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Gulzar script is one of the many types of decorative scripts in the history of Persian calligraphy. Most of the works that created in this way belong to the late Qajar era. However, the formal and visual bases of this type of calligraphy go back to the pre-Qajar centuries; this research aims to identify, introduce and determine the origin of its formation based on the available evidences. Therefore, the main question is: When has the Gulzar script been formed? The sampling method of the 23 architectural arrays is Convenience Sampling that based on library and field studies. The samples are in the historical monuments of Samarkand, Mashhad, Farumad, Taybad, Soltanieh, Qom, Tabriz, Yazd, Isfahan and Oshtorjan. The date of construction of these monuments includes from the Seljuk period (429-590 AH/1037-1194 AD) to the end of the Safavid period (906-1135 AH/1501-1736 AD). The results indicate that the early examples of Gulzar can be seen in the form of an architectural decoration so called "Kalouk-band" in the Seljuq and Ilkhanid periods. Its use extends to at least the beginning of the 12th century AD. In addition, this method of decoration is used in the Square Kufic Inscriptions and include the geometrical, herbal and written motifs. The result shows that the use of Gulzar style in calligraphy pieces on paper has been influenced by architectural decorations, because the oldest examples of this type are several centuries after the squared Kufic inscriptions in Jame Mosque of Isfahan, Pir Bakran's tomb, Chalabioglu's tomb etc. The decoration of the inner surface of Squared Kufic inscriptions started from the end of the Seljuk era and continued until the 17th century AD. One of the changes made in the design of decorating the surface of the inscriptions is the use of written motifs in the form of "Kalouk-band" decorated with words (in Oshtorjan and Qom). Another change was the forming of a kind of nested square Kufic which has appeared in the Jame Mosque of Isfahan and Amir Chakhmaq Mosque in Yazd. This method has been continued later in Isfahan's Hakim Mosque (17th century AD) and Nimavard School in Isfahan (18th century AD). In the Safavid era, an example of square Kufic in the western entrance hall of Imam Mosque in Isfahan was decorated with Arabesque motifs, which shows the first use of this kind of ornaments in inscriptions. About 80 years before the formation of this inscription, Zain al-Din Mahmoud Mozahheb created a piece that inspite of having many distinctive features some similarities can be seen in them. The latter work is the oldest known piece that carried out the tradition of ornament on the calligraphic surface on paper. Despite the major difference in the structure of these two works, both of these works are decorated with herbal motifs (Arabesque and Khatai). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main concerns of city planners and managers is how to distribute and allocate resources, and provide urban services fairly in different parts of the city according to the needs of the urban community. The lack of optimal distribution of services between different regions and areas of the city, provides for the emergence of problems aroused by injustices and socio-economic inequalities. This paper aims to investigate and determine the allocation and concentration of resources and urban services; emphasizing on spatial inequality approach in different regions of Yazd. The research method was descriptive-correlative, using library methods for data collection, and utilizing statistical techniques and Williamson's utility models, Shannon Entropy, Topsis, LQ Factor, and Spearman-Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Results indicate unequal distribution of a number of urban facilities and services among different regions of the city. Finally, the way of urban-services spatial distribution indicates the tendency of urban land uses, to focus and polarity in some parts of the city; while there is also no relationship between the services and population-density of the regions. Findings show that this relationship has been existed in the past. Finally, in order to increase spatial inequality in differen regions of Yazd, the priority of suggested land uses was determined, using local-coefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the concept of resistance in the Ashurai poems of Yazd is investigated using descriptive-analytical and testimonial methods with the aim of interpreting the content of the Ashurai poems in the context of epics and mysticism. In the Ashurai poems of Yazd, the aesthetic and artistic aspects are so intertwined with the content of the poems and the beliefs of the composers that it is considered a turning point in the expansion of the expression of the concepts of resistance and the spread of this type of message. The ritual poet of Yazd clearly states the thoughts and concepts that exist in the culture and school of martyrdom by mixing both the Persian literary language and the common language of the people and also using local literature. The achievement of this process has caused that beyond the thematic commonalities of Ashura poems, the concept of resistance in the two axes of epic and mysticism have become the adornment of these types of poems and a new chapter in the fabric of this category of poems has emerged by using these two elements. Thus, the Ashurai poems teach mankind different values and anthropological lessons using an aura of epic and mysticism through the window of emotions and sorrow. It is obvious that the connection of Ashura's emotion, mysticism, and epic with resistance thoughts has led to the enrichment and elevation of ritual poetry, the explanation of Ashura's philosophy, the literature of the front and war, and the expansion of Persian poetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Various issues have threatened the stability of cities. The application of the concept of sustainable development in the modern urban environment can be very effective in the solution of these problems. In the meantime, the study of the sustainability of cities with cultural and historical heritage such as Yazd is different from that of other cities. The presence of precious historical and cultural heritage has made this city unique, and it has also made its studies and management more sensitive. Therefore, given that the Yazd contains a valuable heritage that has been inherited from generation to generation and based on the perspective of sustainable development, it is necessary for the present generation to make efforts to preserve and transfer it to the next generation. Thus, the ever-increasing changes in the historical areas of the city make it necessary to be aware of the future of this valuable area and overcome its future transformations based on this knowledge. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the driving forces affecting the process of sustainable development and to provide the future scenarios of the world-heritage area of Yazd with an emphasis on sustainable development. Theoretical Framework Urban planning and future studies are both primarily future-oriented. They both deal with ambiguous, multifaceted, controversial issues with uncertain outcomes. Their common goal is to provide a better future. The responsibility of future researchers is to help people express beautiful dreams, and the responsibility of planners is to help make these dreams come true. The previous studies and observations of the process of formation and construction of the world heritage of Yazd and the stability of this valuable treasure from the past up to now indicate the conscious connection made by the people of that age between efficient and futuristic urban planning. By learning from our predecessors, developing plans and future research techniques, and understanding the importance of connecting these two fields, we must preserve this lasting heritage by understanding future changes and planning intelligently. Methodology The current research is practical in terms of purpose and a document survey in terms of data collection. An initial study of the relevant documents helped to identify the drivers of the process of sustainable development of the world-heritage site of Yazd. Then, the key drivers were identified and ranked based on experts’ opinions using the fuzzy method of TOPSIS. Finally, optimistic, intermediate, and critical scenarios were provided for the studied area based on the different states of the engines in the Scenario Wizard software. Results and Discussion The findings of the research demonstrate that of the 24 variables affecting the process of sustainable development of the historical area of Yazd, 7 drivers play leading roles in the future state of the area population, participation of residents, migration, competitiveness, tourism services, protection of the area (physical-functional), and employment. Moreover, the findings indicate the prominent role of social indicators compared to others in the process of sustainable development of this area, which shows the importance of these indicators in regard to preservation and sustainable development. In the interpretation of the thematic layering of the seven identified drivers, the three drivers of population, migration, and employment are defined as the components of the concept of sustainable development of the historical area. This means that changes made in these drivers considerably affect the area. Eight powerful scenarios were developed based on the results of the analysis matrix of the mutual effects of the assumptions made in the three optimistic, intermediate, and critical situations for each of the identified drivers. One ideal scenario, two optimistic scenarios, three pessimistic scenarios, and two critical scenarios were evaluated. Conclusion In the analysis of the scenarios, it can be pointed out that the existing historical conditions of Yazd are far from the ideal scenario, and the city is heading towards a critical scenario, facing ups and downs in order to maintain the stability of operation. Let us assume the planning scene as a spectrum from critical conditions to full optimality and consider the former as the longest distance from the ideals and the latter as the shortest. It should be stated that the historical context is currently not in the right direction, and there are not proper conditions. Therefore, in order to become closer to the ideal scenario based on the identified drivers, it is suggested that service conditions should be considered based on the needs of today’s residents and fair distribution in line with the increase in the population along with the preservation of the original and native population. Moreover, priority should be given to the enhancement and revitalization of the area with an emphasis on tradition, culture, and the use of local materials. In the meantime, particular attention should be paid to the prosperity and diversity of compatible jobs due to the important role of economic issues in development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Referring to novel concepts for which there are no simple equivalents, speakers of languages often resort to predicates with two or more components. This phenomenon is so widely used in some languages that in Persian, for instance, new simple predicates are hardly added to the lexicon and the commonly used simple predicates in spoken and writing Persian do not appear to exceed a few hundred. This study concentrates on different types of complex predicates in the Dari language spoken by the Zoroastrians (Behdinan) of Yazd (in central Iran) and different features of each type. It takes advantage of a number of published works on Behdinani language, as well as instances directly collected from native speakers of that language. This study particularly focuses on the influence of syntactic-semantic factors on the inflection of complex predicates; such factors include tense, main or modal status of the predicate, and transitivity of the predicate as a whole as well as its verbal component alone. The findings of this study further underline the need for an unfettered, interactional perspective to the study of language which can shed light and facilitate investigation into the interaction between factors and elements from different modules of grammar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem definition: Geomorphic phenomena have a primary impact on the locations, dispersions, spheres of influence, physical developments, and morphologies of settlements. In other words, geomorphic units and topographic elements are very important in physical development of settlemenets and play a significant role in the spatial distribution patterns of cities, as well as influencing the morphologies, constructions, and textures of them. Accordingly, location, orientation of mountains, and the type of landform have an undeniable role in issues such as urban construction and urban population movement. Nowadays, the increase in human population has created an increasing need to land occupation around residential areas; this is closely related to the geomorphic indicators of each area. Then, if the process of creating new settlements is formed with no proportion to natural capacities and facilities, it will create adverse effects and results in the physical-biological problems of cities, such as natural hazards, which cause disturbing the balance of the environment and disrupting services. Evidence of hazards in recent years show that most developing countries, especially in their rural areas, have high-risk physical structures that are often vulnerable to hazards. Therefore, based on various studies, there is a close relationship between geomorphological components and human settlements. These components have sometimes caused the growths and developments or emergence and expansions of settlement centers, which have sometimes appeared to be dangerous and repulsive. Therefore, recognizing the natural environment characteristics and the features and capabilities of landforms is important and necessary for identifying suitable and sustainable points for the creation and development of human settlements. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the roles of geomorphic features and components in the formations, developments, evolution, and patterns of settlements around Shirkuh Mountain in the arid and warm region of Central Iran. Methodology: To do this research, topographic and geological maps, Google Earth images, and, most importantly, field studies and observations were used. This study was based on descriptive phenomenological method. Accordingly, geomorphological factors, including altitude, direction, and lithology, geomorphic features, including fluvial landforms, such as alluvial plains, alluvial fans, plains, lake and river terraces, and glacial landforms like cirques, valleys, and glacial terraces were surveyed and analyzed. Then the role of each factor in the creation, development, and transformation of the settlements was studied and evaluated. Results: The results showed a different settlement pattern on the northern and southern slopes, as well as the western and eastern slopes of Shirkouh. Most of the settlements of the southern slopes were located at high altitudes between 2450-2550 m along the ice-water equilibrium line. However, the settlement range elevation on the northern slopes varied between 1700 and 1650 m, while fluvial landforms, such as river terraces, alluvial fans, and pediments, had not played a role in the formations of these settlements even with relatively good water resources unlike most other parts of Iran and the world. The settlement on glacial landforms at altitudes above 2000 m probably dated back to very dry and hot periods and the settlement on the edge of the current playa depression referred to the Late Quaternary cold periods. The formations and developments of settlements in the two completely different environments and climatic conditions, namely the high altitudes and the margins of the downstream depressions, indicated a climate change and consequently vertical displacements of the settlements along the Holocene. The results also revealed that other factors, such as geographical direction, altitude, slope, and lithology, had played an effective role in the densities and developments of these settlements. Innovation: This study showed that the alluvial fans had never been used to build a settlement anywhere in the study area until the last 3 decades due to heavy rainfall and heavy flooding. Although according to previous studied, most of the settlements in Iran, whether urban or rural settlements, especially in the central and eastern parts, have been located on alluvial fans, even the prehistoric settlements. Also, this study showed that glacial landforms located at the high altitudes had been the most desirable place for the creation and transformation of settlements due to specific climatic reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zarrin granitoid, with mostly metaluminous to slightly peraluminous, and I-type composition, outcropped in Yazd block, Central Iran. The U-Pb SHRIMP zircon age from Zarrin granitoid yields 557-567 Ma age consistent with the Late Neoproterozoic-Early Cambrian ‘Cadomian’ plutonism at northern margin of Gondwana supercontinent. The chondrite and primitive mantle normalized trace elements patterns show light rare earth elements (LREE) enrichment relative to heavy rare earth elements (HREE) and enrichment of large ion lithophile elements (LILE) relative to high field strength elements (HFSE), accompanied by negative anomalies in Nb, Ti, and Eu consistent with arc-related magmatism, associated with subduction of Proto-Tethys oceanic crust beneath the northern margin of Gondwana. Geochronological and geochemical data including inherited zircon age suggest the Zarrin granitoid originated from partial melting of relatively younger mafic crust and point to the existence of hidden PaleoproterozoicMesoproterozoic rocks in the lower continental crust of Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic and social values of animal husbandry and rangeland management in rural areas are important factors for the continuation and maintenance of traditional livestock husbandry. This study aimed to identify social, economic, managerial, and environmental factors affecting traditional livestock husbandry in Nodoushan rangeland in Yazd province. Results of the Friedman test and prioritizing each of the items in the social factor showed that the immigration of villagers to the city and the depletion of labor from the village was the first influential factor with an average of 7.87 and the tendency of young laborers to non-agricultural jobs was the second influential factor with an average of 6.39. Important economic factors were lower productivity of traditional livestock husbandry compared with other economic activities, especially in non-agricultural sectors as the first influential factor with an average of 9.48, and the high cost of shepherds' wages and rangeland rent was ranked as the second influential factor with an average of 9.35. Regarding the managerial factor, the lack of fodder due to overgrazing was considered as the first influential factor with an average of 9.02 and the neglect of villagers' insurance was the second influential factor with an average of 8.43. Regarding the environmental factor, drought and forage shortage were the first effective factors with an average of 5.19 and fodder deficiency due to climate change (frost, heat, pests and diseases) was the second effective factor with an average of 3.92. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ashura event influenced the composition of some of the melodies and types of music. In this article, the beauty of Yazd's lamentation, vocal music of Ashura poems, and their effects on the musical system are the subject of study. The composer establishes the theme and then makes similar themes to expand the poem. While reciting the poems on Hosseini Ashura, the singer progresses with the change of tone and modulation. As a result, in Yazd's Ashura poetry and lamentation, the combination of poetry with the style of song melodies, the presentation of a specific type of music called "Bayat Yazd", the use of musical jumps, and also new melodic styles are some of the characteristics of this kind of poetry. Poetry is the music of words and phrases; this is even more important in the lamentation poem because, in addition to the proportion of meter and content, it also requires the function of a music type. The music of Ashura's poems affects the word and the meter in the same way. Yazd's Ashura poems have developed in terms of the appropriate meter, theme, style, language, and music. Sometimes, according to the music and melody, the meter, form, and rhymes could be modified. All of these modifications depend on the poet's sense and experience. When he opens his mouth, he reveals his hidden meaning with his melody. If the beats create a melodic style, it is called the rhythm of the music, and if the beats represent how the words flow, it is called poetry. Singing is a sub-device. The vocal lines add a specific beauty in performing the lament. In expressing and reciting Yazd's lamentations, knowing the beat and method of breaststroke from one, three, five, or seven, and sometimes a mixture of beats is necessary. Combining different types of external music with semantic and internal music creates a new atmosphere in lamentation. The main variation of lamenting is the addition of frequent or non-repetitive sections. Poets who want to take the path of Ashura should first comprehend the song's spirit and the secrets behind it because not every poem is suitable for every kind of singing. The secret of Yazd's Ashura lamentation and poetry is the novelty of the theme, the combination, and connection of the poem with the melodies, which includes the events of Karbala and recounting the emotional, moral, and cultural needs of the people of their time. But before composing a poem, the composer should consider the extent of the singer's voice, performance, and the way he expresses himself because each singer's voice has characteristics that if the composer does not consider such features, his song could not be so heartwarming and impressive. The Ashura poet can connect the geometric composition of the word with the music. He familiarizes the strings of each song with the texture of each word in creating an Ashura-Hosseini poem. In Ashura poems, melodies or selected musical sentences and meters, in addition to beauty, reveal the content of speech and express the tragic event of Ashura and the desert of Karbala. The role of music and sound in the poems of lamentation is theological. The music of the lyrics complete and promote the art of lamentation rituals and keep alive the Ashura culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Aging period is associated with potential threats such as loneliness and isolation. One of the most common mental disorders in the elderly is cognitive disorders and depression. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of smartphones use in depression in the retired elderly people of Yazd. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 408 elderly people who were covered by the retirement center of Yazd province in 2018. The samples were selected through random sampling method. The questionnaires included demographic characteristics, internet usage, and GDS (Depression Scale). After data collection, analysis was performed using SPSS software version 18 and Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-square. Results: 74.1% (74 people) of the elderly who used the Internet had no depression and 38.4% (60 people) of the elderly reported the reason for using the mobile phone is obtaining information and severe depression in this group was less than the other group (8.3% including 5 people). Mean depression score by gender (p = 0.046), marital status, education, income, lifestyle (p≤0.001), and reason for internet use (p = 0.043) were significantly different in the two groups of Smartphone and non-Smartphone users. Conclusion: Given the results and the positive role of smart phones in reducing depression in the elderly, programs for the elderly need to be designed through social networks. Using the Internet and social networks can help increase the respect and confidence of older people at community level, and isolate and loneliness caused by child marriage, death of a partner, and physical and mental disabilities can be Reduced by using a Smartphone and improved the mental health of the elderly, also through proper policymaking and activation of support systems to improve their well-being, efforts can be made to achieve a favorable period for them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Today, high risk behaviors in adolescents have become one of the most important concerns of society which are influenced by various factors. Time perspective is how one perceives or evaluates past, present, and future that greatly influences on its decisions. Peer rejection is also one of the variables that has received special attention in the area of adolescent behaviors. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of time perspective and peer rejection in predicting high-risk behaviors of adolescents of Yazd city. Materials and Methods: This study was descriptive cross-sectional. Statistical population consisted of adolescents aged 15-17 that from them 378 persons were selected using quota sampling method. The tool used in this study was Time Perspective Questionnaire, Iranian Adolescents Risk-Taking Scale, and Peer Rejection Questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics including Pearson correlation test and multiple regression analysis were used for data analysis. Results: The results of regression analysis showed that in girls, among the dimensions of the time perspective, only the past negative dimension (p=0.03) could predict high-risk behaviors and in boys the past negative (p=0.001), past positive (p=0.04) and present fatalistic (p=0.006) are predictors of high-risk behaviors. Peer rejection was not able to predict high-risk behaviors in any of the groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings, time perspective is one of the factors affecting the high-risk behaviors of adolescents. Therefore, psychological education based on time perspective can be effective on high-risk behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various morphotectonic landforms have been created by the activity of the Dehshir Fault and the 2nd and 3rd degree Riddle faults in Plio-Pleistocene. The most important of these can be the structural depressions of Abarghoo and Taghestan along the faults derived from the Dehshir Fault in the west and smaller and numerous other depression such as Rashkouieh, Ernan, Chah Shir and Chah Torsh along the eastern faults of the Dehshir Fault. The purpose of this study was to investigate the western depressions of the Dehshir Fault in the south and southeast of Shirkouh Mountain in the south of Yazd city. The results showed that these depressions, like many other closed depressions in central Iran including Gavkhuni, have been formed due to the transtension of a stretched-separated basin. The study area was located in a cutting zone between the two active dextral faults of Dehshir-Baft and Rafsanjan-Ernan. The counterclockwise rotation of the fault block between the mentioned two faults has created local extensional zones and reduced the crustal thickness. This has uplifted the geothermal curves and partial melting and created local post-Pliocene local volcanism. Following this phenomenon, several dacitic domes have formed along the fault strike and intersection in the south and southeast of the Shirkouh Mountains and the folding of Miocene sediments. The activity of the faults, along with the rise of the domes, has led to the fragmentation of the previous smooth surface, and has caused the subsidence of some parts of the area and created several structural depressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1- Introduction The reduction of biomass in arid, semi- arid and semi- humid ecosystems is called desertification. In recent years, processes of desertification have created many unrepairable damages. Desertification in developing countries and in countries with the high potential of decortications is more severe. Then, control of this phenomenon, spatially in these countries is more useful. To present the strategies and suitable methods for management in this background, understanding of effective parameters in desertification is very important and virtual that it should be investigated. Many researches for investigating the condition of desertification have been done by some researchers in the world such as Harasheh et al (2000), Ladisa et al (2002), Lira (2004), Monia Santini et al (2010), Faiz nia et al (2000), Abrisham (2004), Khosravi (2004), Fallah mehne (2004), Sepehr (2005), Ahmadi (2006), Zehtabian et al (2006), Chaman pira et al (2006), Abdi (2007), Tabatabaei (2010). 2-Methology The general aim of this research is to investigate the condition of desertification in the study area by measuring the soil erosivity and determining their effective factors and critical areas for controlling the desertification. For doing that the IMDPA model has been used as this model is the result of integrated plan of indices and criterion of desertification in Iran. This model is the first one that has presented for quantification of effective indices of desertification in biomes of Iran. In this research, for investigating the condition of desertification and presenting its map the IMDPA model has been used and indices of water and wind erosion have been investigated. Land desertification was studied in map unit and under arid climatic condition. For criteria of water erosion, four indices (water erosion density and type, land use, vegetation density) were investigated and their data layers were created in GIS system environment. After that by laying each pair of data layers, the final score of water erosion criteria was obtained in each unit by equation 1. I= equation (1) 1I=i ΠIi 1 ≤i≤ 3Where I: the final score of index of desertification potential based on water erosion criteria in each unit. Ii: the score of each index in each unit. For wind erosion criteria, their indices (appearance of erosion, density of non- alive cover and the numbers of dusty days) were measured by laying these digital layers, the final score of wind erosion criteria in each unit was obtained. I= equation (2) 1I=i ΠIi 1 ≤i≤ 3 I: final score of index of desertification potential based on wind erosion criteria in each unit Ii: the score of each index in each unit. Finally, the intensity map of desertification based on criteria of wind and water erosion was provided separately. 3-Discussion The obtained results show that surface cover has important role in desertification phenomenon from viewpoint of water erosion (vegetation index) and also from viewpoint of wind erosion criteria (density of non alive and vegetation). Some parts of this problem is due to the climatic condition of study area such as arid climate, less rainfall, high evapotranspiration, have been created sever condition. This point, following the intensitive drought in recent years, has been made the reduction of quantity and quality of vegetation. Moreover, railway, and other communicational roads (like Bafgh- chadormaloo) has been effective in degradation of vegetation. With respect to the obtained results, the important factors in erosion (wind and water) and desertification phenomena can be introduced as follows: • Intensive and erosive winds that leads to the moisture reduction, degradation of vegetation and finally detachment and transport of windy sediments. • Daring water erosion in sensitive formations in mountains of study area, fine sediments hare been scattered on the surface and finally these sediments can be moved by wind erosion. Moreover, inappropriate activities by some organizations (such as embankment dams) have been lead to severity of wind erosion. • Dominant of dry climate, less precipitation and high evapotranspiration, has been created hard conditions in the study area. This point following the sever droughts in recent years have increased the wind erosion in study area. • Release of agricultural lands, especially near the Shour river of Bahabad. • Constructions of many roads have also been created water and wind erosion. • Digging the deep wells for agricultural and industrial activities • Transgression to riversides and water ways and non scientific planting (especially around the Shour River in Bahabad). Overall, it can be stated that although the natural factors have been affected in desertification, but human parameters have also created desertification directly (land degradation) and indirectly (as a factor on intensification of degradation of natural factors). This point is also accordance with the results of sepehr (2005) in regarding to the effects of desertification in south of Fars province and Chamanpira (2006) for desertification in kouh- Dasht watershed. 4-Conclusion IMDPA model is integrated and complete method that has been calibrated with Iran conditions, then this method has less error. Moreover, existing the sufficient numbers of indices (coinciding with the area condition) has been made to obtain the good estimation from desertification condition. In the other hand, to access the results it is essential to investigate the other criterion of IMDPA model such as climate, geology, geomorphology, soil, vegetation, agriculture, water, social- economical problems and technology of city development. Finally and witch respect to the results of this research that surface cover is important factor in intensification of wind and water erosion, than it is essential to change the sight of people and users to natural resources. Therefore, considering the environmental problems and land logistic rules for each project in the study area is essential. Moreover, instruction the local communities and increasing the level of information and knowledge of decision makers and users can improved the sustainable development and lead to the control of desertification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1-Introduction One of the natural hazards resulted in great damages in dry and wild regions of world and Iran annually is the occurrence of dusty and black storms. Due to Iran geographical situation in arid and semiarid zone of the world, this country is continually exposed to local and synoptic dust systems. Yazd province is also exposed to various dust systems and this destructive phenomenon because of climatic and geographical conditions and adjacency to deserts in neighbor countries. Therefore, the knowledge of this phenomenon can be an efficient step towards its destructive effects, in particular in stabilizing smooth sands within this region. 2-Data and Methods In this research, using wind direction and speed data, horizontal view, pressure, temperature, humidity, could and dust phenomenon in synoptic stations, synoptic maps in the ground surface, 850 and 500 hpa levels, omega, wind vector, wind stream, humid blowing and cyclone and atmospheric data above Yazd station, dusty and black storms in low atmospheric levels were studied during 17 stages in selecting the sample in 1989-2009 years. The necessary maps were taken since two days before starting dust until its peak from NCEP/NCAR databases and drawn in GrADS software. 3-Result and Discussion The results of the research show three dust storm patterns and strong winds during three autumn, winter and spring seasons. The first is autumn pattern (storm October 2, 1997) in which there are pressure gradient between south and central areas of Iran and a hod with deep amplitude in 850 and 500 hecto-pascal levels in western Iran and Yzad province which it couldn’t be fed well in terms of temperature and humidity. The passage of hod and releasing its energy and long term dryness in summer across this region resulted in blowing strong winds and dust storm in this province, especially in Yazd-Ardekan plain. The second is winter pattern (storm February 22, 2009) due to the presence of low-pressure center over the ground and along with deep hods in high levels as well as the passage of cold front through the province and the contact between cold air mass behind front and warm air mass dominant over region. After passing the cold front, sudden downfall of cold air can increase wind speed greatly in dry atmosphere and reduce horizontal view and the occurrence of dust storm in this region. The third is spring pattern (storm may 29, 2003) in which deployment of low pressure cell on the surface of the ground, tilting hod hinge in the upper levels of atmosphere across western Iran and its quick movement and sending short waves through central Iran and Yazd province along with the passage of cold dry and weak front from western north resulted in upward strong flows, high air instability and very serious dust and black storms in Yazd province and get to zero the horizontal view. 4-Conclusion The results of the research show three dust storm patterns and strong winds during three autumn (storm October 2, 1997), winter (storm February 22, 2009) and spring (storm may 29, 2003) seasons. The majority of such storms occur in afternoon hours and in may month and its strong winds mostly blow from west to western north. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In all over the history of settlement, the city and its surrounding areas such as its villages have been always connected together in an organic way. It will not be found in any historical sources that the city and its surrounding areas are mentioned independently (Rezvani, 1382: 2). Since increased rural migration to cities, the quantity and population growth of cities, emerging new cities from large villages and developing industrial activities face the country with different issues of urban construction. In response to these issues, different approaches were proposed. One of these approaches emphasizes on the use of combination of city and its area, city and its villages in order to urban development. This approach considers villages as primary and small nuclei which will be merged to cities or spending the early stages of urbanization. Thus, while the range of needs and demands of rural and urban areas are emphasized separately, responding to the diverse range of demands, and placement and provision of each demand in spatial fields is designed and performed. This approach is as rational as being the most natural way of dealing with urban and rural development. Yazd is an ancient city at the central of Iran plateau and adjacent to the central desert of Iran with people who lived there centuries before Islam. Causes of expansion of this city can be listed as winds, being at the center, water and Business Economics. This city includes 3 urban areas and 9 urban regions. The city has 45 neighborhoods in which the old and traditional ones have been faced with the physical changes (tall and town building) which led to structurally different viewpoints from the past. According to the physical criteria, we can consider all surrounding rural - urban areas as neighborhoods' of Yazd and recognize the urban set which is called "Yazd urban area" (Yazd Regional Comprehensive Plan , 1381 : 220 ). This comparative study aims to evaluate the functional and structural changes due to the annexation and cohesion of rural areas of Yazd. This study used descriptive and analytical methods. Under studied Geographic region are Eish Abad and Kheir Abad villages, in Zone 3 of Yazd, with 750 hectares spaces and population density of 17.04 people per square. Required information of this study has been prepared through documents and theories, using statistical sources including the results of Population and Housing Census of 1385. To study the impacts of annexation to Yazd on these two villages, functional and structural changes through well-known models of population growth index, Holdern and Shannon entropy have been used. The results show that by joining these villages to Yazd, some structural and functional changes have emerged which have caused in widespread development, destruction of agricultural lands and allocating surrounding lands to different land uses. Evaluating the comparative land use table of these two villages in 1365 and 1385 shows that the annexation phenomenon have not strongly influenced on changing land uses and some public land uses such as health care, green space, sport and religious places face with shortage. The results of analyses prove the effect of population growth in Eish Abad and Kheir Abad on the level of physical development of Yazd is low although it can influence on increasing residential land use. Although the annexation of these villages to Yazd is a natural and inevitable occurrence in urban development of Yazd which can cause trends of new jobs and welfare, this urban development should be based on sustainable development in order to decrease environmental damages and bring many benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]