) to environmental exposure factors, especially air pollutants, heavy metals, and foodborne pathogens factors. Risk assessment has also been a category of interest in recent years. Conclusion: Scientometric analysis showed that environmental health studies in prevention and control of diseases related to environmental factors in Iran are young and still progressing. In the early years, studies were mainly focused on diseases as an outcome, while in recent years, they have focused more on exposure factors or environmental pathogens. It is suggested that the future studies based on the retrieved keywords should be more mission-oriented and the priority of solving the problems of environmental pollutants affecting people's health in the country based on the extent and scope of the problems of each province should be considered by policy makers and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subfamily Alysiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is one of the most peculiar and diverse groups of endoparasitoids of Diptera. The present paper provides additional information on the subfamily Alysiinae in Iran. The specimens were collected using Malaise traps during May - September 2010. The genus Grammospila Foerster, 1863, and four species of Alysiini were discovered for the first time from Iran: Grammospila fuscula Griffiths, 1968, G. rufiventris Nees, 1812, Dacnusa maculipes Thomson, 1895 and D. plantaginis Griffiths, 1966. Including our findings, the number of species of the genera Dacnusa and Grammospila are raised to 22 and 2 species in Iran, respectively. Diagnostic characters and distribution of the newly recorded species and an updated list of Dacnusa and Grammospila are provided.

Objective(s): Drug prescription is one of the strategic issues in the field of health. Rational prescription of medicine and efforts towards appropriate, safe and efficient use of medicine are one of the main missions of health policy makers in the country. This study was conducted with the aim of reviewing the studies was done in the country in the field of drug prescription pattern. Methods: The present research was a scoping review using the Arsky and O'Malley protocol. The English and Persian databases examined in this study were Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Magiran and SID. Searched keywords were Prescription, Rational Use, Rational Utilization, Rational Consumption, Overconsumption, Overutilization, Utilization Management, Inappropriate Utilization, and Iran in English and Persian. Original research articles published in journals in English or Persian that estimated WHO prescribing indicators were included to the review. Studies published in other languages, books, theses, conference papers, review studies, articles whose full text was not available and articles published before 2010 were excluded from the study. Results: In the first stage 2846 citations were retrieved. After considering all inclusion and exclusion criteria 22 full articles were reviewed. About 70% of articles were published in English. 74% of studies focused on the prescription of a specific group of providers and 13% focused on drug administration in elderlies. The average number of drugs per prescription varied from 2 to 4.5 items in different studies. The percentage of prescriptions included antibiotics reported between 8.8 for elderlies’ home health care to 97.6 for dentists’ prescriptions. The prescriptions included injections also varied from 9.3 to 58.9 in medical interns and general practitioners in Kerman. Conclusion: The trend of drug prescription reflects the success of the country's policies toward rational use of drugs. However, to achievement the global standards, the implementation of policies to improve the prescription pattern in the country should be a priorities of health system.

Objectives Population aging is accompanied by an increase in the elderly's demand for long-term care, which is mainly provided by family caregivers. Providing quality elderly care, while maintaining the health of caregivers, requires recognition of facilitators and the educational needs. Therefore, this study aims to investigate facilitators of elderly care at home and the educational needs of the family caregivers of older adults in the south of Tehran, Iran. Methods & Materials This is a qualitative study using the conventional content analysis method. To collect data, we conducted semi-structured telephone interviews. Seventeen family caregivers aged ≥18 years with at least one month of caregiving experience and at least six hours of caregiving per week were selected using purposive and snowball sampling methods until data saturation from January to April 2021. After transcribing the recorded interviews, the data were entered into the MAXQDA 2018 software and analyzed. Results Personal factors included personal characteristics of caregivers, Capability in caregiving, perceived benefits of caregiving, and self-care activities of caregivers. Interpersonal factors included proper relationship with older adults, older adults' partial dependence on caregivers, cooperation and support of family members, and receiving others' support. Supportive environments included physical environment, receiving support from work environments and organizations providing elderly care services. The most important educational needs of family caregivers were the needs to learn how to prepare nutritious foods for the elders, the way to nourish older adults with dysphagia, and how to move the physically disabled older adults. Conclusion Family caregivers of older adults in the south of Tehran should have access to affordable elderly care and home care services based on their educational needs that require planned support from service providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The rate of population aging in Iran is higher than the regional and global levels and Iran will enter the aging phase by 2040s. Considering the importance of the changes that population aging will create in Iranian society, this study aims to investigate the challenges and drivers of population aging in the next three decades in Iran. Methods & Materials The is a futures study using the scenario analysis method. Data were collected from different sources to understand the possible challenges of the population aging. Then, the obtained information was analyzed based on experts' opinions, structural analysis, cross-impact balance analysis, and scenario development. The data were analyzed using Mic-Mac and Scenario Wizard applications. Results The main drivers of population aging in the future will be governance variables in the field of old age, pension funds, health costs at micro and macro levels, distribution of welfare, fertility and household size, insurance coverage & pension. These variables will affect the geriatric workforce, intergenerational relationships, social participation, and the lifestyle and quality of life of older adults (outcomes). The possible scenarios for the future of population aging in 2050 were "Risky ageing", " Twilight ageing", "Dawn of ageing", and "Prosperous ageing". Conclusion To achieve the desired scenario, i.e., " prosperous ageing" in Iran, we need a smart governance with a forward-looking view in the field of aging, equal welfare distribution, win-win pension funds, active economic and social participation of older adults, and fertility rate above the replacement level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzing tourists' photos' visual content proves to be an effective method for understanding their behaviors and preferences in tourism destinations. This approach can serve as a valuable tool for precision marketing of tourism destinations, including tourist villages. The present study employed a novel methodology by conducting visual analysis of data. The analysis considered the characteristics of the photos, describing the observable appearance of themes and specific features within the collection. Subsequently, the most significant items, their frequency, simultaneity, and categories were identified and the relevant items were coded. For this study, a sample of 548 uploaded photos of Iranian villages on Flickr was selected and analyzed. Through the photo analysis, 21 dominant scenes in villages were identified and further classified into 5 attractions and 9 types of tourism. ArcGIS was employed for spatial analysis to examine differences in tourists' perceptions and behaviors. The study findings revealed that attractions, such as landscapes, infrastructure, and scenes of rural houses had captured the interest of tourists visiting Iranian rural destinations. These attractions were perceived more frequently compared to others. Additionally, among the various types of tourism, rural tourism emerged as the predominant perception among tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During 2023, samples of leaves and branches of lilac persimmon (Diospyros lotus L.) infested with broad mites (Tarsonemidae) were collected from Rasht city, Guilan province. After preparation of microscopic slide from mite specimens, they were identified using reliable taxonomic references. Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks, 1904) was identified for the first time from Guilan province on lilac persimmon. The damage symptoms of this pest mite were observed in the form of deformity, curling, darkness, and thickening of leaves and deformity of branches and buds. The damage of this pest is severe on the branches and young leaves. This is the first report of the presence of yellow broad mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus) on lilac persimmon in Iran. The following predator mites were also collected and identified in association with this pest mite on lilac persimmon. Mesostigmata, Phytoseiidae: Euseius stipulatus (Athias–Henriot, 1960), Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes, 1948, Phytoseius plumifer (Canestrini & Fanzago, 1876), Transeius wainsteini (Gomelauri, 1968); Prostigmata, Cunaxidae: Lupaeus martini (Den Heyer, 1981); Trombidiidae: Allothrombium pulvinum Ewing, 1917. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, dust storms in the west of Iran have been investigated, which include days when the dust suspension brings the horizontal visibility to less than or equal to one kilometer in at least three meteorological stations. In order to extract synoptic patterns, the data were obtained on sea level pressure, geopotential height, temperature, zonal (u) and meridional (v) components of wind at different levels of the atmosphere related to ERA-Interim. Using the visual analysis of the maps, the maps were categorized based on the similarity between the pressure patterns. The analysis of synoptic patterns showed that the dynamic and thermal cyclone patterns are the most important patterns of the dust cycle in Iran. In the storms caused by a dynamic cyclone, according to the location of the cyclone in the region, the most dust rise was found to be from the western and southwestern cyclone in Iraq, so about 40% of these storms came from the central lakes and especially from Lake Tharthar. The storms caused by thermal cyclones in the region have lower intensity than those caused by dynamic cyclones. The sources located in the southern half of Iraq, northern Arabia, Kuwait and southwestern Iran have been more effective in the occurrence of dust than the other parts in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes in Iran's climate zones during the faiods (1965-1975, 1976-1985, 1986 -1955, 1996-2005, 2006-2015. For this purpose, the weather data (minimum, maximum, average), humidity (minimum, maximum, average), rainfall, wind and sunshine for 411 synoptic stations during the faiod 1965 to 2015 were collected and analyzed by the country's Meteorological Organization. Also, the ESFZARI database was also used in two sections. The first part was formed with the help of 1434 stations from the beginning of 1961 to 2004 and the second part from 2004 to 2015 with the help of 960 stations. At first, factors influencing the climate of Iran were analyzed by factor analysis and then clustered by using cluster analysis. In order to validate the identified areas, silhouette analysis was used. The results showed that most of the spatial variations during the five faiods studied were very hot and dry (very low rainfall and high temfaature), warm and dry areas (low rainfall and high temfaatures), and cold and dry (low rainfall and low temfaature) exfaience So that each of these three areas, for example, the cold and dry (low rainfall and low temfaature) areas of its range is reduced, on the contrary, the size of the two other areas is increased. This dimension of change in the first and second faiod has been quite evident. The results of the silhouette analysis also showed that more than 92 facent of the Iranian zone was located right in their group, which indicates the high validity of the identified areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, second home ownership has become an everyday lifestyle in most parts of the world, after more than two decades of research records in Iran and the dispersal of thematic literature or second home studies. This research aims to review and analyze scientific research articles in the second home field in Iran in the structural and content framework to evaluate the internal scientific status compared to international literature, reveal research gaps, and identify priorities for future study. For this purpose, 87 internal articles were identified by systematic review and categorized by content analysis and MAXQDA software. To compare internal studies with global knowledge, 154 international articles were analyzed using the word co-occurrence technique in VOSviewer software. The results show that internal studies lack an interdisciplinary approach. Thematic classification of the studies shows that researchers pay more attention to the description of the reproduced space at the level of objectivity, the dominance of the result-oriented attitude, and less attention to the causal-explanatory level. Evaluating the studies' methodologies reveals positivist dominance in the internal literature. Similar to internal knowledge, international studies emphasize the consequence-oriented approach and, unlike internal studies, focus more on the qualitative approach and subjective perception of stakeholders. Future research requires expanding the geographical scope and paying attention to the scale of the city and suburbs, producing knowledge with an interdisciplinary approach, focusing more on qualitative and mixed methods, explaining causal forces by considering all stakeholders, and indepth and multi-level studies. The research outputs can be helpful for researchers and policymakers because they present the current state of knowledge and propose research perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Aging is one of the most critical stages in human life. Today, older adults make up one of the largest social groups in the world. Death anxiety is one of the most common mental disorders in old age, whose prevalence varies due to individual differences, social/environmental factors, and views on death. This national study aims to investigate death anxiety and related factors in Iranian older adults. Methods & Materials This is a descriptive-analytical study with a cross-sectional design. The study population in this study is all people aged ≥60 years in Iran. Online sampling was done through social networks using a convenience method for 51 days from June 22 to July 11, 2021. The data collected tool was a questionnaire. The first part was a demographic form surveying age, marital status, housing conditions, household living arrangements, province of residence, place of residence (urban or rural), level of education, ethnicity, religion, and insurance coverage. The second part was the Templer death anxiety scale. The data was analyzed using t-test, ANOVA and regression analysis in SPSS software, version 22. Results Participants were 1271 women and 1858 men aged 60-80 years. The mean score of death anxiety was 8.5±3.44, 42.5% had severe death anxiety, 40.7% had moderate anxiety, and 16.9% had mild anxiety. A significant difference was observed in death anxiety in terms of age, gender, marital status, household living arrangements, occupation, religion, insurance coverage (P<0.05), but no significant difference was observed in terms of housing conditions, place of residence (urban or rural), educational level, or ethnicity (P>0.05). Conclusion Death anxiety is a common phenomenon among Iranian older adults. There is a need to develop online programs to reduce this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Due to increase in life expectancy, the number of aged population in the world is increasing. Focusing on various aspects of their health is important for improving their quality of life. One aspect is spiritual health, which is dependent on culture. This study aims to survey the spiritual health status of Iranian older adults. Methods & MaterialsIn this cross-sectional study, participants were recruited from among elderly people registered in the national electronic health record system using a stratified random sampling method. The Ajamzibad’s elder spiritual health scale was used to measure spiritual health and its dimensions including spiritual belief, centricity of God, altruism, spiritual conduct, and purposefulness of life. Trained healthcare workers completed questionnaires based on a telephone-based survey method in selected health centers. The non-parametric Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to analyze the data. Results Participants were 548 older adults from 28 provinces of Iran, with a mean age of 67.8±6.6 years. The mean total score of spiritual health was 91.2±10.0, with the highest score related to the spiritual belief (95.8%) and the lowest score related to the purposefulness of life (87%). Age had a statistically significant relationship with spiritual health in overall and all its dimensions (P<0.001). Educational level and marital status had a significant relationship only with the dimension of spiritual conduct (P=0.04). Conclusion The spiritual health of Iranian older adults is at a good level. Their level is higher in domains related to beliefs (spiritual belief and centricity of God), compared to those related to behavior (Altruism and Spiritual Conduct). Therefore, for improving their behaviors, there is need for attention, planning, and appropriate action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration is one of the three main components that shape the growth and dynamics of the population in any country. Human population migration causes cultural, social and environmental changes in the origin and destination of migration. Ecological Footprint is one of the tools that tries to quantify human pressure on the environment. One of the important issues that have been neglected in migration analyzing is the state of the spatial pattern of migration and the spatial pattern of the ecological footprint in Iran. Therefore, in this research, secondary data was used to analyze the situation of these two variables in relation to each other. In this regard, the data of inter-provincial migrations of 2011 to 2016 period and the ecological footprint of the provinces for the year 2016 were prepared. By using the Geographic Information System and the quadrant chart, the situation of two variables was analyzed. The general result of the research in relation to the spatial situation of the pattern of ecological footprint and in- migrants, out- migrants and the net migration of the provinces showed that most of the destination provinces have a higher ecological footprint than the national average. In contrast, most of the origin provinces have a low ecological footprint than the national average. Regarding the net migration, most of the provinces with a positive net migration have high ecological footprint. In general, it can be said that the positive flow of migration goes to provinces that have a higher ecological footprint than the national average. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Literary tourism plays a crucial role in generating wealth and creating jobs worldwide, particularly in Iran and other developing countries. It serves as a fundamental pillar of tourism, offering societies a new path for knowledge, progress, and long-term sustainability. Purpose: This study aimed to identify the key factors driving the advancement of literary tourism in Iran. Research method: To achieve this objective, the study adopted an applied approach with an interpretive and analytical focus. Methodologically, it fell within the realm of qualitative and quantitative research. The analysis utilized grand theory, Delphi, and the Structural Self-Interaction Matrix (SSIM) model. The research population consisted of experts and elites in the broader field of tourism with a specific emphasis on literary tourism. Targeted sampling methods were employed to select a sample size of 30 individuals for data collection. Findings: The study identified several categories for enhancing the development of literary tourism in Iran. These categories included improving managerial and institutional practices, increasing investment in literary tourism and related initiatives, enhancing competitiveness through effective advertising, considering legal aspects, and constructing a localized model. Such factors as discourse narratives, educational initiatives, specialized activity development, and literary route creation were determined through a two-stage Delphi method research and confirmed to be significant by expert consensus. The subsequent analysis using the SSIM Matrix revealed that improvements in managerial and institutional measures exerted influence over other factors. Additionally, formulation of a local literary tourism model, encompassing discourse narratives, education, specialized activity development, and literary route creation emerged as a crucial factor in attracting literary tourists, influencing other factors while also being influenced by them in return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are the most reliable sources of evidence in evidence-based practice. Analyzing the scientometric and authorship features of these articles at the national level can provide useful information for various decision-makers. This study aimed to investigate the scientometric and authorship characteristics of Iran’s systematic review and meta-analysis articles indexed in Scopus. Materials and Methods: The current research was conducted using a scientometric approach. The research population includes 9579 systematic review and meta-analysis articles published between 2011 and 2021, and Iran is the affiliated country of at least one of the authors. The quantitative and qualitative growth process of articles as well as the authorship characteristics are examined in this research, among other things. Results: Review of 9579 articles indicate an increasing trend in the publication, with the highest number of articles (2565) being published in 2021. The thematic analysis shows that the majority of articles are related to the field of Medicine, with 7112 articles, followed by Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology with 1433 articles. The highest H-index, 68, refers to the year 2018 and the highest percentage of articles included in the Hirsch Index horizon refers to the year 2011. The highest average number of citations per article is 146.44, observed in 2012, while the lowest is 4.62, reported in 2021. The highest average number of citations in relation to the age of the articles was 9735/34 in 2020, whereas the minimum was 279 in 2011.Calculating the percentage of articles above the H-index horizontal line based on total articles of each year, along with the average citation per article, shows a decreasing trend with slight fluctuations. On the other hand, there is a growing trend when considering the number of citations in relation to the age of the articles. The lowest average author count (5.48) is linked to 2011, whereas the highest count (12) is related to 2012. The first and the corresponding author of more than 91% of the articles was from Iran. In conducting the examined articles, researchers from the United States collaborated the most (12.05%) with researchers from Iran. University of Tehran, as the authors' affiliated organization, has contributed the most to the examined articles (27.81%). The Iranian Journal of Public Health has published the most of the examined articles (36/1%). Conclusion: The articles under investigation show an increasing trend of growth, yet further research is needed to assess their qualitative trend. Given the rising significance of evidence-based practice, the stakeholders need to ensure the maintenance of the quantitative growth trend and the enhancement of the qualitative growth of these articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Domestic violence against women is one of the most serious social issues. This study aimed to identify predictors of help-seeking behavior among women exposed to spousal violence. Materials & Methods: The present study was a descriptive-analytical study conducted in 2022 among women attending comprehensive health service centers in Lorestan Province, Iran. A total of 525 participants were recruited using multi-stage sampling methods, including stratified, cluster, and simple random sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires on spousal violence and help-seeking behavior. Data analysis was performed using independent t-tests, ANOVA, and Stata 14 software. Results: The highest prevalence of physical and psychological violence dimensions were related to slapping (69.9%) and belittling (84.38%), respectively. In terms of sexual violence, non-consensual sexual intercourse (24.76%) was the most prevalent. The most common sources for seeking help were individual's family (70.48%), healthcare providers (56%), and spouse's family (53.90%). Help-seeking behavior for physical (p=0.02) and psychological violence (p=0.007) was higher in higher-income groups. Women whose spouses had university education exhibited higher help-seeking behavior for physical (p=0.015) and psychological violence (p=0.011) compared to others. Help-seeking behavior regarding physical violence (p<0.001) and sexual violence (p=0.004) was more frequent among individuals residing in Borujerd and Khorramabad cities compared to other cities in the province. Conclusion: Multiple factors associated with help-seeking behavior were identified, including spouse's education level, women experiencing physical violence, place of residence, and household wealth status. Policies and interventions should be developed to address these factors and improve women's health outcomes and prevent intimate partner violence (IPV). Considering the limited formal help-seeking behavior in Iran, governmental policies should focus on preventing IPV through various means, such as increasing demand for women's access to formal services (healthcare, legal, and social services) when experiencing IPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Demographic characteristics are among the factors that can contribute to flood-related deaths. Investigating the relationship between these factors and flood-related deaths, as well as measuring their impact on the prevention, reduction, and elimination of such deaths, is essential. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted as a case-control study in all floodaffected areas of Iran that experienced flood-related deaths from 2002-2018. The sample size of the study was 369 (123 cases and 246 controls) from 12 provinces and 30 counties. The study measured the impact of demographic characteristics on flood-related deaths using a valid and reliable tool. Results: The findings of this study revealed that individuals under the age of 15 face a 31.974 times higher risk of flood-related death compared to individuals over 65. The young population, specifically those aged 15 to 29 in Iran, have a 1.475 times higher risk. Drivers face a 13.874 times higher risk, while individuals involved in agriculture, shepherding, and livestock farming have a 0.947 times higher risk compared to homeowners. Conclusion: Among the demographic characteristics, children, young adults, and engaging in certain high-risk occupations such as driving or agriculture increase the risk of flood-related deaths. Therefore, it is recommended to prioritize protection, education, and vulnerability reduction measures for these individuals, especially in flood-prone areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental sustainability, as an approach to development, makes it possible to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations. This approach helps to preserve natural resources, biodiversity, reduce negative effects on the environment, improve the quality of human life and develop a sustainable economy. Actually, environmental sustainability means a balance between economic development, social sustainability and environmental preservation. Achieving environmental sustainability requires identifying and determining the factors affecting it. Therefore, the main objective of the present study is to examine the effects of political freedom and human development on environmental sustainability according to three indicators of Ecological Footprint (EFP), carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) and Environmental Performance Index (EPI) in Iran over the time period of 1990 - 2022 using the Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS). In addition, human development index (HDI), has been used to investigate the hypothesis of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). The research results indicate that human development index (HDI) has a negative effect and political freedom (FPI) has a positive and significant effect on environmental sustainability. On the other hand, the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis test also showed that the square of the human development index has a positive and significant effect on environmental sustainability; As a result, based on this hypothesis, the inverted U relationship between human development index (HDI) and environmental sustainability is confirmed in this study. Moreover, other results of this research show that energy consumption (EC) has a negative effect, urbanization rate (URB) and commercial openness (OPE) have a positive and significant effect on environmental sustainability in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Under uncertain conditions in the economy, the process of planning and decision-making as well as policy-making in all economic sectors, including households, enterprises, the government and the financial market, is disrupted, because the possibility of prediction decreases and it becomes difficult for economic actors to realize future visions. In such a situation, economic agents are faced with uncertainty regarding consumption, savings or investment decisions, expenditure-tax policies, laws and regulations, and future interest rates. In other words, decision-making has become difficult for economic agents and makes them hesitate to make decisions in the hope of achieving a more stable position in the future. The purpose of this research is to investigate the spillover effects of uncertainty in Iran's economy. For this purpose, the fluctuations of each of the markets (oil, currency, stocks) in the occurrence of uncertainty in the Iranian economy are investigated and the spillover effects of uncertainty resulting from each sector to other sectors are estimated. Method: In some applications of the ARCH model, conditional variance equations with relatively long intervals are used, which requires determining the structure of the intervals to avoid the problem of negative parameters in the variance, so that a process with a longer memory and a more flexible interval structure can be selected from the ARCH category. To achieve more flexibility, another generalization is proposed as the generalized ARCH (GARCH) process. This has made forecasting in financial markets more complicated. Therefore, nowadays, multivariable models have been developed a lot in order to model the dynamics of returns. Using multivariate time series models has two important advantages. Firstly, it is very effective in identifying the relationship between series, secondly, it will increase the accuracy of forecasting. For example, if the past values of one series influence another series, it is better to use multivariate models. Of course, using systemic or multivariable models instead of single-variable models will bring two important limitations. First, the more parameters that are estimated, the accuracy of the results will decrease and we need more data for the results to be reliable. Second, in many cases, the results do not have a high explanatory power. In multivariate GARCH models, the number of parameters increases drastically with the increase in the dimension of the model, and on the other hand, it is necessary for the variance matrix to be positive definite. Establishing these characteristics by the estimated parameters is not so simple. To estimate the parameters of multivariate GARCH models, the maximum likelihood method is mainly used, although the two-step method is also common. One of the problems with GARCH family models is that positive and negative fluctuations with equal size have the same effect on the conditional covariance matrix, this feature is the symmetry effect. But in practice, the reaction of the economy to good and bad events may be different, so to solve this problem, non-linear GARCH combination models with BEKK extension have been used. Results: Based on the findings of the research, the only variable of GDP excluding oil income has a structural failure during its process in the second quarter of 2011, and other variables are also without structural failure. Based on the criteria for measuring the accuracy of modeling estimations, the VARMAX GARCH-in-Mean Asymmetric BEKK model has provided more accurate results in terms of structural failure. Given that the number of conditional mean and conditional variance-covariance equations depends on the number of endogenous variables; In the current research (due to the presence of three endogenous variables), three equations for the average part and three equations for the variancecovariance part have been designed. In the analysis of the GARCH effects of exogenous variables and estimated coefficients of the Bx matrix, it can be seen that the transfer of the uncertainty of sanctions to the market of the production sector is significant. In addition, the transfer of turbulence from the growth of oil income, sanctions index and money market index to other studied sectors has also been confirmed. Based on the obtained results, the spillover of impulses and turbulence between the stock market, currency and gross domestic product (except from the production sector towards the currency market) is two-way. Conclusion: During the studied period, the most transfer of turbulence from the previous period of the currency market to the current period has occurred in the currency market. Also, in the analysis of GARCH effects of exogenous variables and estimated coefficients, it can be seen that the transfer of oil price uncertainty to real GDP and foreign exchange market is significant. In addition, the transfer of the turbulence resulting from sanctions to the currency market has also been confirmed. The estimated coefficients of the matrix indicate the confirmation of the existence of asymmetric effects of BEKK in the studied variables. Also, a careful examination of the estimated coefficients shows that the reflection of bad news of oil on the turbulence of the production sector and the bad news of sanctions on the turbulence of the stock market has appeared more than other studied sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]