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This research is a general overview of the Latin script languages part of speech (POS) tagging with a specific focus on the non-Latin script languages, especially Persian. The study reviews the progress in POS tagging among the 23 highest native spoken languages in the world. Some of these languages follow the right-to-left (RTL) writing system such as Arabic, Urdu and Persian which have their own specific issues in POS tagging. This paper also goes through the issues and challenges which occurs during the tokenization and part of speech tagging of these languages. The challenges can be common between the languages or be specified to one. The Persian Language is chosen as the main interest of this paper and an attempt is made to critically overview the recent studies on Persian part of speech tagging and enumerate the specific challenges occurring in these studies. Reviewing the bulk of literature and examining the features, challenges, issues, and POS tagging tools in Persian, it was concluded that significant challenges of the researches on Persian were generally in the tokenization level and mostly as a result of using the Arabic script and its characteristics.

In this paper, a semantic classification for Persian adjectival preverbs based on Conceptual Metaphor Theory is presented: adjectival preverbs that demonstrate metaphorical shift and adjectival preverbs which lack metaphorical shift. The metaphors involved in the first subclass of adjectival preverbs are motivated by a certain type of conceptual metonymy known as “Effect for Cause”. The second subclass covers preverbs whose combinations with the light verb does not show any metaphorical shift. Having detected two mentioned cognitive processes in the formation of the semantics of the complex predicates containing the first subclass of preverbs, the compositional nature of the semantics of the predicates was realized and two new meanings for “kærdæn” (to do) as a light verb in Persian complex predicates were proposed: to become and to make oneself. Another finding of this paper is the introduction of “/pejda kærd/” as the first two-word light verb of Persian.

This article is about an experiment in participatory pedagogy, in which the researcher involved 24 Nigerian University students of French in determining the content of a 6-week Grammar Course in French. The objective of the study was to ensure content relevance in content development in order to guarantee and sustain learners' interest in Grammar learning tasks. The content development exercises comprised 3 phases, namely the collation of raw data of students’ interest inventory, conducting the needs analysis of interesting areas and breaking these areas into teachable modules. The teachable modules that evolved out of the process of co-construction formed the basis for teaching that ensued. The modules are presented in this paper, while a later paper will be evaluated the students' performance at the end of the programme, thereby making a case for the adoption of learner participation in content development.

This paper is concerned with discourse analysis about samples of sport texts in Iranian newspapers based on semiotics approach, its purpose is investigation about condition of meaning production according to narrative and non-narrative mechanisms in sport discourse. In this regard, it shows meaning and its process of production have mechanisms which aren’t equal in all discourses; and according to condition of discourse, can comply with features of narrative or non-narrative (tense-cognitive-emotive) systems. According to the subject of the paper and the chosen sport texts, application frequency of each discourse system will be found in these texts. Although sport discourses the same as other discourses benefit from interaction of different types of discourse systems that show sport events well and get remarkable results, but they are more based on narrative system to non-narrative system.

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate that pause as a prosodic (phonological) phenomenon, is not dependent on syntax, nor is it one of the byproducts thereof, as claimed in generative phonology. In order to argue for the recourse of syntax to the pause and reorganization of speech to be complete and significant, the author draws on a language heritage provided by grammarians, interpretation specialists and purists, on the one hand, and a linguistic heritage undermined by the predominant theories in the linguistic landscape. The paper focuses on two phenomena: the role of pause in disambiguating syntactic chunks, and as a catalyst for establishing syntactic structures. Prosodic phonological theory has been adopted in this regard, as it has been developed within the generative paradigm. The paper concludes that pause is a structuring and guiding component of speech. Hence, it is not a superficial phenomenon, rather a catalyst for establishing speech, on equal footing with syntax in this regard. The dominating status of syntax seems less valid, overshadowed by the synergy of the components of grammar (phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics) to produce speech chunks that ensure and preserve communication.

Blended learning is new but one of the most globally accepted forms of teaching-learning methods. The popularity of this hybrid mode has been proved many a time by the researchers for its useful impact in various fields of studies including English language. This mode has marked its popularity in the field of English language not only because it improves the LSRW skills in learners but also due to its significance in building an interactive, collaborative and motivated learning environment which is often a challenge for English language classes. As, the COVID-19 pandemic has marked the importance of online mode of teaching; the interest towards blended learning has increased many folds. But despite its popularity, there are many loopholes in the system that must be addressed to propagate this hybrid learning mode as a routine in the education system. The current review therefore provides a unique inspection of more than fifty research papers that has by far evaluated various advantages of blended learning system with special reference to English language and has also drafted multifaceted recommendations that will help in making the blended learning a successful alternative for regular face-to-face teaching.

Thematization is the process of arranging theme/rheme patterns in a text. It is considered the mental act or process of selecting particular topics as themes in discourse or words as themes in sentences. This study aimed to find out how the translators organize their themes into marked and unmarked ones and how these organizations are related to the original texts. This paper examines thematization strategies in English opinion articles and compares them with their Persian translation. To this end, one of the leading newspapers in the United States, The New York Times, was chosen. The texts were given to a professional translator to be translated and then rated by an expert rater. Based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of textual features and marked and unmarked themes of 6 opinion articles and their Persian translations were selected. The findings revealed that thematization patterns can help the translators in better transforming the message to the target language. The results for the marked and unmarked thematization patterns were relatively the same in the original texts and their translations.

Poguli is spoken in the Pogal-Paristan area of district Ramban in the state of Jammu and Kashmir (India). Poguli shows interesting and significant variations from Kashmiri in phonology, morphology, and vocabulary, but linguistic research on these aspects of the dialect of Kashmiri has been inadequate and fragmentary. Limited work has been done on Poguli and is mostly based on oral form. The present paper attempts to study Poguli on morphological description basis. The study shall include description of pronouns of Poguli in question. It aims to give a complete account of different features of pronouns in Poguli.

This paper attempts to investigate and compare the conceptual metaphors of FEAR in Persian and English. FEAR is one of the basic emotions, conceptualization of which shows both similarities and variations in different languages. Investigating features of conceptualization is an essential part of the semantics of emotions. The cross-linguistic analysis of the concept of FEAR is based on the Conceptual Metaphor Theory put forward by Lakoff (1987) and the extensions of this theory provided by Kövecses (2002). We have attempted to compare and contrast FEAR metaphors and elaborate on some cultural and language-specific aspects in the two languages. We adopted a corpus-based method to gather the metaphorical expressions and then to extract the name of the mappings. We compared and contrasted these name of the mappings, and identified the commonalities and differences. Certain source domain concepts such as human, motion verbs, animals, and colors were explained in detail.

Love in an eternal and endless endowment that Omnipotence has placed it in all creatures and phenomena. The existence and survival of creatures is made possible through love. So, the universe has no prosperity without love. The written works on love has a long history to the extent that the first signs of lyrics in the Persian Literature have been observed in the works of poets and mystics of the Third and Fourth centuries AH such as Rudaki and Bayazid Bastami. Regarding the semantic extent of the word “love” and its generality among all nations of the world, different nations with various cultures have described and defined love while considering it to be admirable and sacred. In the Islamic Mysticism and Sufism, this word has a special savor, for always and ever has been accounted holy and applauded. In this paper, we describe and define this extensive and indiscreet word, study it from different aspects, and answer to some questions related to it like the nature of love, its origin in the Persian Literature, its appearance in the Mystical Literature, also we mention the comments of some great scholars of Islamic Sufism in this regard.

This article is devoted to the genre of the architectural ekphrasis in the poetry by V. Bryusov. The article describes the main ways to create “engraving” of the literary work of “The Lioness among the Ruins”. Much attention is given to the verbalization of the oriental architecture (in particular the ancient Persian architecture) in the ekphrasis and the poetry rapprochement of the ancestor of Russian symbolism V. Bryusov with acmeism poetry especially the “architectural” literary works by O. Mandelstam. The article is of interest to post-graduate students, degree-seeking students, and can be used in writing thesis and term paper.

This paper sets out to re-examine the justification for assuming in MP (the Minimalist Program ) that Features of the functional categories are said to be either strong or weak with respect to their visibility at the interface. Strong AGR features are visible at PF if they are not checked off before the interface. Weak features are not visible at PF. By examining this hypothesis, I clarify the process by which the V-features of Tense and/or Agreement in verb-initial languages such as Arabic, Irish and other similar languages might be strong, and there are solid and reliable evidence that leads to believe that Verbs in these languages are forced to raise from the Verb Projection prior to spell-out generating V.S.O Word Order Paradigm. Regarding the subject and Complements of verbs in these languages (Verb-Initial L) , it is strongly believed, based on a variety of empirical evidence, that they remain in their original position within the V-Projection domain until after spell out when the N- features on functional heads are weak.

This paper investigates the effectiveness of those activities which are based on all types of strategies for teaching conversational skills. These strategies are practiced in the form of 17 activities and their effectiveness on the oral language performane of Persian learners has been investigated. The second language learning strategies in this research are dependent on two Kuhn's paradigms and include "learning" and "using" second language. The former consists of recognition and acceptance of materials, distinction from other materials, categorizing them for a better learning, constant involvement with materials, using common memorization methods for rehearsal to improve natural conversation learning. The teacher's Linguistics and Iranology knowledge in choosing teaching materials, producing similarities and differences in two languages, lexical and syntactic categorizations of activities based on the first to the third strategies were implemented in the classroom. Informal gatherings, appropriate assignments of certain tasks like memorizing the dialogues or proverbs were practiced for the fourth and the fifth strategies. These strategies were applied on 19 undergaduate intermediate Persian language learners, with Slav mother tongue in 5 successive semesters from 2011 to 2013. In this research, it was affirmed that there is a positive correlation between using strategic activities with the improvement of converational skill of language learners. That is, the more learners are active in the activities related to strategies, the better they become in the conversational skill.

Natural Languages adopt a variety of structural strategies and architectures in ordering syntactic constituents. We will try in this paper to explain how these strategies and architectures are explained within the Minimalist Program framework. According to this framework, the most significant parametric differences between natural languages in constituent word order are widely and strongly limited to lexical differences. They are specifically attributed to the N-features and V-features of lexical items that occupy the functional category nodes, basically elements belonging to the functional categories Agreement and Tense: “The N-features are those that are checked off against a DP in [Spec, AGRP] (or, potentially, [Spec, TP])”, and “the V-features are those that are checked off against a V that adjoins to a functional head”.

One of the main categories of word is conjunctions which has a much more limited extension in relation to other categories. Most of Persian language grammarians divide this category into three groups: coordinating conjunctions, prepositions, and marks. The conjunction word "and" is one of the most important coordinating conjunctions in Persian and Arabic Languages that as a joint plays the role of a connection between the components of a sentence, and sometimes between several sentences. The ability of this word in accepting different meanings and functions provides an opportunity for Persian language speakers to enjoy this conjunction in different positions for a better embellishment of their speech and for avoidance of using repeated structures. Saadi Shirazi, who is one of the most fluent and eloquent speakers of Persian language, has enjoyed this potential in Persian language a lot. The authors of this article have attempted to study the extensive functions of this conjunction in Golestan-e Saadi. It should be noted that this conjunction has been totally used 2179 times according to the emendation of Golestan by Kazaeli, and has been categorized under 20 titles in this article. Some of the categorizations of "and" that have been realized by the authors of this paper in the text of Golestan have not been found in the previous grammatical resources, so they are the achievements of this research. This state that Saadi artistically allocated more aesthetic and emotional meanings to this word.

Since the beginning of Islam, Muslims have tried to achieve a deeper and more accurate understanding of God’s Word by the interpretation of Quran. During this period, various types of interpretations have been formed that one of them is mystical interpretation. Among those who have shown interest in this kind of interpretation, name of Rouzbehan Baqli, who has created significant works, is familiar and controversial. In this article, the main significant interpretation of him, Araesol-Bayan fi Haghayeghel-Quran, has been discussed in two parts; in the first part, independent articles which have been written about the interpretation of Rouzbehan have been presented and assessed. In the second part, by comparing interpretations of two verses of the Holy Quran from Araes and Kashfol-Asrar Meybodi, the performance of both authors, based on standards of writing mystical interpretation are measured. The results show that Araesol-Bayan is not a "mystical interpretation", and its writing quality is close to a special kind of "mystical paraphrase"; Rouzbehan, in this work, almost did not follow any regulations of writing a mystical interpretation; so the most successful researches in analyzing the effect of Rouzbehan are those whose analyses were based on the nature of the "mystical paraphrase" and "thought school of Rouzbehan". Thus in this paper, Araes has been studied from a scientific point of view.

The purpose of this paper is to identify some phonetic characteristics of Sana’ani accent and to compare them with the Standard Arabic language. Sana'a dialect or accent Sana’aniye is the accent of Sana’a people, the capital city of Yemen. Perhaps by the influence of the accent of capital city on the other accents, this accent also is known as Yamani accent, too. Data were collected through methods informal interviews by students of Sana’a university and other native people of Sana’a as Yemen’s spokespersons, and direct observation, collective discussions, analyses of personal documents produced within the group, self-analysis and other methods of field research. And in this article authours’ focuse is on the phonetic changes in pronouns and verbs in this accent.