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This study aims to investigate Iran scientific production pre-revolutionary by 2016 with the emphasis on the conferences proceedings, highly cited and hot papers, and open access papers, in the light of the Law of Economic, Social, and Cultural Development Plan of Iran. Descriptive– analytical method used. To achieve research objectives data extracted from Clarivate Analytics (Thomson Reuters) using search strategy CU=IRAN. Analysis is based on conferences proceedings, highly cited and hot papers, and open access papers indexed in Web of Science during 1931- 2016. The findings showed that the conferences papers had a significant growth over time, and in general, before the Islamic Revolution, no conferences papers from Iran were registered in this database, and the growth of these articles was after the victory of the Islamic Revolution, so that from one conference paper in 1989 to 3529 articles in 2015 (and 502 papers for first seven months in 2016). Also, the status of highly cited and hot papers indicates that in general, these papers have been compiled from 1134 highly cited papers since 2006 and 45 are hot papers that have been registered in this database. On the other hand, the status of open access articles suggests that the researchers are more likely to welcome these articles. However, the significant growth of these articles dates back to the fourth decade, with 25813 open access papers, most of which are published in 2015 with 4502 papers. The findings showed that the annual compound growth of conference papers over the second period of the second development plan was 47.12%, which shows a decrease in the third plan (19.64%) with a negative growth of 8.38%. In the fourth plan, the growth rate of the articles of the conferences is 35.37% and represents 6.6% growth more than third plan. Between the fifth and fourth plans, we experience 18.82% of downtrend. There is no negative growth in the highly cited and hot papers between the second and the fifth plans, but the growth of these papers is not impressive. During the first to fifth plans, the development of open access articles has been significant, but the growth rate of a five-year plan is not prominent to another plan. In this regard, the findings showed that in the fifth development plan, we observed a decrease of 6.59% compared to the fourth plan. Although Iran has achieved a high status in terms of scientific quantity, it is necessary to pay more attention to applied quality research, in accordance with the Law of the Economic, Social, and Cultural Development Plan of Iran, and the responsible bodies and planners must prioritize this issue. With the efforts of the Iranian scholars and the necessary support in this regard, the influential presence of science and technology in the welfare of society is observed.

A careful study of the dimensions of human life in rural areas and its accurate recognition for the design and construction of suitable houses require a special look at rural housing research in terms of physical, technical, economic, cultural, social and environmental aspects. This research analyzes the records in the literature on rural housing by referring to scientific journals in the field. The findings of the study indicate that most of the research has been conducted in a descending order in the provinces of North Khorasan, Fars, Zanjan, and Sistan and Baluchestan The series of studies carried out can be classified under nine issues including rural house designing and modelling, sustainable housing, structural-functional changes in houses, native architecture of Iranian houses, planning and policy, facilities and credits, housing rehabilitation, analysis of housing indices, and geographic analysis of housing elements. The findings of this research indicate three main approaches adopted in the study of rural housing in Iran. As much as 83.58% of all the research has been conducted with quantitative methodology, 13.43% with qualitative method, and just 2.98% (two cases) with combined methodology. Also, as the results show, of all the rural housing research in the country, 34.22% is retrospective, 11.94% is prospective, and 53.73% has addressed the existing housing situation.

This study aims to investigate Iran scientific production pre-revolutionary by 2016 with the emphasis on the conferences proceedings, highly cited and hot papers, and open access papers, in the light of the Law of Economic, Social, and Cultural Development Plan of Iran. Descriptive– analytical method used. To achieve research objectives data extracted from Clarivate Analytics (Thomson Reuters) using search strategy CU=IRAN. Analysis is based on conferences proceedings, highly cited and hot papers, and open access papers indexed in Web of Science during 1931- 2016. The findings showed that the conferences papers had a significant growth over time, and in general, before the Islamic Revolution, no conferences papers from Iran were registered in this database, and the growth of these articles was after the victory of the Islamic Revolution, so that from one conference paper in 1989 to 3529 articles in 2015 (and 502 papers for first seven months in 2016). Also, the status of highly cited and hot papers indicates that in general, these papers have been compiled from 1134 highly cited papers since 2006 and 45 are hot papers that have been registered in this database. On the other hand, the status of open access articles suggests that the researchers are more likely to welcome these articles. However, the significant growth of these articles dates back to the fourth decade, with 25813 open access papers, most of which are published in 2015 with 4502 papers. The findings showed that the annual compound growth of conference papers over the second period of the second development plan was 47.12%, which shows a decrease in the third plan (19.64%) with a negative growth of 8.38%. In the fourth plan, the growth rate of the articles of the conferences is 35.37% and represents 6.6% growth more than third plan. Between the fifth and fourth plans, we experience 18.82% of downtrend. There is no negative growth in the highly cited and hot papers between the second and the fifth plans, but the growth of these papers is not impressive. During the first to fifth plans, the development of open access articles has been significant, but the growth rate of a five-year plan is not prominent to another plan. In this regard, the findings showed that in the fifth development plan, we observed a decrease of 6.59% compared to the fourth plan. Although Iran has achieved a high status in terms of scientific quantity, it is necessary to pay more attention to applied quality research, in accordance with the Law of the Economic, Social, and Cultural Development Plan of Iran, and the responsible bodies and planners must prioritize this issue. With the efforts of the Iranian scholars and the necessary support in this regard, the influential presence of science and technology in the welfare of society is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Given the crucial role of financial aids and grants in research progress, the present communication attempts to study the research funding situation in Iran during 2008-2011. Research method: The present paper applies a scientometric method to study the data related to Iranian scientific productions extracted from Science Citation Index Expanded. The data are analyzed using Excel and SPSS, based on descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The findings reveal that more than 30 percent of Iranian scientific papers are supported by research funds, of which about 25 percent are internationally funded. The highest ranked universities in terms of the amount of funded papers, especially by foreign resources, largely consist of those based in capital, along with Azad Islamic University. They are, also, revealed to be the most successful in collaborating with foreign organizations in providing research grants and aids. Conclusions: Given the low number of funded papers, Iranian researchers are required to endeavor seriously to absorb more research funds, especially from foreign states and international organizations. Research instruments and equipments being very expensive in many disciplines, researchers’ attempts to absorb foreign resources can be an appropriate solution to overcome financial shortage and instrumental poverty in scientifically developing countries.

Objective(s): Drug prescription is one of the strategic issues in the field of health. Rational prescription of medicine and efforts towards appropriate, safe and efficient use of medicine are one of the main missions of health policy makers in the country. This study was conducted with the aim of reviewing the studies was done in the country in the field of drug prescription pattern. Methods: The present research was a scoping review using the Arsky and O'Malley protocol. The English and Persian databases examined in this study were Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Magiran and SID. Searched keywords were Prescription, Rational Use, Rational Utilization, Rational Consumption, Overconsumption, Overutilization, Utilization Management, Inappropriate Utilization, and Iran in English and Persian. Original research articles published in journals in English or Persian that estimated WHO prescribing indicators were included to the review. Studies published in other languages, books, theses, conference papers, review studies, articles whose full text was not available and articles published before 2010 were excluded from the study. Results: In the first stage 2846 citations were retrieved. After considering all inclusion and exclusion criteria 22 full articles were reviewed. About 70% of articles were published in English. 74% of studies focused on the prescription of a specific group of providers and 13% focused on drug administration in elderlies. The average number of drugs per prescription varied from 2 to 4.5 items in different studies. The percentage of prescriptions included antibiotics reported between 8.8 for elder lies' home health care to 97.6 for dentists' prescriptions. The prescriptions included injections also varied from 9.3 to 58.9 in medical interns and general practitioners in Kerman. Conclusion: The trend of drug prescription reflects the success of the country's policies toward rational use of drugs. However, to achievement the global standards, the implementation of policies to improve the prescription pattern in the country should be a priorities of health system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Being engaged in multiple roles can affect a person's health and well-being and the middle-aged people are usually exposed to this situation more than other age groups. Most of the western studies that have looked at this issue with a demographic lens have introduced middle age as a situation of being caught or sandwiched between the needs of two generations (children and parents). On the other hand, increasing women's participation in paid work means that more middle-aged women are faced with a conflict between their work and family responsibilities, a phenomenon often characterized by the term "double burden" or "second shift" (Bratberg et al., 2002; Hochschild & Machung, 2012). According to the demographic changes of the family in recent years, living arrangements in mid-life have become more complex and heterogeneous (Demey et al., 2011) so that some researchers have used the term "cluttered nest" to describe this period of life, which is in contrast to the "empty nest" stage, that is, when all children leave the parental home (Lingren & Decker, 1992). The available data in Iran showed that the age transition of population has entered the middle-age phase since 2015 (the population aged 30-64) and will remain in this phase for several decades. It is predicted that the share of middle-aged people in Iran will reach more than 50% between 2026 and 2031 (Abassi Shavazi and Sadeghi, 2017: 46). This research aimed to expand the information about the role behaviors of this group by exploring the pattern of multiplicity of roles and its relationship with some of their social and demographic characteristics in the context of the urban society of Iran. The paper tried to answer the following questions: 1) What proportion of middle-aged women and men participate in multiple roles? 2) How does the pattern of mid-life multiple roles change based on people's socio-demographic characteristics? Materials & Methods Using the data from the latest Time Use Survey of Iran, this article examined the prevalence of occupancy and intensity of multiple roles, namely paid work, domestic work, and parenting, as well as the socio-demographic characteristics related to it. The statistical population of this survey included all people aged 15 and older living in urban households across the country and the data included all the daily activities of individuals, as well as demographic, economic and social variables, at the individual and household levels. The impacts of socio-demographic variables on people's intersectionality of roles were assessed using the Poisson regression in the STATA statistical package (version 17). The dependent variable was defined as the number of intense roles, which ranged from zero to three roles. The independent variables included gender, age group, marital status, education, and household size. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings showed that (1) multiple roles were more common in the middle age than in other age periods; (2) multiple roles were more prevalnent in men due to the low employment of women; (3) women were more involved in intense multiple roles than men and this pattern was due to the large amount of time that women spent on domestic activities. The results of Poisson regression analysis revealed that the household size reduced the number of intense roles for men and women. This situation indicated a wider division of labor in large households, which alleviated participation in intense multiple roles, especially for women. On the flip side of the coin, the findings showed that middle-aged people in smaller households faced more intense roles and therefore needed interventions to reduce this potentially traumatic experience. With increasing age, the number of women's intense roles increased. This is in line with the hypothesis of role density in late mid-life and near retirement age (Patterson & Margolis, 2019). Married women were more likely to be engaged in intense roles than their widowed or divorced counterparts and college education reduced the number of intense roles for men, but a similar effect was associated with a lower confidence interval for women. Thus, midlife could be a difficult time for married women, who had multiple responsibilities, while being a wife and a housewife. Meanwhile, their physical abilities decreased with age, making this period stressful and unfavorable. In fact, the important finding of this article was the noticeable difference in the pattern of experiencing intense roles between men and women, which showed that the tasks related to the domestic role alone put a heavy burden on the shoulders of middleaged women living in the urban areas of Iran so that its prevalence was more than 4 times that of the men's heavy occupational role. Our results highlighted the need for investigating the impact of multiple-role occupancy on the health and wellbeing of middle-aged people at the national level and designing evidence-based interventions to improve their conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem Definition: What are the reasons for Saudi Arabia's conservative foreign policy shift to an aggressive approach after the Arab spring in Yemen? Purpose: Investigating and analyzing the causes of the Saudi military invasion of Yemen from two geopolitical and ideological aspects and its impact on Saudi Arabia's balancing policy with Iran. Methodology: The study was conducted using the descriptive-analytic method. Data collection method was library one using scientific and research papers and online sites. The theoretical framework of this paper was derived from the theory of balance of power, which emphasizes the (relative) equality of power between the two rival blocs, providing a useful theoretical framework for examining the shift in the conservative approach of Saudi foreign policy to the aggressive approach following the Arab spring developments in Yemen. Result: The findings of this article suggest that Ansarullah's full control over Yemen could change the balance of power for Iran's benefit by endangering Saudi security (provoking Shiites in the south and east as well as threatening oil transit through the strategic Bab al- Mandab Strait) and expand its sphere of influence in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia has changed its conservative foreign policy approach to an aggressive foreign policy towards Yemen after changes in Islamic awakening for expanding its influence and maximizing its security on the one hand and to curb the expansion of Iranian influence in the region with the aim of weakening the axis of resistance and balancing strategy on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite taking a neutral stance, Iran heavily suffered from the First World War. Russian and Ottoman forces violated this neutrality and occupied a vast part of the country along the western frontier. This critical situation caused many calamities with deep and viable effects on the social life of Western Iran which missed scholarly attention. Bearing this in mind, and drawing on a bunch of unpublished archival material, this paper aims to shed new light on some unexplored dimensions of the subject. The central focus of this article is on the social and economic problems that ensued from the lasting occupation of the western provinces of Iran. At the same time, it seeks to prepare a descriptive explanation of the behavior of the local elite in confrontation with this crisis and what we can term center-peripheral policies. The findings show that the Ottoman invasion to western Iran and its occupation had certain social and economic consequences. These problems not only affected the local economy and social life but raised serious challenges for the central authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aim: Female genital cancers are the third most common type of malignancy among women. Considering the importance of these cancers, the present study was conducted to determine the age-standardized rate (ASR) of female genital cancers in Iran. Methods & Materials: In this systematic review, six international databases (Medline/PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, Embase, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar), and four national databases (Scientific Information Database, MagIran, IranMedex, and IranDoc) were searched in 2017. Thereafter, Persian and English papers referring to the ASR of female genital cancers in Iran were included. The Joanna Briggs checklist was used to evaluate the quality of studies. Data were independently extracted by two reviewers. Results: A total of 264 papers were found in the initial search of the databases, and 27 papers were included for final analysis. Based on the random-effect model, the ASR was 2.07 (95% CI, 1.83-2.31) for cervical cancer, 3.15 (95% CI, 2.75-3.54) for ovarian cancer, and 1.52 (95% CI, 1.32-1.73) per 100,000 for uterine cancer. Conclusion: The ASR of female genital cancers in Iran was lower than other countries of the world. It should be noted that the results of this review must be judged with caution because of the high heterogeneity of the studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nearly ninety years have passed since the beginning of modern higher education in Iran. During this period, engineering education in the country, along with a large quantitative expansion, has gone through many ups and downs. Improving engineering education depends on identifying its challenges and providing solutions to overcome them. And this is possible only with organized research. One of the envisaged measures in this field is to create a center for communication between the activities carried out in the engineering education of the country and the educational centers of other countries and international organizations. In this connection, following the approval of the United Nations Scientific, Educational and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the UNESCO Chair on Engineering Education was established at the University of Tehran. The UNESCO chair, as a think tank, has put research and futures studies in various fields of engineering education, at the top of its goals. In this paper, while introducing the objectives and scope of activities of the UNESCO Chair on Engineering Education, the achievements of a decade of its activities have been reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The negative effect of oil shocks on the economy is one of the main problems faced by oil-exporting countries. These countries have many energy resources, but they have to sell their raw materials and may eventually fall victim to the Dutch disease due to the lack of development. In addition to suffering from Dutch disease, Iran is under international sanctions for more than 40 years. The sanctions against Iran date back to 1979 and include a combination of many different types of sanctions. In 2006, the United Nations Security Council imposed various arms and technology trade sanctions on Iran in response to the threatening trends in the development of Iran's nuclear capabilities. The US expanded its sectoral sanctions against Iran in 2007-2008. In 2012, Obama’s Administration deepened these sanctions by imposing severe financial sanctions on Iran, effectively cutting Iranian banks off from the global financial system. This, in turn, halted the country's oil exports and deprived the economy of significant revenues. These sanctions were further expanded in scope in 2013. In 2018, Trump’s administration unilaterally put Iran's economy under “aximum pressure” by re-imposing US sanctions after a brief period of multilateral sanctions relief related to the implementation of the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). Establishing and operating national development funds is a mechanism to reduce the negative impact of oil revenue volatility on the domestic economy. In addition to contributing to economic stabilization and intergenerational savings as well as protecting the domestic economy from the possible negative effects of natural resource revenues, these funds seek to invest financial resources and achieve higher returns (Sayadi, 2013). Additionally, they allow for the smoothing of government spending and investment, as surplus resources are accumulated in the funds in response to positive events and injected into the economy in response to adverse events (Bastani et al., 2016). At the beginning of the establishment of the National Development Fund in Iran, it was decided that, after deducting 14.5 percent of the oil company’s share and 3.5 percent of the oil-rich regions’ share, 20 percent of the foreign exchange earnings from oil and gas exports would be deposited in the fund’s account. This amount would be increased every year. However, due to the sharp decline in the oil revenues in 2014 and the needs of the government, this trend was not continued (Norouzi et al., 2019). In this context, this paper begins by reviewing the role of economic sanctions as a random shock to the Iranian economy, emphasizing the role of the National Development Fund and the stochastic-dynamic general equilibrium model. Next, Bayesian methods are used to examine their impact with the data from 2012 and 2018, when sanctions against Iran were at their most severe. In a developing country like Iran, which faces economic sanctions and Dutch disease simultaneously, the importance of this issue is enormous. Methodology: A new Keynesian stochastic dynamic general equilibrium model for the oil-exporting open economy is the subject of this section. The model includes households, labor market, firms, government, oil, national development fund, and foreign trade. The model parameters were estimated using the Bayesian method. The Central Bank of Iran (CB) and the Statistical Center of Iran (SCI) were the primary data sources for our quantitative analysis of the period of 2004-2020. The analysis focused on time series of available macroeconomic variables such as GDP, migration, exports, imports, and exchange rates. Seasonally adjusted quarterly data were also used from 2004Q1 to 2020Q4. They included de-trended data (Hodric-Perscott filter) on GDP, capital stock, government consumption, and private consumption. Findings and Discussion: Based on the variance decomposition results, among different shocks of sanctions, the share of the shocks caused by sanctions is different. The non-oil export sanctions have had the greatest impact on real wages, inflation, employment, exchange rate, and total production. After that, the embargo on the import of intermediate goods and capital is in the next rank of influence on these variables. Also, the assets of the National Development Fund have been more affected by non-oil exports and imports. This proves that the resources returned to the fund by the private sector and governments have changed and actually decreased, which is due to the increase in sanctions. On the other hand, a large part of the oil revenues have not been deposited in the fund. Furthermore, the IRF data indicate that the oil export sanction has reduced the reserves of the National Development Fund as well as the Fund's facilities to the private sector. This has occurred by reducing its exports. There will be an increase in the government consumption expenditure when these sanctions are in place, indicating that a larger share of oil revenues is being spent on government consumption rather than on contributions to the Fund. Indeed, the falling oil revenues reduce the National Development Fund, resulting in fewer facilities granted by the Fund to the private sector (Sayadi & Bahrami, 2014). As a consequence, private-sector investment has declined. Despite the existence of the National Development Fund, after ten periods of fluctuation, it has returned to equilibrium. Conclusions and policy implications: Economic sanctions have worsened the economic conditions of Iran and ultimately caused the reduction and reversal of the role of the National Development Fund in the country. In general, the imposition of economic sanctions on both export and import areas will worsen the situation of Iran's economy. On the one hand, the decrease in oil revenues has caused an increase in the government's consumption expenditures and budget deficit. It causes an increase in the fund. On the other hand, the imposition of this embargo on the oil sector by reducing the income of the fund has caused a decrease in the payment of facilities to the private sector; therefore, the investment of the private sector has decreased, and the amount of production has been affected too. The imposition of sanctions on nonoil exports and imports has caused an increase in the debts of the private sector to the fund due to the effect of reduced production. In order to manage the crises caused by sanctions in the short term, the governments have no choice but to withdraw from the development fund, so the majority of the fund's resources are allocated to expenses and the budget deficit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study was conducted with the aim of investigating and drawing the communication network of Iranian researchers with other countries in the field of cancer-related science. Methodology: The present study is a type of analytical research in which scientometrics techniques and network analysis have been used. The statistical population of the study includes 18846 articles in the field of cancer, which are indexed by Iranians research in the web of science database. Findings: The flow of science production in the years under review is accompanied by growth. The most amount of production in this field in Iran is related to 2019 with 3755 papers. The total number of joint scientific productions of Iranian researchers with other countries in the field of cancer is 4399 records. The lowest level of cooperation with other countries in the field of cancer is 18% and the highest level of cooperation is 35%. On average, 23.34% of Iran's scientific productions in the field of cancer have been published in cooperation with other countries. 39,929 authors were active in the production of Iranian science in the investigated field, due to the large number of authors, only authors who had more than 15 articles were entered into the software, based on this, 1002 authors were entered into the used software, and the communication network of authors in this field consisted of It consists of 1002 nodes and 20298 links. Malikzadeh, Hashemi and Sahibkar are the top authors with 234, 188 and 183 articles respectively. The authors' analysis in terms of the number of scientific couples also showed that Malikzadeh, Sahibkar are in the center of this network with 222 and 200 scientific couples, respectively. Mohammadi and Ahmadi, each with 193 and 189 other scientific pairs, are among the top authors in the field of cancer. Tehran University of Medical Sciences (4703), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (2631) and Islamic Azad University (2165) are the top three universities in terms of science production in the field of cancer. Tehran University of Medical Sciences (247), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (239) and Islamic Azad University (237) are the top three universities in terms of having academic couples. Tehran University of Medical Sciences (6748), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (3665) and Islamic Azad University (3010) are the top three universities in terms of the weight of the links formed. Tehran University of Medical Sciences (53543), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (23680) and Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (23540) are the top three universities in terms of citations in the field of cancer. In the field of cancer, 117 countries have produced science with Iran, therefore, the network consists of 118 nodes, each node belongs to a country, which has a total of 4373 links, and the countries that have the most participation in the production of this field with Iran are They are located in the center and at a smaller distance from the node of Iran. Examining the total weight of links showed that Iran (6832), America (2885) and Italy (1288) have more links. Examining the number of joint articles also indicates that the most joint works of Iranian researchers are with the countries of America (1434), Canada (599) and England (469). Studying the citations of joint articles also showed that Iranian researchers have obtained 211,489 citations with their joint authors. Most of the received citations belong to articles that have been made in collaboration with researchers from the United States (30,135), England (13,298) and Canada (11,486). The journals "ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF CANCER PREVENTION", "INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT" and "JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY" published 494, 315 and 239 articles, respectively. There is a significant, direct and very strong relationship between the scientific productions of universities with the link weight index and the citation weight, the more the scientific productions of the university in this field, the better position it will have in the scientific network, the more influential it will be and the more attention will be paid to that university. will be in relation to the scientific collaborations of different countries with Iran in the field of cancer, the results showed that there is a significant and direct relationship between the number of scientific collaborations with the link weight and the citation weight in the scientific network. Conclusion: Despite the upward trend of scientific activities of Iranian researchers in the field of cancer, the share of participation each year is associated with ups and downs, which shows that despite the advice given to cooperation and scientific participation in the country, researchers in this field have not taken cooperation seriously. Therefore, measures should be considered so that researchers in this field tend to research more than one author and cooperate with foreign countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objective: One of the social determinants of physical and mental health is unemployment. This has a harmful effect even when the social class, poverty, age, and history of previous illnesses are also controlled. The purpose of this study was to review the evidence of the unemployment on the health of Iranian society. Materials & Methods: This study was conducted using a scoping review to find empirical research papers published on the impact of unemployment on health in Iran from 2003 to 2018. Seven electronic databases and two search engines were searched using appropriate keywords. Bibliography section of the retrieved papers and related journals were also searched for papers that were not yet indexed in the databases. 1063 publications were identified. All retrieved papers were assessed using a valid checklist before analysis. Finally, 56 empirical studies were reviewed using MAXQDA software. Results: About 39.3 percent of articles was published in Persian on impact of unemployment on health, which 70% of them have been written since 2011. Most of the studies were conducted in Tehran, Esfahan and Eastern Azerbaijan provinces. In this study, four main themes were psychological hazards, physical dilemmas, family problems, and socioeconomic risks. Conclusion: Unemployment has the greatest impact on the dependent variable of multidimensional poverty (health). Therefore, attention to professional and occupational policies, the establishment of social welfare systems and taxation can help to expand employment and increasing the share of GDP to implement labor market programs is essential. Efforts to raise employment should be prioritized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, technology development is not only a straight forward approach to create wealth, but is a means for superiority of countries in military, industry and economy. In this paper, as a part of a project entitled: Future studies of mechanical engineering, the status of technology development in engineering field, and specifically in mechanical engineering, has been investigated in Iran and compared with some other countries. The aim of this study is to provide a realistic picture of technology development in Iran including its strengths and weaknesses. In data collection for technology development in engineering field, the specific statistics related to mechanical engineering has also been noticed. Some major indices to assess the status of technology development in a country include the number of granted patents, the expenditure on research and development, and the number of researchers (scientists and engineers). Although the number of registered patents is not necessarily enough for a country to be considered as a technology developer, but the lack of enough patents in a country is definitely a sign of poor condition in technology. A brief look at the statistics shows that the global share of Iran in patent registration is very low. In this paper, challenges related to technology development in Iran has been analyzed and the its strengths and weaknesses have been mentioned. This paper has merely shown the current status of Iran and has compared it with other countries. The roadmap of future and suggestions for current challenges will be provided in later researches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the level of attention paid to the scientific outputs of researchers focusing on the Coronavirus and family viruses on social media. Methodology: The present research is a descriptive study that has been conducted using scientometric and altmetrics indicators. The research population includes 968 scientific outputs, which have been written by Iranian researchers in different years about COVID 19 or its family viruses. Findings: 38% of scientific outputs have been considered 3322 times in social media, 206 times in news and blogs, 39 times in policy and patents, 12 times in other sources, and three times in scientific sources. The average Altmetric scores of Iranian articles published on the Coronavirus are 9.6, and the most attention to these articles shared via Twitter. Also, no correlation was found between the Altmetric score of papers and the number of citations. Conclusion: Articles on coronary artery disease using stem cells, Iranians fighting Covid 19 despite sanctions, how people function when they get Covid 19, and the effect of Covid 19 on stroke in patients which has been noticed by doctors and researchers and even the public in recent months, has had the most presence on social networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Dentistry is an important profession ensuring the health of body and soul, and has a special place in the scientific productions of medical disciplines. The purpose of this study was to analyze the co-citation and word co-occurrence of Iranian research papers in the field of dentistry based on indexed documents in Web of Science from 2014 to 2018. Materials and Methods: The present study follows the procedures related to quantitative research with a descriptive approach and a scientometric technique. Co-citation and cooccurrence analysis techniques were used. In this study, 1079 articles were reviewed from the Web of Science. Data analysis was performed Ucinet Software, and VOS viewer. Results: Iran has the highest level of international cooperation with the United States. The highest number of published articles in the Web of Science Database belongs to Vahid Derakhshani based on the highest degree of centrality, the Eigen centrality, and the Betweenness centrality. Naser Amin Abadi ranked first for the Closeness Centrality metric, and Massoud Peirokh with a citation weight of 20 had the highest citation. The field of surgery has received the most attention among dental and endodontics journal had the highest citation in the Iranian Dental Science Citation Network. Conclusion: The trend of publishing scientific articles in Iran in the field of dentistry has been increasing during the selected period. The keywords oral, dental, and pediatric surgery have the most effective and decisive role in the scientific network of dentistry. These keywords provided strong scientific communication amongst the dental scholars in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, bibliometrics has been an interdisciplinary field with all scientific fields as its scope. The present study is related to the scientometric study of articles in information retrieval produced in Iran from the beginning of the topic in Persian papers to 2019. This research was an applied research which has been done using scientometric techniques such as citation analysis and co-word analysis. The data required for this research have been extracted from the "Islamic World Science Citation" database. The statistical population was 395 articles in the field of information retrieval, which was analyzed using "BibExcel," "VOSviewer," and " Excel" software packages. Some inconsistencies in author names and keywords have been tried to be unified. There was an increasing trend in published papers and received citations. Highly-cited and most influential authors in the field are well-known in the field. "Rahmatullah Fattahi" is in the first place with 11 articles and 16 citations. 77.72% of the articles have been authored in groups (two or more authors) and the two-authored approach with 154 articles has the most co-authorship approach. Six hundred twenty-six authors participated in writing the articles, which were repeated 923 times in various articles. The largest co-authorship network consists of 27 nodes (authors). "Najla Hariry," "Farideh Osareh," and "Saeed Rezaei Sharifabadi" have the highest score in terms of the centrality of rank, intermediate, and closeness among other researchers, respectively. The keywords "information retrieval," "search engines" and "internet" were the most frequently used keywords in the field of information retrieval. The word pairs of "recall - retrieval accuracy" and "Internet - search engines" were the first and second most frequent pairs of co-occurring-word pairs, respectively. Thematic clustering of articles in this field indicates the existence of eight subject clusters: "search, processing and evaluation information," "Storage and retrieval in information systems," "information behavior," "indexing," "information management and Scientometrics," "search engines," "precision and recall" and "information literacy." Co-authorship network showed that authors in the field tended to author with collaborating each other. Considerable items on information retrival have been published in Persian The acceptance of the co-authorship approach in the production of scientific works in information retrieval indicates the willingness of authors to write co-authored research. However, considering that 54.9% of the authors of this study did not receive the H index, the authors should make more efforts to produce quality articles. The largest cluster of this research is the "search, processing and evaluation information" cluster, which indicates the importance of this issue in information retrieval, and the smallest cluster is the "information literacy" cluster, which needs further research in this research field. The study helps authors identify hot topics and highly-considered subjects in information retrieval and provide a pattern for conducting scientometric analyses in similar fields.

Background: Infectious diseases in the pandemic stage have significant lifethreatening, psychological and social effects. Identifying the characteristics associated with people's cooperation in self-care leads to greater immunity for themselves and others. Therefore, this study was conducted to predict the self-care of the Iranian people according to their individual and social characteristics in face of the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: A survey study was conducted on 1056 adults aged 18 and over in different provinces of Iran through a form of answering online researcher-made questions (n=40, α=0.9) in social networks in four days. This paper studies the level of self-care of people against Covid 19 pandemic which was conducted with the support of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in April 2016. Data were analyzed using Student t-test and variance. Moreover, "decision tree technique" was used to identify communication patterns. Results: The findings showed that the average self-care score in women, the most educated, married women, women aged 41 to 55, housewives and some other occupations was very high. However, the average self-care score of single men with a diploma was average. In general, the mean score of women's self-care was higher than men (P<0.0001) and the educated were more than the less educated literate (P=0.007). There was no significant difference between the self-care scores of the respondents in terms of their marital status and employment. Conclusion: The results showed that the average scores of self-care in women, more educated people, married women, women in the age group of 41 to 55 years, housewives and some other occupations were reported to be very high; While the average self-care score reported in single men with a diploma was average. Overall, the mean score of self-care reported in women was higher than men (P<0.0001) and people with doctoral education reported more self-care than illiterate people (P=0.007). Besides, there was no significant difference between the self-care scores of the respondents in terms of their marital status (single and married) and their employment status (employed and non-employed). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Increasing healthcare organizations' efficiency is a necessity due to the resource scarcity in health sector. The aim of this study was to evaluate hospitals' efficiency in Iran. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted using a systematic review and meta-analysis approach to find empirical research papers published on hospital efficiency in Iran between 1997 and 2016. Seven electronic databases and two search engines were searched using appropriate key words. Bibliography section of the retrieved papers and related journals were also searched for papers that were not yet indexed in the data bases. 1563 publications were identified. All retrieved papers were assessed using a checklist before analysis. Finally 91 empirical studies were reviewed. Results: Data Envelopment Analysis, Pabon Lasso and Stochastic Frontier Analysis methods were mostly used for measuring hospital efficiency respectively. The average efficiency of Iran hospitals varied between 0.584 and 0.998. Hospitals affiliated to Social security organisation were more efficient. In contrast, non teaching public hospitals and charity and private hospitals were less efficient. Number of hospital beds and manpower were the most used input variables and number of outpatients and inpatients patient and surgical procedures were the most used output variables in Data Envelopment Analysis. Stochastic Frontier Analysis method has more advantage in measuring hospital efficiency compared to Data Envelopment Analysis. Conclusion: Iran hospitals suffer from inefficiency. Thus, managers should identify the reasons for hospitals' ineffeiciency and apply measures for increasing their efficiency and reducing wastage of limited resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of the research is to suggest solutions for consolidating the Islamic Republic of Iran's sovereignty over the three islands of Abu Musa, Big Tunb and Small Tunb. In order to find a solution, the main question of the article is: Can Iran's sovereignty over the islands be secured by de-securitizing the three islands on the one hand and implementing development-oriented policies on the islands on the other? To answer this question, first in the theoretical framework section, Barry Buzan's security theory and endogenous development theory are discussed. It then emphasizes the historical importance of the sovereignty of nations in modern times and then explains the importance of these islands for Iran by referring to Iran's historical sovereignty over these islands. The hypothesis of the article would be Iran's sovereignty over these islands might be consolidated by pursuing the policy of desecuritization in the three islands on the one hand and implementing a development-oriented policy on the other. The authors suggest Islamic Republic of Iran has to promote tourism, establish factories, universities and hospitals and attract foreign direct investment in order to ensure the Iran's rule on these islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The extent of development of a country is determined by research indicators such as the number of published articles. Many factors can cause a lack of research. Objective: The present study aimed at identifying obstacles to the implementation of the research from the viewpoint of faculty members of Guilan University of Medical Sciences in 2018. Materials and Methods: In this combined research, the quantitative data were collected by the faculty members of the research pathology questionnaire. The appropriate statistical indices were used to describe the data. In the qualitative section, sampling was purposeful and continued until data saturation. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and data analysis was carried out using a seven-step content analysis approach. The accuracy and accuracy of the data were also determined by Lincoln & Guba's proposed criteria. Results: In the quantitative part, the most important inhibitor factors include management factors (low communication between university and foreign universities), empowerment factors (lack of familiarity with relevant statistical techniques), administrative rules (length of paper publishing stages), and personal factors (teaching too much), social factors (inadequate intellectual incentives) and economic factors (inadequate research budget and lack of research facilities). In the qualitative section, the four main categories (individual challenges, dysfunctional infrastructure, Limited Research Partner, and discouragement of the research result) and fifteen sub-floors were extracted. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, in order to improve the quantitative and qualitative research among faculty members, it is suggested that the respective authorities consider such issues as strengthening the research motivation of faculty members taking advantage of research facilities and special privileges, and also equivalence of research tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing countries try to participate in trade agreements to achieve safer target markets and reduce trade barriers. Iran is also is in trade agreements such as Economic Cooperation organization (ECO) and Global System of Trade Preferences (GSTP). While it is generally believed that presence in trade agreements generally has positive effects on countries trade flows, there is no guarantee for positive effects on all countries and products. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to answer whether or not Iran’s membership in trade agreements has led to increase in saffron exports to member importing countries due to the importance of saffron exports for Iran. For this purpose, the gravity model and saffron exports data in the period of 2001-2014 were used. The results showed that income and population of saffron importers has positive and significant effects, while geographical distance and economic crisis has negative and significant effects on saffron exports. Based on the results, Iran’s membership in trade agreements has a significantly negative effect (- 3.475) on Iran’s saffron exports. In other words, membership in trade agreements cannot lead to increase Iran’s saffron exports to member trading countries in agreements. It seems that exporters have not been able to take advantage of membership in trade agreements despite adequate capacities. Therefore, it is suggested that the exporting companies of saffron use the institutional and legal framework provided by participating in these trade agreements to undertake long-term marketing strategies and increase Iran's saffron export to its trading partners and develop the basket of destination export markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the northeast of Iran, there are some outcrops of high-Mg ultramafic volcanic rocks. These rocks have been interpreted as an ideal ophiolite sequence related to the closure of Paleo-Tethys. According to detailed field observations, the komatiitic lava flows in Shandiz- Virani- Mashhad Complex (SVMC) and Fariman Complex (FC) are interlayered with the Upper Paleozoic submarine turbiditic sediments (Carboniferous- Permian). These rocks have a wide range of volcanic facies and according to the lithofacies characteristics, are divided into three groups of differentiated, undifferentiated lava flows and pillow lavas with a variety of volcanic textures and glass groundmass and with the main minerals of olivine, chromian spinel, clinopyroxene and amphibole. In this paper, the komatiitic nature of these rocks has been proven by explicit evidence from the field features petrography, internal stratigraphy and mineral chemistry. Also, the interaction of a mantle plume with the late Paleozoic (Permian) northeast subduction zone of Paleo-Tethys in NE Iran is considered as the suitable petrogenetic model involved in the genesis of the Komatiitic magma. This model can well justify and interpret the various geochemical characteristics of the studied rocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: By identifying the scientific researches of artificial intelligence carried out by universities, industry and the government, this paper seeks to outline the research situation of Iran in the field of this technology in comparison with China and the United States as the two leading countries in artificial intelligence. Based on this perception, the main goal of the current research is to extract the interactive model of university, industry, and government as the main actors in the scientific research collaboration of artificial intelligence in the three studied countries. Methods: This research was conducted based on the scientometric method and the use of the Scopus database in the time domain of the last two decades. Countries were ranked based on the number of documents and citations to the top 1000. Then the documents were separated based on organizational affiliations into academic, industrial, government, and international groups. On this basis, the co-authoring network of Iran's documents was drawn based on organizational collaboration. Through mutual information analysis, the quality of cooperation in Iran was compared with the other two countries. For this purpose, a meaningful examination of the arrangement of categories was done through Shannon's entropy calculations. Results: With a small difference, China and America had the most documents and Iran was in the 30th position. In the citation, America, with a significant difference, was first, China was second, and Iran was 17th. By normalizing the number of studies in terms of population and GDP, the United States was placed in a much higher position than China, and the distance between Iran and China in the normalized results was also much smaller. In the uncertainty and synergy of interactions, the same order was maintained. Among the players in Iran, Tehran University, followed by the Amirkabir University of Technology the and Sharif University of Technology, have had the most scientific productions. University, industry, and government data in Iran were experimentally manipulated. The highest output based on the least input change was achieved through increased industry research. Conclusions: The most important difference in the cooperation model of Iranian actors with the other two countries is the level of industry participation. Among the three countries, America shows the most industrial research collaborations. In the case of Iran, it was also concluded that the policy of encouraging the industry to participate in artificial intelligence research will be most effective. This result is also supported by experimental manipulation of values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental studies require an environmental gridded database. Environmental change, and climate change studies are not possible without a gridded climate database. In those environmental studies that cover a geographical area, but the necessary data is available for a restricted number of points (for example, meteorological stations) and not for the entire area under study, interpolation is required to convert the point data to areal data. In other words, it is necessary to create a network database. The first sample of such databases for Iran called Asfezari was introduced in 1996 at the University of Isfahan. This article introduces the process of preparing the third version of the Asfazari rainfall database prepared at the University of Isfahan. This gridded rainfall database is provided in a conical Lambert projection system. Its temporal resolution is daily and its spatial separation is ten kilometers. This database covers the daily rainfall of the mainland of Iran from 1349/01/01 to 1394/12/29. The error in estimating the average rainfall in this database is less than 15%. In preparing this database, the daily rainfall data of 2188 meteorological stations (including synoptic stations, climatic stations and rain gauge stations) of the Meteorological Organization of Iran (IRIMO) have been used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: While much attention has been given to understanding how different social groups have experienced the COVID-19 pandemic, few studies have focused on working children. Therefore, more information is needed about the challenges faced by this vulnerable group. This research aimed to explore the experiences of street-working children during this global health crisis and understand how their way of life, working conditions, and social relationships might have changed. Materials and Methods: This study employed a qualitative research methodology. Data were collected through observation and semi-structured interviews with 12 street-working children in Tehran, Iran, until reaching thematic saturation. The children had all lived and worked through the COVID-19 pandemic and were selected using purposive sampling. The data were analyzed using the thematic analysis. The reliability of the identified themes was corroborated by using the audit technique and analytical comparisons. Results: A total of 114 concepts, 16 subcategories and five main categories, including violation of home quarantine, multiple transformations, disruption of economic order, augmentation, and compounded violence experiences, emerged. On this basis, apart from the rise in the number of working children, unemployment and poverty confined these children to the streets so that they had to endure health risks, disruptions in the market, and multiple changes in their jobs, besides experiencing various forms of violence in their familial, interpersonal, and social interactions. Conclusion: Since the rise in the number of working children and the additional challenges in their living situations cannot be seen as inevitable outcomes of pandemics, state authorities at all levels and non-state players like NGOs need to ensure the necessary social, economic, and livelihood support for street-working children and other underprivileged families with children under 18 during any future pandemics or health crises. This would effectively help to avoid the social harms that come with child labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Scientometrics is used to identify existing study gaps, discover the future research directions, investigate fundamental trends and implement the necessary policies in a specific field of knowledge. Considering the key role of environmental factors in the health trends and the varyingburden of diseases in the country, this study was conducted with the aim of performing scientometric analysis of the role of environmental health in the prevention and control of diseases related to environmental factors in Iran. Materials and Methods: Bibliographic information related to scientific documents indexed in the Web of Science database until September 12, 2022, was analyzed and visualized using Citespace and Biblioshiny software. Results: A total of 1,212 documents were retrieved. These documents were published in 629 sources with the participation of 8,461 authors. The average publication year of the documents was 2010. The top three ranks of organizational affiliations were as follows: Tehran University of Medical Sciences (747 documents), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (436 documents), and Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (393 documents). Iran's cooperation network with other countries indicates substantial joint researchbetween Iran and the main countries in this network. Over time, the co-occurrence network of keywords has evolved from outcomes (such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, etc.) to environmental exposure factors, especially air pollutants, heavy metals, and foodborne pathogens factors. Risk assessment has also been a category of interest in recent years. Conclusion: Scientometric analysis showed that environmental health studies in prevention and control of diseases related to environmental factors in Iran are young and still progressing. In the early years, studies were mainly focused on diseases as an outcome, while in recent years, they have focused more on exposure factors or environmental pathogens. It is suggested that the future studies based on the retrieved keywords should be more mission-oriented and the priority of solving the problems of environmental pollutants affecting people's health in the country based on the extent and scope of the problems of each province should be considered by policy makers and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subfamily Alysiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is one of the most peculiar and diverse groups of endoparasitoids of Diptera. The present paper provides additional information on the subfamily Alysiinae in Iran. The specimens were collected using Malaise traps during May - September 2010. The genus Grammospila Foerster, 1863, and four species of Alysiini were discovered for the first time from Iran: Grammospila fuscula Griffiths, 1968, G. rufiventris Nees, 1812, Dacnusa maculipes Thomson, 1895 and D. plantaginis Griffiths, 1966. Including our findings, the number of species of the genera Dacnusa and Grammospila are raised to 22 and 2 species in Iran, respectively. Diagnostic characters and distribution of the newly recorded species and an updated list of Dacnusa and Grammospila are provided.

The main purpose of this paper is to estimate the Iran's economy-wide energy rebound effect. Based on Brookes’ explanation on the rebound effect combined with the IPAT equation, this paper first presents a different estimation method of economy-wide energy rebound effect. Then, by using the state-space model, Iran's economy-wide energy rebound effect is estimated over the period 1967–2017. Results show that the annual average of Iran's economy-wide energy rebound effect is 57%. Also, except the 1978-1988 period, in all periods under study energy rebound effect is considerable and it has an increasing trend that makes actual energy saving far less than potential energy saving. Due to the significant impact of energy rebound effect on Iran's energy saving, in order to reduce the effect of energy rebound effect and increase energy saving it is recommended that, first, the amount of the energy rebound effect be taken into account while designing energy saving goals and policies, because its overestimation or underestimation, causes actual energy saving to be more or less than predicted. Second, saving of energy should not be based on improving energy efficiency solely, because if this policy is not accompanied by appropriate price measures, due to the energy rebound effect, a significant amount of the potential energy saving will not be realized in practice. Of course, relying on price policies and abandoning energy efficiency policies will have the same results.

During the Il-khanid period, it had been created a good atmosphere that allow to the scholars of different lands to move to Iran as a result of the wide extent of the Mongol territory, as well as their Religious and intrinsic Toleration. Therefore, there was a widespread scientific relationship between the Il-khanid land and other civilization centers of the world. This case had created by the full support of the officials of science and education in Iran, along with the scholarly spirit, the scientific trips and the vast movement of scholars in Iran and other lands. These mutual relations have contributed to the revival of scientific activities in Iran and the exchange of heritage and scientific findings of this land with different nations from the Far East to the West, thus it should be considered as a positive and significant scientific and cultural outcome of the Ilkhanid rule in Iran. By descriptive-analytical method, this paper seeks to examine the factors caused these relationships, beside of describing the scientific exchanges between the scholars of the Il-khanid territory and other scholars of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this study is to analyze Websites content quality in Iranian universities of technology. The method of this study is content analysis; one of the webometrics methods. Applied reaserch and content analysis method with analytical approach have been used in this paper. The research population is top ten Iranian technology universities selected according to their ISC latest version of university ranking. The required data for this paper was gathered based on keyword density and prominence, Meta tags, keyword & traffic organic, Text/HTML ratio, Unicode and duplicate content. All of these are indicators in content quality and used in this research for data extracting. Information of each website is extracted & analyzed on February 2018 by Webometrics tools and Excel software. The results showed that the content quality of Amir Kabir, Isfahan, Sharif University of Technology and University of Science and Technology are better than the other universities. Also, Malek Ashtar University of Technology and Kerman Graduate University of Advanced Technology have poor website content quality. The admins of Iranian university websites can use the results of this study for improving their websites’content quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaria is a dangerous disease that was considered one of the leading causes of mortality in Iran up to Pahlavi II period. The small and weak population of Iran could not enjoy favorable economic conditions because of the disease. Therefore, overcoming this social and economic weakness became a strong motivation for combatting malaria. These efforts became more concentrated by founding Planning Organization in 1948. The Organization for Combatting Malaria (the main executor of the plan) managed to achieve impressive results up to the end of the third construction project in 1967. They curbed malaria in some parts of the country and continued efforts despite the enormous obstacles in the path. Keeping malaria in check made improvement in public health to some extent and raised people’s hope that other health problems might be resolved. Mortality rate dropped and work force achieved recovery. This paper investigated combatting malaria from 1948 to 1967 and addressed its obstacles, approaches and achievements. Accordingly, research questions were answered through content analysis and deductive reasoning. The major sources used were reports released by the state, particularly the reports of Planning Organization and Ministry of Health, as well as old magazines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetation is the mirror of climate. So getting information on vegetation status, such as their extent and distribution, is of great importance. It is very difficult and costly to gather information about continuous vegetation changes with conventional methods. Therefore, remote sensing is a very useful method that provides a wide view of a region. The purpose of this study is to examine the average long-term average of Iran's coatings with the help of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). In this paper, the 16 days data of NDVI data of MODIS Aqua from 13/4/1381 to 13/12/1393 were exploited from MODIS web page and then in the base of 10 billion of codes, the long term mean of 16 days NDVI of Iran during the years was calculated. As the NDVI of above 0.2 represents vegetation, the long term mean of vegetation was calculated for each of the 16 days. The findings showed that Iran’s vegetation in the period of December 26th to January 9th is minimum covering about 8 percent of Iran's territory, and from April 15th to May 1th is maximum with 30 percent of coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Iranian Technology Management community is a young society that is gradually handing over the management to the second generation of graduates in this field. The third generation of these graduates are now rapidly advancing in the fields of technology management in the country. Although the attention to science and knowledge in this country is as old as the history of this land, but the formal and extensive education in the field of management of science and technology and a serious movement in the formation of this scientific community has begun in the early 2000s. In this article, with a historical review of the formation of the technology management community, an attempt to examine the performance of the pioneers of this field, to examine the most important measures affecting the birth of this scientific community. Opportunities and challenges facing the scientific community of technology management and innovation of the country and mapping the way forward of this young, professional and promising community is one of the most important findings of this article. This paper provides implications for acquainting young professionals in this field of knowledge with the roots and genuine currents that shape the community of experts in the field of technology management in Iran. I hope this paper would be an effort to improve convergence and intellectual cohesion between three generations of pioneers, developer and future makers of this field in our country.

Policy agenda setting significantly affects tourism policies, describing which tourism issues make onto public policy agenda. Given the considerable gap in studying this stage, this paper seeks to explore Iran’s public policy agenda between 2013 and 2019 focusing on different types of tourism issues. Conducting an archival study, data related to agenda indicators drawn from three institutional venues in Iran including legislative-led, executive-led and budget indicators. The results of qualitative content analysis of official documents showed that relatively a few numbers of the issues reached the agenda including those related to tourism management, developing tourism product, and enacting relevant rules and regulations. However, tourism marketing and tourism information management issues were less considered in the agenda setting process. It is argued that failure in getting different types of the issues on to the agenda could result in gaps in subsequent tourism policies, affecting tourism development.IntroductionConsidering Tourism as one of the fastest growing economic sectors, it is intorduced as an effective tool for economic development in Iran. Pursuing this goal, tourism policies play a vital role, since they determine the direction or course of action to develop tourism(Goeldner & Ritchie, 2009). However, the low contribution of tourism industry to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Iran (Bahmani & Namamian, 2021; Farzin, Abbaspoor, Ashrafi & Zargham Boroojeni, 2020) indicates that Iran’s tourism policies fail in pursuing their intended goals(Karoubi, Yavari Gohar, Zarea & Abbasi, 2020). Regardless of the quality of tourism policy, it is the successful transmission of tourism issues to the public policy agenda that assures policy formation in addressing these issues. In this regard, expolring agenda setting stage in public policy making could contribute to a better understanding of tourism policy making. Given the considerable gap in studying agenda setting, this paper seeks to explore Iran’s public policy agenda focusing on different types of tourism issues.Materials and MethodsThis study considers the status of different types of tourism issues on Iran’s public policy agenda over years between 2013 and 2019. Conducting an archival study, data drawn from three institutional venues in Iran including legislative-led, executive-led and budget indicators, looking for tourism related keywords in both title and context of the ofiicial documents. Qualitattive content analysis was used as the main method in two coding circles: open and axial coding. The emergent categories represent the main groups of the issues which made it onto the agenda.Discussion and ResultsThe relative share of tourism issues on the agenda was calculated through qualitative content analysis of 4800 officiacl documents including tourism policies, congressional hearings, tourism bills, Tourism proposals and the government spending. As a result, 486 documents were identified with focus on tourism issues. Minor changes in relative share of the issue on the agenda during 2013- 2019 reflect the failure in tourism agenda setting.Turning to the typology of the tourism issues, six categories identified: tourism management and organization, tourism product development, tourism rules and regulations, tourism marketing, tourism human resources and tourism information management. While the first three stood in the main category places in the most of the agenda indicators, issues related to marketing and information management has been less considered.ConclusionsUsing a variety of policy agenda indicators to study the transmission of different types of tourism issues to public policy process, this study differs from few past agenda setting research in the context of Iran in which only policies are explored.In conclusion, it is argued that the failure in getting different tourism issues onto the public policy agenda is one of the main challenges in tourism policy making and subsequently in tourism development in this country. Emphasizing on less considered issues as agenda setting priorities could effectively address the gaps in needed tourism policies. This paper suggests that participatory tourism management at macro level might facilitate the transmission of the tourism priorities towrads policy agenda.

AbstractThe role and importance of small and medium-sized enterprises is controversial not only in developing countries but also in developed countries. Internal and external surveys of small and medium-sized firms indicate that financing is one of the most important challenges. The interest rate uncertainty will also have a significant impact on the financing and investment of these companies. The interest rate uncertainty, which is considered as the cost of rent by the investor and the opportunity cost by the depositor, is one of the most important macroeconomic variables in policy making. Therefore, the present article seeks to explain, after explaining SME financing and its position in the Iranian economy, the role of the interest rate uncertainty on SME financing as a challenge. The main aspects of their development are analyzed using a regression analysis. The statistical population of the study is small and medium-sized companies whose financial data is published in the Comprehensive Database of All Listed Companies (CODAL) 70 selected SMEs during 2011-2017. Generaly, the results show a negative and significant effect of interest rate uncertainty on financing at small and medium enterprises in Iran. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested in order to improve the financing of small and medium enterprises in the country, by reducing the amplitude of fluctuations in the real interest rate, the policies based on reducing interest rate uncertainty should be adopted.Kewords: Facility Interest Rate, Financing, Iran, Small and Medium Enterprises, Uncertainty.JEL Classification: D81, G21, L25, E43. Introduction:The importance of small and medium-sized enterprises is controversial not only in developed countries but also in developing countries, usually because of their role in economic development. Researches on SMEs indicate that financing is one of their most important challenges. Both Financing and investing of these companies are affected by interest rate uncertainty. The interest rate, which is considered as the cost of rent by the investor and the opportunity cost by the lender, is mostly recognized as a crucial macroeconomic variable in policymaking. Because of the substantial share of the banking system in the financing of Iranian companies, the interest rate uncertainty can have a considerable impact on their financing and investment. Meanwhile, determination of the interest rate by the government, and asymmetric information between the bank and the applicants of bank facilities has caused uncertainty in this rate. Therefore, considering the effect of uncertainty on the intensity and impact of economic variables, the paper’s object is to explore the role of the interest rate uncertainty in the financing of selected Iranian SMEs. Method and Data:This paper has specified an econometric panel model for the financing of SMEs in Iran which includes a set of main and control variables. To estimate the model, the paper has used relevant data of the selected Iranian SMEs. The sample of the study includes 70 selected SMEs that their financial data is published in the Comprehensive Database of All Listed Companies (CODAL) during 2011-2017. In this study, the dependent variable is the firm financing (total amount of bank facilities per year for the firm) and the independent variables are interest rate uncertainty of bank facilities, inflation, gross domestic product, and a set of variables within the organization (internal variables). Indeed, an attempt has been made to measure the uncertainty indices of the bank interest rate to be used in the model estimation. Hence, this research has measured the uncertainty variable by a method which is called Geometric Brown Motion (GBM). In these methods, the uncertainty variable (interest rate uncertainty) is expected to grow at a constant rate, so the variance of future values of the variable increases during the time. Findings:Based on the results of the F-Leamer test, the Panel data method has been used to estimate the econometric financing model. Then we have used the Hausman statistic to test the selection between two models of Fixed Effects and Random Effects, in which the Fixed Effects model has been finally selected to estimate the model. Generally, the results show a negative and significant effect of interest rate uncertainty on the financing of Iranian SMEs. In general, the empirical findings of this study express the fact that interest rate uncertainty of bank facilities has had a negative and significant effect on the financing of selected Iranian SMEs and this indicates that an increase in interest rates of facilities can lead to some kind of investment risk, which ultimately increases the credit risk of firms and reduce the possibility of receiving future bank facilities to maintain their production capacity. Our findings imply that uncertainty in the Iranian economy has caused a reduction in their investment plans. However, to reach more stability in investment and production, Iranian companies and investors need to develop their business through benefiting from productive and certain bank facilities. Conclusion and discussion: According to the obtained empirical results, decision-makers and policy-makers of the financial sector should try to reduce the interest rate uncertainty of the bank’s loans to improve the Iranian SMEs' financing ability. More specifically, the main attempts can be based on reducing fluctuations in the real interest rate and asymmetric information in the Iranian banking facilities sector through the development of efficient financial tools and any reduction in the uncertainty of the bank’s interest rate. Indeed, incomplete or asymmetric information between the borrowers and the bank (lending institution) is one of the basic problems in the financing system that the consequences could be uncertainty increasing, limited access to future credits, an uncertainty between banks and SMEs in the formation of stable and long-term relationships, corruption and rents in the distribution of resources, and also it has a negative effect on the financing of SMEs by the banking system.

Background and aim: The main purpose of this study was to discover the thematic tendencies of scientific articles in the field of taxation in Iran and to classify them into specific categories to determine the research priorities of Iranian researchers in this field. Materials and methods: In this applied descriptive-analytical study with a quantitative approach, all 63 titles of scientific journals publishing papers in the fields of economics, accounting, and finance were examined. The data were collected using a checklist tool and statistically analyzed using Excel software. Findings: During the period under review, 478 articles in the field of taxation were published with 1148 authors. The MA authors were at the top of the authors' list with the publication of 419 articles. Among the universities and research centers, Tehran University together with Allameh Tabataba'i University was ranked first with the publication of 34 articles. In terms of topic orientation, 12.5 and 9.6 of published papers were in the field of “effectiveness and tax efficiency” and “tax avoidance”, respectively. From a total of 12822 references cited in the articles, 58 and 42% of them were in English and Persian, respectively. Conclusion: It seems that the reason, why Iranian researchers pay more attention to the effectiveness and efficiency of taxation has been the application of different manners concerning tax collection in Iran. On the other hand, the inclusion of tax avoidance and evasion in the second and fourth ranks of researchers' research priorities indicates the existence of a serious problem and dilemma in this field.

Objective(s): Drug prescription is one of the strategic issues in the field of health. Rational prescription of medicine and efforts towards appropriate, safe and efficient use of medicine are one of the main missions of health policy makers in the country. This study was conducted with the aim of reviewing the studies was done in the country in the field of drug prescription pattern. Methods: The present research was a scoping review using the Arsky and O'Malley protocol. The English and Persian databases examined in this study were Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Magiran and SID. Searched keywords were Prescription, Rational Use, Rational Utilization, Rational Consumption, Overconsumption, Overutilization, Utilization Management, Inappropriate Utilization, and Iran in English and Persian. Original research articles published in journals in English or Persian that estimated WHO prescribing indicators were included to the review. Studies published in other languages, books, theses, conference papers, review studies, articles whose full text was not available and articles published before 2010 were excluded from the study. Results: In the first stage 2846 citations were retrieved. After considering all inclusion and exclusion criteria 22 full articles were reviewed. About 70% of articles were published in English. 74% of studies focused on the prescription of a specific group of providers and 13% focused on drug administration in elderlies. The average number of drugs per prescription varied from 2 to 4.5 items in different studies. The percentage of prescriptions included antibiotics reported between 8.8 for elderlies’ home health care to 97.6 for dentists’ prescriptions. The prescriptions included injections also varied from 9.3 to 58.9 in medical interns and general practitioners in Kerman. Conclusion: The trend of drug prescription reflects the success of the country's policies toward rational use of drugs. However, to achievement the global standards, the implementation of policies to improve the prescription pattern in the country should be a priorities of health system.

Background: Various prediction models have been developed aiming to estimate riskadjusted mortality, morbidity and length of intensive care unit stay following cardiac surgeries. The European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation II (EuroSCORE II) is a prediction model which maps 18 predictors to a 30-day post-operative risk of death. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the EuroSCORE II risk-analysis predictions among patients who underwent heart surgeries. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted to collect required variables for all consecutive patients underwent heart surgeries in Emam Reza hospital, Mashhad, Iran, from March 2014 to March 2015. Once the patient was hospitalized a cardiologist or a general physician evaluated pre- peri- and post-operative state to fill out the pre-designed structural paper form. Comparing the observed and expected mortality, the sensitivity, specificity, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and finally the discrimination power of the model for our patients were calculated and reported. The model value was calculated using the online tool. Results: A total of 1337 patients (60% males) were included, the observed mortality rate was 3.2%. Although the overall performance was acceptable, the model showed poor discriminatory power (AUC=0.667, CI 95%: 0.648-0.685) and accuracy with sensitivity=61.88% and specificity=66.23%. Conclusion: Our single-center study, based on consecutive patients who underwent cardiac surgery showed that EuroSCORE II demonstrated a moderate statistical overall performance with poor discrimination and calibration measures remain as concerning issues regarding 30-day post-operative mortality prediction after adult cardiac surgery. Poor performance measures for this system show the need for reformulating this risk stratification tool aiming to improve post cardiac surgery outcome predictions in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the extensive territory including the fertile plains and the productive population, the Sasanids could attain the powerful and wealthy situation during the late antiquity. Nevertheless, the vast territory caused some problems regarding threatening the political integration of Iran. The eastern provinces locating far from the capital of the Sassanid government were in a very exposed position to invaders coming from Hephthalites as well-known groups of the invading nomads were considered as the main enemy of Sassanid in the eastern Iran. Hephthalites could occasionally determine the international relationships between Iran and its neighbours. Moreover, they played an important role in the formation of the cultural and artistic practices of the eastern Sassanid. In order to recognise the Hephthalites' influence on the Sassanid Iran, we need firstly to study their ethnical attributes and lifestyles and secondly to know the borders of their territory throughout history. In pursuing these purposes, the paper, while relying on the historical documents, would explain the history of Hephthalites in eastern Iran and describe their material cultures indicating their history and culture. Synchronised study of history, geography, and material culture of the Hephthalites would help us to introduce a new approach to history and archaeology of the eastern Iran in Sassanid period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Population aging is accompanied by an increase in the elderly's demand for long-term care, which is mainly provided by family caregivers. Providing quality elderly care, while maintaining the health of caregivers, requires recognition of facilitators and the educational needs. Therefore, this study aims to investigate facilitators of elderly care at home and the educational needs of the family caregivers of older adults in the south of Tehran, Iran. Methods & Materials This is a qualitative study using the conventional content analysis method. To collect data, we conducted semi-structured telephone interviews. Seventeen family caregivers aged ≥18 years with at least one month of caregiving experience and at least six hours of caregiving per week were selected using purposive and snowball sampling methods until data saturation from January to April 2021. After transcribing the recorded interviews, the data were entered into the MAXQDA 2018 software and analyzed. Results Personal factors included personal characteristics of caregivers, Capability in caregiving, perceived benefits of caregiving, and self-care activities of caregivers. Interpersonal factors included proper relationship with older adults, older adults' partial dependence on caregivers, cooperation and support of family members, and receiving others' support. Supportive environments included physical environment, receiving support from work environments and organizations providing elderly care services. The most important educational needs of family caregivers were the needs to learn how to prepare nutritious foods for the elders, the way to nourish older adults with dysphagia, and how to move the physically disabled older adults. Conclusion Family caregivers of older adults in the south of Tehran should have access to affordable elderly care and home care services based on their educational needs that require planned support from service providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The rate of population aging in Iran is higher than the regional and global levels and Iran will enter the aging phase by 2040s. Considering the importance of the changes that population aging will create in Iranian society, this study aims to investigate the challenges and drivers of population aging in the next three decades in Iran. Methods & Materials The is a futures study using the scenario analysis method. Data were collected from different sources to understand the possible challenges of the population aging. Then, the obtained information was analyzed based on experts' opinions, structural analysis, cross-impact balance analysis, and scenario development. The data were analyzed using Mic-Mac and Scenario Wizard applications. Results The main drivers of population aging in the future will be governance variables in the field of old age, pension funds, health costs at micro and macro levels, distribution of welfare, fertility and household size, insurance coverage & pension. These variables will affect the geriatric workforce, intergenerational relationships, social participation, and the lifestyle and quality of life of older adults (outcomes). The possible scenarios for the future of population aging in 2050 were "Risky ageing", " Twilight ageing", "Dawn of ageing", and "Prosperous ageing". Conclusion To achieve the desired scenario, i.e., " prosperous ageing" in Iran, we need a smart governance with a forward-looking view in the field of aging, equal welfare distribution, win-win pension funds, active economic and social participation of older adults, and fertility rate above the replacement level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzing tourists' photos' visual content proves to be an effective method for understanding their behaviors and preferences in tourism destinations. This approach can serve as a valuable tool for precision marketing of tourism destinations, including tourist villages. The present study employed a novel methodology by conducting visual analysis of data. The analysis considered the characteristics of the photos, describing the observable appearance of themes and specific features within the collection. Subsequently, the most significant items, their frequency, simultaneity, and categories were identified and the relevant items were coded. For this study, a sample of 548 uploaded photos of Iranian villages on Flickr was selected and analyzed. Through the photo analysis, 21 dominant scenes in villages were identified and further classified into 5 attractions and 9 types of tourism. ArcGIS was employed for spatial analysis to examine differences in tourists' perceptions and behaviors. The study findings revealed that attractions, such as landscapes, infrastructure, and scenes of rural houses had captured the interest of tourists visiting Iranian rural destinations. These attractions were perceived more frequently compared to others. Additionally, among the various types of tourism, rural tourism emerged as the predominant perception among tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During 2023, samples of leaves and branches of lilac persimmon (Diospyros lotus L.) infested with broad mites (Tarsonemidae) were collected from Rasht city, Guilan province. After preparation of microscopic slide from mite specimens, they were identified using reliable taxonomic references. Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks, 1904) was identified for the first time from Guilan province on lilac persimmon. The damage symptoms of this pest mite were observed in the form of deformity, curling, darkness, and thickening of leaves and deformity of branches and buds. The damage of this pest is severe on the branches and young leaves. This is the first report of the presence of yellow broad mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus) on lilac persimmon in Iran. The following predator mites were also collected and identified in association with this pest mite on lilac persimmon. Mesostigmata, Phytoseiidae: Euseius stipulatus (Athias–Henriot, 1960), Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes, 1948, Phytoseius plumifer (Canestrini & Fanzago, 1876), Transeius wainsteini (Gomelauri, 1968); Prostigmata, Cunaxidae: Lupaeus martini (Den Heyer, 1981); Trombidiidae: Allothrombium pulvinum Ewing, 1917. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, dust storms in the west of Iran have been investigated, which include days when the dust suspension brings the horizontal visibility to less than or equal to one kilometer in at least three meteorological stations. In order to extract synoptic patterns, the data were obtained on sea level pressure, geopotential height, temperature, zonal (u) and meridional (v) components of wind at different levels of the atmosphere related to ERA-Interim. Using the visual analysis of the maps, the maps were categorized based on the similarity between the pressure patterns. The analysis of synoptic patterns showed that the dynamic and thermal cyclone patterns are the most important patterns of the dust cycle in Iran. In the storms caused by a dynamic cyclone, according to the location of the cyclone in the region, the most dust rise was found to be from the western and southwestern cyclone in Iraq, so about 40% of these storms came from the central lakes and especially from Lake Tharthar. The storms caused by thermal cyclones in the region have lower intensity than those caused by dynamic cyclones. The sources located in the southern half of Iraq, northern Arabia, Kuwait and southwestern Iran have been more effective in the occurrence of dust than the other parts in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes in Iran's climate zones during the faiods (1965-1975, 1976-1985, 1986 -1955, 1996-2005, 2006-2015. For this purpose, the weather data (minimum, maximum, average), humidity (minimum, maximum, average), rainfall, wind and sunshine for 411 synoptic stations during the faiod 1965 to 2015 were collected and analyzed by the country's Meteorological Organization. Also, the ESFZARI database was also used in two sections. The first part was formed with the help of 1434 stations from the beginning of 1961 to 2004 and the second part from 2004 to 2015 with the help of 960 stations. At first, factors influencing the climate of Iran were analyzed by factor analysis and then clustered by using cluster analysis. In order to validate the identified areas, silhouette analysis was used. The results showed that most of the spatial variations during the five faiods studied were very hot and dry (very low rainfall and high temfaature), warm and dry areas (low rainfall and high temfaatures), and cold and dry (low rainfall and low temfaature) exfaience So that each of these three areas, for example, the cold and dry (low rainfall and low temfaature) areas of its range is reduced, on the contrary, the size of the two other areas is increased. This dimension of change in the first and second faiod has been quite evident. The results of the silhouette analysis also showed that more than 92 facent of the Iranian zone was located right in their group, which indicates the high validity of the identified areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, second home ownership has become an everyday lifestyle in most parts of the world, after more than two decades of research records in Iran and the dispersal of thematic literature or second home studies. This research aims to review and analyze scientific research articles in the second home field in Iran in the structural and content framework to evaluate the internal scientific status compared to international literature, reveal research gaps, and identify priorities for future study. For this purpose, 87 internal articles were identified by systematic review and categorized by content analysis and MAXQDA software. To compare internal studies with global knowledge, 154 international articles were analyzed using the word co-occurrence technique in VOSviewer software. The results show that internal studies lack an interdisciplinary approach. Thematic classification of the studies shows that researchers pay more attention to the description of the reproduced space at the level of objectivity, the dominance of the result-oriented attitude, and less attention to the causal-explanatory level. Evaluating the studies' methodologies reveals positivist dominance in the internal literature. Similar to internal knowledge, international studies emphasize the consequence-oriented approach and, unlike internal studies, focus more on the qualitative approach and subjective perception of stakeholders. Future research requires expanding the geographical scope and paying attention to the scale of the city and suburbs, producing knowledge with an interdisciplinary approach, focusing more on qualitative and mixed methods, explaining causal forces by considering all stakeholders, and indepth and multi-level studies. The research outputs can be helpful for researchers and policymakers because they present the current state of knowledge and propose research perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Aging is one of the most critical stages in human life. Today, older adults make up one of the largest social groups in the world. Death anxiety is one of the most common mental disorders in old age, whose prevalence varies due to individual differences, social/environmental factors, and views on death. This national study aims to investigate death anxiety and related factors in Iranian older adults. Methods & Materials This is a descriptive-analytical study with a cross-sectional design. The study population in this study is all people aged ≥60 years in Iran. Online sampling was done through social networks using a convenience method for 51 days from June 22 to July 11, 2021. The data collected tool was a questionnaire. The first part was a demographic form surveying age, marital status, housing conditions, household living arrangements, province of residence, place of residence (urban or rural), level of education, ethnicity, religion, and insurance coverage. The second part was the Templer death anxiety scale. The data was analyzed using t-test, ANOVA and regression analysis in SPSS software, version 22. Results Participants were 1271 women and 1858 men aged 60-80 years. The mean score of death anxiety was 8.5±3.44, 42.5% had severe death anxiety, 40.7% had moderate anxiety, and 16.9% had mild anxiety. A significant difference was observed in death anxiety in terms of age, gender, marital status, household living arrangements, occupation, religion, insurance coverage (P<0.05), but no significant difference was observed in terms of housing conditions, place of residence (urban or rural), educational level, or ethnicity (P>0.05). Conclusion Death anxiety is a common phenomenon among Iranian older adults. There is a need to develop online programs to reduce this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Due to increase in life expectancy, the number of aged population in the world is increasing. Focusing on various aspects of their health is important for improving their quality of life. One aspect is spiritual health, which is dependent on culture. This study aims to survey the spiritual health status of Iranian older adults. Methods & MaterialsIn this cross-sectional study, participants were recruited from among elderly people registered in the national electronic health record system using a stratified random sampling method. The Ajamzibad’s elder spiritual health scale was used to measure spiritual health and its dimensions including spiritual belief, centricity of God, altruism, spiritual conduct, and purposefulness of life. Trained healthcare workers completed questionnaires based on a telephone-based survey method in selected health centers. The non-parametric Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to analyze the data. Results Participants were 548 older adults from 28 provinces of Iran, with a mean age of 67.8±6.6 years. The mean total score of spiritual health was 91.2±10.0, with the highest score related to the spiritual belief (95.8%) and the lowest score related to the purposefulness of life (87%). Age had a statistically significant relationship with spiritual health in overall and all its dimensions (P<0.001). Educational level and marital status had a significant relationship only with the dimension of spiritual conduct (P=0.04). Conclusion The spiritual health of Iranian older adults is at a good level. Their level is higher in domains related to beliefs (spiritual belief and centricity of God), compared to those related to behavior (Altruism and Spiritual Conduct). Therefore, for improving their behaviors, there is need for attention, planning, and appropriate action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the researches on Iran and Saudi Arabia issues have developed in a completely different atmosphere based on aggressive realism. Few also of Theme, while confessing to the divergence of the Islamic world had been willing to expand the liberal process of the European Union. critical thinking, which is based on the first class of works; while comprehensive data are present from existing conditions; do not change and soften the situation and are often misunderstood and unanimously affected by the pattern of balance of powers .In the case of the second spectrum of works, in the realist climate of south-west Asia, an appropriate developmental path is not provided for freedom and unity of liberal type. The aim of the present paper is to present a compromise between these two approaches by taking advantage of the regimes of regimes in order to soften the situation into the realistic environment. The Result of this paper is to find out the two countries by changing the rules of the game in order to achieve its (convergence).this will preserve and increaseregionalism of the Persian Gulf, and then the regional cooperation between the two countries is focal point for the development and expansion of the convergence process of the Islamic world.The present article, with a critical look at the existing works, seeks to achieve a favorable situation in the relations between the two countries.