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Introduction: The extent of development of a country is determined by research indicators such as the number of published articles. Many factors can cause a lack of research. Objective: The present study aimed at identifying obstacles to the implementation of the research from the viewpoint of faculty members of Guilan University of Medical Sciences in 2018. Materials and Methods: In this combined research, the quantitative data were collected by the faculty members of the research pathology questionnaire. The appropriate statistical indices were used to describe the data. In the qualitative section, sampling was purposeful and continued until data saturation. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and data analysis was carried out using a seven-step content analysis approach. The accuracy and accuracy of the data were also determined by Lincoln & Guba's proposed criteria. Results: In the quantitative part, the most important inhibitor factors include management factors (low communication between university and foreign universities), empowerment factors (lack of familiarity with relevant statistical techniques), administrative rules (length of paper publishing stages), and personal factors (teaching too much), social factors (inadequate intellectual incentives) and economic factors (inadequate research budget and lack of research facilities). In the qualitative section, the four main categories (individual challenges, dysfunctional infrastructure, Limited Research Partner, and discouragement of the research result) and fifteen sub-floors were extracted. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, in order to improve the quantitative and qualitative research among faculty members, it is suggested that the respective authorities consider such issues as strengthening the research motivation of faculty members taking advantage of research facilities and special privileges, and also equivalence of research tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: By identifying the scientific researches of artificial intelligence carried out by universities, industry and the government, this paper seeks to outline the research situation of Iran in the field of this technology in comparison with China and the United States as the two leading countries in artificial intelligence. Based on this perception, the main goal of the current research is to extract the interactive model of university, industry, and government as the main actors in the scientific research collaboration of artificial intelligence in the three studied countries. Methods: This research was conducted based on the scientometric method and the use of the Scopus database in the time domain of the last two decades. Countries were ranked based on the number of documents and citations to the top 1000. Then the documents were separated based on organizational affiliations into academic, industrial, government, and international groups. On this basis, the co-authoring network of Iran's documents was drawn based on organizational collaboration. Through mutual information analysis, the quality of cooperation in Iran was compared with the other two countries. For this purpose, a meaningful examination of the arrangement of categories was done through Shannon's entropy calculations. Results: With a small difference, China and America had the most documents and Iran was in the 30th position. In the citation, America, with a significant difference, was first, China was second, and Iran was 17th. By normalizing the number of studies in terms of population and GDP, the United States was placed in a much higher position than China, and the distance between Iran and China in the normalized results was also much smaller. In the uncertainty and synergy of interactions, the same order was maintained. Among the players in Iran, Tehran University, followed by the Amirkabir University of Technology the and Sharif University of Technology, have had the most scientific productions. University, industry, and government data in Iran were experimentally manipulated. The highest output based on the least input change was achieved through increased industry research. Conclusions: The most important difference in the cooperation model of Iranian actors with the other two countries is the level of industry participation. Among the three countries, America shows the most industrial research collaborations. In the case of Iran, it was also concluded that the policy of encouraging the industry to participate in artificial intelligence research will be most effective. This result is also supported by experimental manipulation of values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to explore the reasons of the retraction of Iranian researchers’ articles in scientific journals. Methods: To do this, we set a systematic review. The research population includes all articles that, in some way, have addressed the reasons for the retraction of Iranian researchers’ articles in international journals and publications. The most important global and Iranian scientific databases were searched for this purpose. Results: Ultimately, out of 559 initially identified articles, through title and abstract review, removal of duplicates, and precise text reading, 19 relevant articles were selected. Additionally, the reasons provided by the Retraction Watch database (https://retractionwatch.com) regarding the retraction of Iranians articles, were processed, recorded, and compared with the results of the systematic review. The research findings indicated that the most significant reasons for retraction of international articles of Iranian researchers (in no particular order) are: 1. plagiarism, 2. duplicate publication, 3. peer-review issues, 4. authorship disputes, and 5. data issues and errors. Conclusions: Given the sensitivity of research matters and the topic of research misconduct, policymakers in the research domain as well as officials from ministries, organizations, and universities can utilize the findings of this study to strengthen research ethics and prevent various forms of research misconduct. Considering the aforementioned reasons, it seems that education, attention to the topic of research integrity, precise oversight, and the use of technologies such as similarity detection and research management softwares are the most vital strategies in this regard. Moreover, it would be recommended that research experts held the sessions related to research misbehavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: By identifying the scientific researches of artificial intelligence carried out by universities, industry and the government, this paper seeks to outline the research situation of Iran in the field of this technology in comparison with China and the United States as the two leading countries in artificial intelligence. Based on this perception, the main goal of the current research is to extract the interactive model of university, industry, and government as the main actors in the scientific research collaboration of artificial intelligence in the three studied countries.Methods: This research was conducted based on the scientometric method and the use of the Scopus database in the time domain of the last two decades. Countries were ranked based on the number of documents and citations to the top 1000. Then the documents were separated based on organizational affiliations into academic, industrial, government, and international groups. On this basis, the co-authoring network of Iran's documents was drawn based on organizational collaboration. Through mutual information analysis, the quality of cooperation in Iran was compared with the other two countries. For this purpose, a meaningful examination of the arrangement of categories was done through Shannon's entropy calculations.Results: With a small difference, China and America had the most documents and Iran was in the 30th position. In the citation, America, with a significant difference, was first, China was second, and Iran was 17th. By normalizing the number of studies in terms of population and GDP, the United States was placed in a much higher position than China, and the distance between Iran and China in the normalized results was also much smaller. In the uncertainty and synergy of interactions, the same order was maintained. Among the players in Iran, Tehran University, followed by the Amirkabir University of Technology the and Sharif University of Technology, have had the most scientific productions. University, industry, and government data in Iran were experimentally manipulated. The highest output based on the least input change was achieved through increased industry research.Conclusions: The most important difference in the cooperation model of Iranian actors with the other two countries is the level of industry participation. Among the three countries, America shows the most industrial research collaborations. In the case of Iran, it was also concluded that the policy of encouraging the industry to participate in artificial intelligence research will be most effective. This result is also supported by experimental manipulation of values.

The subject of this paper is to assess the status of political knowledge in Iran from the perspective of the scholars of this field. Due to The long history of political science in Iran and, however considering the doctrine of the evolution of the humanities and social sciences by the Iranian government, the critical recognition of the existing situation of this branch of knowledge is necessary. The population of this research, which has been carried out with the aim of providing a comprehensive picture of the views of existing scholars, is the articles and scientific works of the scholars of the field of political science published between 2009 and 2015. The research findings, which have been conducted using the N-vivo 10 qualitative analysis software, indicate that the scholars of this field generally assess the field weak. Along with some of the strengths mentioned above for existing knowledge, the weaknesses mentioned for political knowledge can be categorized at the three levels by the continuum of the macro-political-social system, the level of science, and the level of the scientific community.