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Background & Objective: One of the social determinants of physical and mental health is unemployment. This has a harmful effect even when the social class, poverty, age, and history of previous illnesses are also controlled. The purpose of this study was to review the evidence of the unemployment on the health of Iranian society. Materials & Methods: This study was conducted using a scoping review to find empirical research papers published on the impact of unemployment on health in Iran from 2003 to 2018. Seven electronic databases and two search engines were searched using appropriate keywords. Bibliography section of the retrieved papers and related journals were also searched for papers that were not yet indexed in the databases. 1063 publications were identified. All retrieved papers were assessed using a valid checklist before analysis. Finally, 56 empirical studies were reviewed using MAXQDA software. Results: About 39.3 percent of articles was published in Persian on impact of unemployment on health, which 70% of them have been written since 2011. Most of the studies were conducted in Tehran, Esfahan and Eastern Azerbaijan provinces. In this study, four main themes were psychological hazards, physical dilemmas, family problems, and socioeconomic risks. Conclusion: Unemployment has the greatest impact on the dependent variable of multidimensional poverty (health). Therefore, attention to professional and occupational policies, the establishment of social welfare systems and taxation can help to expand employment and increasing the share of GDP to implement labor market programs is essential. Efforts to raise employment should be prioritized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objective: Approximately 40-50% of infertility is due to male factor infertility that abnormal sperm chromatin structure as a major cause of infertility has been suggested. Protamines are the major components of sperm chromatin and play a central role in the correct chromatin packaging. Several studies have shown that the protamine deficiency in sperm is associated with low sperm quality and infertility. Considering the importance of protamine infertility, the purpose of this review article was to study the protamine content and it’s biological significance in male fertility. Materials & Methods: Published papers by researchers in the Google Scholar, Science Direct and PubMed databases were collected from 1874 to 2018, and the best and most efficient papers were considered for this study. Results: Several studies have shown that there is a significant reverse relationship between protamine deficiency in sperm with fertilization and pregnancy rate following assisted reproduction techniques and central cause of protamine deficiency in sperm is due to the increase of oxidative stress which consequently causes to DNA damage. Conclusion: Treatment with antioxidants can reduce oxidative stress in infertile men, and improve sperm parameters, sperm protamine content, and DNA integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objective: Cancer metastasis is the primary cause of cancer morbidity and mortality, it accounts for about 90% of cancer deaths. Cancer treatment has improved significantly, due to early detection and inhibition of cancer growth. The ability to invade and migrate is important in malignant tumor cells. The study of cell migration is valuable in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, drug development and treatment. New methods are available to investigate the invasion, migration and the activity of enzymes involved in the invasion process in the laboratory. The effectiveness and efficacy of various anti-cancer drugs and compounds can be studied using these methods in laboratory and animal models. Conclusion: In this paper, we offer a summary of in-vitro migration assays, including the transwell migration assay, scratch wound assay, microfluidic chamber assay, exclusion zone assay, fence assay, micro carrier bead assay, spheroid migration assay and in-vivo approach, Chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. This review also provides an overview of methods, In situ Zymography, ELISA, and FRET based measurement of MMP activity and Substrate Zymography for measuring the level of metalloproteinase enzyme as the major enzyme in the degradation of extracellular matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical activity is an integral part of human life. Among significant biological changes during physical activity are increase of metabolism and production of free radicals. Free radical can be defined as molecule or molecular fragments containing unpaired electron in the outer orbital, which react with nearby molecules to obtain stability. These highly reactive molecules have various deleterious effects, such as reduced force generation and increased muscle atrophy. There is evidence that ROS produced during exercise has positive adaptation effects. ROS production leads to increased expression of the antioxidants. These molecules, by neutralizing free radicals, neutralize the negative effects of ROS. In addition, exercise-induced ROS leads to the expression of PGC-1α protein, having a significant impact on various aspects of cell metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis and cellular respiration as well as metabolism of fat and glucose. This paper provides an overview of the evidence to date on the effects of ROS on exercising muscle. These aspects include the sources of ROS, their positive and negative cellular effects, role of antioxidants, and ROS-dependent adaptations of muscle cells in response to physical exercise [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objectives: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and one of the leading causes of death in the productivity ages. Mammography screening is the main method for the diagnosis of breast cancer. While analog mammography counts as the standard method of screening, the digital one can be an alternative. This review compared the effectiveness and safety of these technologies. Materials & Methods: In order to collect evidence of the effectiveness of analog and digital mammography, a systematic review of diagnostic accuracy studies from 1990 to March 2014 was conducted. The most relevant databases included Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EEDs), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, TRIP, PubMed, and Medline. The keywords included mammography and its roots. After identifying the appropriate studies, the quality was evaluated by QUADAS, and the meta-analysis was used for extracted data pooling. Results: Of all the 35,284 related studies, 166 were selected after topic review. Subsequently, 13 studies were selected for analysis, removing duplicates and abstracts or full paper reviews. The quality of 9 studies was good while that of the rest was average. The meta-analysis revealed that the sensitivity of analog and digital mammography in women under 50 years of age was 0.61 and 0.81, respectively. Conclusion: Owing to the higher sensitivity and safety of digital mammography and based on the increasing prevalence of breast cancer among the Iranian women, especially in the ages of 45-50, we recommend digital rather than analog mammography for breast cancer screening and diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread use of effective vaccines against infectious diseases has been one of the most important public health progresses in the 21st century. Early vaccines containing weakened or inactivated pathogens or toxins may elicit robust, protective immune responses, but this approach cannot always be used because it is impractical and inefficient to culture large numbers of organisms, and lack of safety. In such cases subunits (e.g., microbial proteins or carbohydrate) are being considered as vaccine antigens. Since the subtypes of antigens often have weak immunogenic properties, they cannot stimulate the innate immune system. This property is probably the cause of the reduced efficacy of the vaccine. Adjuvants are molecules, compounds, or supramolecular complexes that boost the potency and longevity of specific immune response to antigens, but can cause minimal toxicity or long-lasting immune effects on human. Adjuvants can be used to enhance immunogenicity, modulate the type of immune response, reduce the amount of antigen or the number of immunizations required for efficacy, and/or improve the efficacy of vaccines in specific populations (e.g., newborns or elderly). The present paper reviews the different types of adjuvants and examines the characteristics and mechanisms of their performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objective: Infection control in dental centers is affected by the persons' attitude and knowledge about mechanisms of infection transmission. This study was designed to evaluate the knowledge and the attitude of Shiraz dentists about infection control during intraoral radiographies preparation. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional, and analytical research, the attitude and the knowledge of 45 male and 25 female, randomly selected dentists, were obtained through completion of a researcherplaned questioner which its validity and reliability had been confirmed. Data were analyzed using Cronbach`s alpha, one-way ANOVA, student's t-test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient in SPSS (V.21). Results: The average of the dentists' age was 40.59±10.72 and their average occupational experience was 13.49±9.75 years. The mean score obtained for knowledge about infection control during intraoral radiographic procedures was less than fifty percent of total obtainable score, and was assessed as weak knowledge. There was no significant difference in the level of knowledge between studied male and female dentists (P>0.05). In addition, no significant relationship was detected between level, age/experience, and the university of education (P>0.05). The attitude of the dentists about infection control during intraoral radiography preparation assessed as moderate to good level. Conclusions: The results showed that the main reason for the present problems is insufficient knowledge of the dentists in related subjects. Therefore, the solution, which is recommended among dentists, is to raise their awareness and to change their attitudes and culture in order to improve their performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objective: High levels of homocysteine inflammatory markers and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) cause many complications, including atherosclerosis, venous thrombosis, and cardiovascular problems. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of 12-weekHigh Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on homocysteine, CRP, and body composition in overweight men. Materials & Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 20 students of Kashan University of Medical Sciences with a body mass index between 25 and 30 kg/m2 , were purposefully selected and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group had practiced in the HIIT program with the intensity of up to 90 percent of maximum heart rate for 12 weeks. Before and after exercise, the amount of homocysteine, CRP, weight, body fat percentage, body mass index, and waist-tohip ratio were calculated. The data were analyzed by using dependent and independent t-test at a significance level of P<0.05. Results: The results showed that12 weeks of HIIT had significant effects on reducing serum levels of homocysteine and HSCRP, body weight, body fat percentage, BMI, and WHR in the experimental group compared to the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: It seems that 12 weeks of intense interval training as a non-invasive method can have a positive effect on reducing the amount of homocysteine, HS-CRP, and some anthropometric indexes of obesity and overweight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objectives: Dental caries is the most important disease caused by some bacteria specially Streptococcus Mutans from Viridans family. The aim of this study is to evaluate the inhibitory effect of Chlorella vulgaris extract on growth, proliferation, and biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans. Materials & Methods: Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris was extracted via maceration using chloroform, methanol, and acetone (2/1/1) as solvents. The antibacterial activities were evaluated through methods such as disk diffusion, well diffusion, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) besides, the anti-biofilm formation of Chlorella vulgaris extract was indicated. In the present study, a method utilizing brine shrimp lethality was used to screen the toxicity of Chlorella vulgaris extract, and the mortality of brine shrimps was counted by Magnifying glass in a 24-hour period. Results: The results of disc diffusion and well diffusion of Chlorella vulgaris extract revealed the averages of 16.5 and 23 mm zones of inhibition in Mueller-Hinton agar, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentration was 25 mg/ml and the minimal bactericidal concentration was 50 mg/ml. The anti-biofilm formation concentration of Chlorella vulgaris extract was 50 mg/ml, and the concentration of brine shrimp toxicity was100 mg/ml. Conclusion: The present study showed that Chlorella vulgaris extract has more significant antimicrobial properties than ampicillin and is able to eliminate Streptococcus mutans biofilm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying global and regional food consumption patterns, which vary in different countries, races, social classes, and cultures will be beneficial in training individuals, promoting food literacy, and nutrition policy making. In order to compare Iranian and global food consumption patterns, a number of relevant key terms were selected and the existing quality literature databases (both in English and in Persian) were queried for manuscripts related to the subject. The articles were published until the current time (2014). Manual searches were also performed on regional and national projects in Iran. Finally, out of 65 studies on various food patterns, 39 were recruited. Our findings indicated that per capita calorie consumption in Iran is higher than the recommended daily values. In fact, per capita intakes of bread and rice, oil, and sugar were respectively 5%, 20%, and 38% higher than the rates in the standard food basket. In addition, consumption of milk and dairy products, eggs, and fruits and vegetables was 25%, 20%, and 25% lower than the recommended values, respectively. Changes in global food consumption patterns suggested a nutrition transition leading to serious undesirable effects on people's health. Therefore, nutrition policy making and planning is needed to focus on controlling the nutrition transition while bearing sociocultural aspects of food consumption in mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]