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Historical writings concerning the structure of Prussian society in 13th-16th century Prussia traditionally distinguish among three social classes: the "great freemen", the "small freemen" and the bondmen. this rather simplified scheme, although providing an insight in Old Prussian society, still fails to provide complete information concerning importance (or lack thereof) of the role that the local people played in the land administration after the occupation of Prussian lands and the formation of the land administration by the Teutonic Order and dioceses. the present paper reveals that Prussian society of the 13th-16th centuries has in fact been much more multi-layered than the above-mentioned three-layer model and that the local people of that time played a significant role in the power hierarchy and land administration in the dioceses of Prussia and the Teutonic Order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper "The Influence of Christianity on the Motifs of Latvian Folk Fairy-tales" looks at one of the most important phenomenon in Latvian mythology - chtonical space and traces of Christianity in its aspects. Chtonical space in Latvian mythical notions is considered as one of the most complicated, for example, firstly, the uncertain location: chtonical space functions as an equivalent for the underground and the overground, such as a forest, a mountain, in some cases - heaven. Chtonical space has various functions, such as the state of the dead, the place of trials in the initiation process. Christian influence is observed in almost all the aspects of chtonical space, but there are four categories that stand out as the most important: antropogonical and cosmogonic myths, where Christianity reduces the impact of the so called "dual creation myth", when God created the earth in collaboration with the devil; the second category is chtonical space trasformed like a hell in Christian analogies, chtonical space in fairy-tale notions of primitive Christianity takes attributes such as devils boiling sinners in hell pots; the third category includes christianization of chtonical beings (spirits, deities), the best example being the image of the devil - the devil becomes the opposite of the good, of God's opponent, but the fourth category embraces the blend and acquisition of various images and symbols, which are seen, for example, in cantations, and various attributes of Christianity - the use of a cross, the Lord's prayer - in fairy tales and folklore motifs. Chtonical space, perceptions of all of its scales and nuances are subjects to the most direct influence. The question - what happens to people after death - is quite important and psychologically sensitive, so to influence the traditional ideas Christianity offers its own understanding of these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the establishment of Kārlis Ulmanis' authoritarian regime in 1934, new relations between political power and society started to form. It created a new kind of political culture in Latvia. There arose a need to explain ideological concepts of the regime and their overall meaning. The means of political propaganda were various. One of them was to use posters in order to communicate with society. Their visual imagery reflected all the basic ideological perceptions of the authoritarian regime. This paper concentrates on the deconstruction of propaganda posters' visual rhetoric, analyzing such ideological concepts as unity, Latvianness, leadership as well as in more details describing Kārlis Ulmanis role in the new regime. It also analyzes the usage of different symbols, their meaning and the general style of expression seen in political posters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reconstruction of Brīvības Street in Jēkabpils in 2011 revealed cultural and historical evidence, thus inducing the first archaeological excavations of the historical centre of Jēkabpils. Research allowed to specify the time of the formation of the settlement (later town), its initial lay-out and to obtain data on construction during the 17th century. In the oldest part of the town a cemetery was found and 66 burials were excavated. The obtained anthropological material is a remarkable source for research of life quality of the historical inhabitants of Jēkabpils. The paper presents analysis of the obtained archaeological material of Jēkabpils, as well as analysis of written and cartographic materials and the anthropological material of the burials, contributing to the discovery of the previously unknown features of the formation of Jēkabpils and life of the town dwellers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the Soviet educational reforms in the 1950s and the first half of the 60s, where polytechnization of general education and the course of these reforms in Latvia were the key elements. Reforms took place in several stages and, as of 1956, became more and more radical, in connection with Nikita Khrushchev's personal views and interests in implementing them. The boom and defeat of the national Communism substantially influenced changes of the general education system in Latvia. Educational reforms facilitated sovietization of schools in Latvia. At the same time, teachers and education system managers tried to retain certain traditions and stability by using different adaptation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We could define "bridal chamber" as a ritual in gnostic societies (2nd-4th c.). The origins of the "bridal chamber" are to be found in a gnostic myth. Gnosticism itself does not provide the definition of it and many scholars offer different opinions about this gnostic sacrament. This is because only a few of gnostic treatises mention the "bridal chamber". The idea of the "bridal chamber" belongs to the gnostic Valentinian thought but we can look for an explanation of "bridal chamber" in the gnostic Sethian teaching about syzygy. The first part of this paper unfolds syzygy in Sethian treatises and gives some examples of trichotomy of the human in Alexandrian theology. In second part the author of the article tried to define the "bridal chamber" in Valentinian thought, especially in the Gospel of Philip through teaching about syzygy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the phenomenon of insurance in Islam. The analysis of this phenomenon was limited to those items that are typical of today's insurance policy and that are prohibited by Islam. Taking Germany as an example, the analysis of the aspects of insurance coverage that are prohibited by Islam shows the existence of the clash between the Muslim community and religious, and legal laws. As part of this conflict Muslims, on the one hand, are obliged to enter into certain types of insurance in connection with the laws of Germany; on the other hand, these actions contradict the canons of their religion. The paper presents a particular type of Islamic insurance -- takāful -- which resolves this religious and legal dilemma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the demand for flax and hemp fibers and annually renewable and biodegradable sources of raw materials is increasing rapidly due to new applications of innovative materials. Cellulose is most valuable component of bast fibres with a wide application range. Relative content of crystalline cellulose influences mechanical properties of fibres. Content and structural composition of lignin determines how severe technologies could be applied to separate crystalline cellulose from matrix. The paper examines the flax and hemp fiber structure and chemical composition of the total comparative analysis, as well as determined and compared crystalline and amorphous cellulose composition of several Latvian and grown in Poland fiber flax and hemp fibers varieties. Both flax and hemp biological, physical, chemical and mechanical properties depend on various factors and their interactions: a variety of places of production and pre-culture, climate and agricultural complexes are harvested and selected initial treatment (fiber) type and parameters which creates problems for fiber with similar characteristics. Flax and hemp straw structure, layout and design of the filament are very similar. The fiber mechanical properties are directly dependent on the cellulose content of the fibers, the degree of polymerization, mikrofibrillic angle, initial treatment type and parameters. The total crystalline cellulose constituents of flax fibres are found varying in the range from 64.57 to 75.38 %, whiles in hemp fibers varying in range from 64.2 % to 70.5 %. In addition, the fiber contains hemicellulose (12.97 to 26.07 % flax, hemp, 16.99 to 23.79 %), lignin (4.78 to 7.44 % flax , hemp, 5.68 to 7.96 %) pectin (0.45 to 3.23 % flax, hemp, 1.37 to 1.64 %), fats and waxes (0.83 to 1.9 % flax, hemp, 0.52 to 0.73 %). These data show the same chemical structure diversity within one biological culture and similarities between the two different cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing nocturnal enuresis alarm systems are mostly rigid and inflexible, therefore they are not comfortable enough to use. To improve comfort conditions of the system, modular humidity sensor should be replaced by textile sensor that can be designed of conductive and insulating (non-conductive) yarns. In order to evaluate suitability of woven structures for sensors, another kind of samples was prepared as well where instead of conductive warp yarns conductive seams were sewn. In the samples fabrication horizontal and vertical contacts of sensor electrodes should be interconnected. In the paper fabrication process woven moisture sensor was described as well as durability of different connections (soldered and knot) of sensor electrodes vertical and horizontal contacts were tested. Contact tightness was evaluated with conductivity (in siemens) between vertical and horizontal contacts of electrodes. To compare durability of knot and soldered connections, wash test was performed using standard ISO 6330:2012. Electrical resistance was measured in samples before washing and after each washing cycle (in total 10 wash cycles were done). After test it was concluded that woven electrotextile structure improves durability of both soldered and knot conductive yarn connections that enhances sensorial feeling in textile as well. This example was developed using textile moisture sensors, however such kind of application can be used for other textile circuits as well where a number of electrical interconnections are realized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of electrotextiles gives opportunities for creation and improvement of new innovative products in different fields related to smart clothes and smart textiles. The use of the weaving method in the electrotextile creation can stimulate a new approach for the intergration of electronic elements into textile and for electronic elements interconnections design in textile structure. During the research 8 samples of woven fabric were constructed in different weaves (plain, twill, satin) with different weft density (50, 100, 140, 160, 200 yarns/10 cm). The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of fabric structural parameters on electrically conductive contact area of fabric and to define appropriate applications. Projecting electro-textile for specific purpose, a proper weave should be chosen which could ensure necessary properties of e-textile. Contact area of conductive yarn depends on fabric's structural phase too. In the paper yarn position in fabric structure of different weave samples was analyzed and several possible applications were pointed out. The washing test was done to get a denser location of conductive yarns in fabric structure. Several examples were demonstrated for each weave type: plain weave application for covering and insulation of electrotextile interconnections, twill weave application for pressure sensor development and satin weave electrotextile for position monitoring application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The given paper analyses ideology of Latvian non-socialist parties and its development from the time of their foundation in 1917 till 1 May 1920, when the Constitutional Assembly, the first elected political representative state institution, began to function. The aim of the article is to clarify the ideological principles of non-socialist parties which were used as landmarks to define their own identity and at the same time as criteria, according to which parties positioned themselves in their mutual relations in creating a certain parties' spectrum. Both the Latvian non-socialist parties' declarations and press reviews of that time show that those parties chose their social programme and their viewpoints on the representation of social groups interests as a decisive criterion for the party's positioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current research is dedicated to the reflection of the sociolegal dimension of the Baltic question in the institutional documentation of the National Archives of the United States between 1948 and 1963. The main documents used for its completion come from the Record Group (RG) 59 -- General Records of the Department of State, Bureau of European Affairs. The research is tended to uncover general trends in reconstruction and interpretation of the sociolegal element within the structure of the Baltic question. The author of this paper analyzes sociolegal dimension of the Baltic question in four different discourses: in context of the legal consequences of the policy of non-recognition of the annexation of the Baltic States; in relation with preservation of the elements of the Baltic statehood; in context of the sociolegal protection of the former Baltic citizens in the West and in regard with affirmation of the extraordinary legal status of the Baltic diplomatic officials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deviations of spinal curvatures and related diseases might be concerned with both physical and social problems of patients of different age, e.g. discomfort due to pains caused by spinal deformities and contorted posture. Assessments of the spinal cord are commonly implemented by radiography, ultrasonography and other methods that require to be carried out by professionals in clinical or laboratory environments. Reduction of spinal deformities and improvement of posture requires generally long-lasting therapeutic and physiotherapeutic treatments, e.g. orthotic intervention and therapeutic physical training. Still some extra arrangements might be appropriate during or after therapeutic and physiotherapeutic treatments to control and improve patient's posture in everyday life. One of the options to control patient body position for a long-lasting period is application of wearable electronic system integrated into a garment. The paper presents information on biomedical garments for posture control, methods used and the development of an undergarment with biomedical performance. The pre-study focuses on a design concept of a wireless on-body sensor network, which consists of five inertial sensor modules. The wearable system is supposed to provide trunk posture in real-time and biofeedback with the wear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reviews the notion "comfort in clothing" with the goal to clarify the quintessential principles that provide the comfort of clothes. With the development of science that has led to an improved quality of life, the desires of users towards clothing that has to provide comfort in respect to activities and movement in an ever-changing environment have been multiplying. Comfort in clothing is a very complicated issue, where many characterizing indicators are subjective and influenced by different kinds of factors and their combinations. Many researchers in different scientific sectors are interested in clothing comfort. The feeling of comfort implies the provision of psychological, physiological and psycho-physiological comfort. The psychological comfort in clothing is subjective (according to the desires and needs of a person). It includes geographical or climatic, economic, historical, cultural, social and individual aspects. The physiological comfort in clothing is characterized by free activity of the human body. The garment has to conform to the anthropometrical characteristics of the user. A correctly chosen combination of fabric and constructive solutions ensure the movement of warmth and moisture between the body, the clothing and the surrounding environment, creating a favourable microclimate under the garment. The psycho-physiological comfort in clothing ensures the undisturbed operation of a person's sensory system receivers. Information has been gathered about the visionary, hearing, tactile, smell and taste receptors, their abilities and provoked feelings that influence the comfort in clothing for the user. Comfort in clothing is evaluated by subjective feelings of the individual. In its turn, the evaluation of subjective feelings in clothing can be expressed by numbers using the absolute or differential feeling threshold method, as well as the subjective scaling method. Furthermore, it is planned to create a system that will help forecast the comfort level of a person in a particular garment within a particular environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the world numerous studies are conducted on plywood physical and mechanical properties to improve them by adding a variety of fibers, as well as improving the properties of produced adhesives. In production of plywood and bent laminated wood, two component adhesives are used on the basis of formaldehyde resins. These adhesives have short induration time and high resistance of form. In the article there are showed the calculations for optimal adhesives used in construction of plywood and bent laminated wood. The author describes the experiments where the plywood samples are glued with urea- formaldehyde and polyvinyl acetate glue mixture. Tests of physical and mechanical properties are carried out as well as the findings are provided in the paper. The optimal relationship of components of glue mixture is set out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrically conductive yarns are able to provide both electrical/electronic and high-quality textile characteristics in the smart textiles with a high level of artificial intelligence and a high degree of electronic component integration in the textile structure. It is feasible to incorporate them into the fabrics by weaving, sewing or knitting. Depending on the connection type in the electric circuit, conductive yarns can form conductive traces or sheaves, which are composed of separated conductors. In the research the following materials are usually used: metal wires and cables, non-metallic carbon fiber textile yarns and filamentary constructions with metal particles, which may be divided into the twisted yarns, multi-filamentary and galvanic coated multi-filamentary yarns. The paper explains such concepts as smart textile with integrated electronic/electrical systems, conductive yarns and textile switch, as well as replacement alternatives for wires in the smart textiles and their methods. The experiments with different conductive yarns are analyzed in order to determine the suitability for integration into the fabrics the components of electrical systems: for example, the silver coated yarns have a higher electrical resistance coefficient of variation and a different electrical resistance under the strained and free condition. The manufacturing technologies of the electrically conductive yarns and the used materials have a significant impact on the properties of electrical resistance. The integration options of conductive yarns in such an electrical system element as switch are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this article is to provide a brief general overview on research development of the conversion, which could be useful for new researchers of conversion, and students who wish to become acquainted with this phenomenon. The first part of the article looks at issues related to the definition of the conversion and translation in the Latvian language and research development of the phenomenon. The next part is a series of key issues addressed to the conversion which each researcher should answer before starting conversion studies. The paper concludes with a general insight into the two most popular conversion process models, which are Lofland-Stark model and the Rambo model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been noticed quite high increase in interest of biodegradable materials that can be used in packaging, agriculture, medicine, and other areas. There have been created special ISO standards with a purpose to classify the materials as biodegradable. There is showed very high interest all around the world for biodegradable polymer materials- so called biocomposites. Polymers are the basic of plastic materials that are more and more used in different areas. As a result many researchers are trying to develop and modify commonly used materials to introduce new, more user-friendly materials that are made from naturally available materials. There are several biological materials that can be combined into biodegradable polymer materials. The most popular ones are starch and fibres that are got from different plants. It is believable that the use of new biodegradable polymer materials will decrease the need and demand for synthetic polymer production that makes pollution. How it can be seen from different researched the use of biocomposites is growing year by year by ten to fifteen percent. This sphere of biocomposites has perspective future, because the non renewable resources are sharply decreasing and these composites are the only alternative. This paper shows a brief outline of work that is being done to develop the biodegradable polymers, the process of research, future outlook of the material and the new sectors where the biocomposites can be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most widespread illnesses on our planet is the atherosclerosis of blood vessels therefore there is a pathological narrowing the channel of a vessel and as consequence, infringement of a blood-groove. Bodies start to receive less than necessary nutrients, receipt of oxygen decreases. The state of health of the person worsens, quality of its life decreases. For this reason to many patients do reconstructive operation of blood vessels to replace pathologically changed and pathologically congenital segments of system. For carrying out of clinical operations more often use synthetic blood vessels prosthesis manufactured in the USA. Inventions of last years in this area are various enough. For example, blood vessels prosthesis with three-layer structure of a wall that provides to it the steady form and a smooth internal surface is offered. Thus, these blood vessels prosthesis firm enough and badly are exposed to compression, but their structure excludes twisting a material. Final diameter of an blood vessels prosthesis is formed as a result thermo-fixation. In other invention is offered to create an external skeleton into which then directly tubular blood vessels prosthesis is inserted. Last carries out a barrier role and excludes penetration of a liquid through prosthesis walls. Besides it, the blood vessels prosthesis is reinforced by additional ends, tapes or other materials, that negatively influences deformation properties of a product. It is offered also woven blood vessels prosthesis from bunches of warp ends of a basis which number in a bunch can change from 2 up to 5. Warp ends in a bunch can be located across at one level, and can be shifted concerning a horizontal axis - are located with displacement. The structure of artificial limbs of blood vessels can be formed by means of plain, satin, crepe or twill interlacings. Some researchers suggest to make thin-walled blood vessels prosthesis with low amplitude goffering. Such blood vessels prosthesis are implanted by means of catheter. It was easier to observe process of ingrowing of blood vessels prosthesis during the rehabilitation period, into its walls insert special warp ends, not transparent for X-rays. Them make of the titan, stainless steel or polymer. Such structure of blood vessels prosthesis considerably increases their rigidity. One of the inventions described in this paper offers a woven prosthesis with an innovative structure of the wall, capable for a long time to provide normal hemodynamics of the reconstructed blood system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to explore the current situation in the Baltic Sea coast, the information billboard and indications of the natural diversity and cultural tourism sector. Poll the respondents to find out public opinion on the need to change anything. It is displayed with the help of diagrams. Consideration is given to examples of global environmental object, analyze of their compliance with the rules of good design and sustainable development. The key conclusion is that good design needs functionality. If it is difficult to see, then it's just art, and for today it's not that important. In the framework of this work was developed general guidelines for environmental objects that fulfill the billboard and the references functions in the Baltic Sea coast, whose accent is on local quality of life building - demonstrating the need for lifelong learning. In this paper the opinions of respondents on the capability of orientating on the Latvian coast of the Baltic Sea where published. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fabrics with striped patterns are often used in garment designing. If stripes are visually pronounced, it is necessary to make coordination of patterns in all components of a style. This kind of strict placement of pattern pieces on fabric determines the use of specific manual spreading and cutting methods and necessity to make markers directly on fabric. The basic principles of marker making process are dependent on the pattern - the direction of stripes and the arrangement of stripes. Pattern pieces can be placed forming an overall marker (including all pattern pieces of one or more garments) or forming sections for separate groups of pattern pieces. On materials with lengthwise direction stripes, pattern pieces are placed in the traditional direction of warp. Fabric reserve has to be left around pattern pieces. It will be used during the second spreading of fabric for precise coordination of stripes in all material plies. The fabric reserve is needed for the edges of pattern pieces which relatively match to direction of stripes. The additional fabric reserve has to be given to the small components that will be fixed during sewing process on large main details and components fused with interlining. Markers for textile materials with cross direction stripes are usually produced in separate sections. Pattern pieces are produced from an initial marker printed on paper. Pattern pieces and the blocks are placed on fabric to see the continuity of the pattern on all of the garment parts and leaving reserve fabric for the precise coordination of pattern. The last section has to be finished at the place of pattern where the first section starts. If the fabric has asymmetrical stripes, the direction of stripes has to be clarified from the sample of a style and its technical documentation. If the design of a style demands the placement of details at an angle of 45° to the direction of warp, the matching of stripes can be provided for all of the joinable edges. Placing pattern pieces on fabric obliquely to match the pattern the fabric increases fabric use significantly. Necessity to coordinate patterns increases the use of fabric, expenditure of time and labour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reflects on the issue of conservative Christian discourse on the rights for recognition of LGBT people in today's Latvia by examining the content of the website of one of the leading opponents of the LGBT emancipation-the NGO "No Pride". Using the methodology of political discourse analysis and qualitative media discourse analysis, the author analyzed the information available on the website of the NGO in order to examine various strategies and content for the marginalization of the discursive enemy-the LGBT people. The image of the enemy as a radical Other or "Them" community is based on the idea of the principal illegitimacy of any claims of LGBT for social or legislative recognition. This idea consists of various components: the NGO presupposes and ascribes to the collective and non-differentiated LGBT community features of extensive sexual vitality bordering with various forms of sexual crime, for example pedophilia. The enemy is seen as violent and dangerous to the biological existence of the generalized heterosexual community. Various tools are used to reach the discursive aim-conservative experts, leaders of Latvia's Christian denominations, politicians, etc are involved by way of articles, research papers, comments, and open speeches. The major tool to achieve marginalization of the enemy is using the strategy of pars pro toto and conspiracy theory. The study examined various instruments of marginalization discourse. The content of the website demonstrates various forms of the NGO's support for the conservative elite of Latvia's Christian denominations, which uses such initiatives to compete in the process of control over individual choices and experiences in the postmodern matrix of diversity and self-sufficient sexuality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The statistical data on volumes of Latvian freight traffic, principal groups of cargoes, and countries of transport from 2000 to 2007 had been investigated and analyzed in the paper. The special attention has been given to road transportations, but also rail transportations have been considered, as the carried out analysis has shown that freight traffic by road transport have made approximately 49 % from total amount of transportations in the country, and by rail - 51 % from 2000 to 2007. The road transport dominates in national freight traffic, but the leader in international freight traffic is rail transport. To analyze existing tendencies of freight traffic, have been created trend models -- logarithmic trend model for internal road transportations in Latvia, and power trend models to export and import traffic by road transport in time from1997 to 2007. These models can be used for forecasting of freight flows in the future. For a basis of forecasting of road freight traffic is accepted increment rate of gross domestic product, the analysis has shown that usually gross domestic product is the defining factor for change of freight transportation volumes by road transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the actual situation in Latvia concerning the transport terminal establishment. It presents the theoretical base of the terminal establishment, i. e. transport infrastructure survey, transportation analysis. Location is a key factor for all the transport operators whose main activity is moving freight from one place to another one using different modes of transport. Reduction of the delivery time is one of the elements that could make the important difference when a transport operator is being chosen. That is why transport terminal must be located in hub points of transport and distribution activities. Decisions on terminal placing are extremely important, as they influence indicators of its activity for many years. The method of nonlinear programming for the decision of a problem of an optimal location transport terminal in Latvia is offered in this work. Basic difference of the given method consists in use of nonlinear criterion function in which except distances to the client points connected with the terminal, specific features of a transport infrastructure are considered. For a finding of coordinates of an optimal location of the transport terminal in Latvia is used gradient method. The evaluation of locations for establishment of terminals in Latvia is presented. These terminals will be the first transport terminals in Latvia established according to contemporary requirements and will provide necessary co-operation with big trading companies and other terminals in and out Europe and Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the problem related to the development of design and assessment thereof in the industrial design of Latvia. It has been detected that assessment parameters and common methodology, which would result in optimum assessment of a design product, have not been developed. Parameters for evaluation of two types of competitions and a very primitive method for assessment of results is discussed in this paper. It is recommended to develop specific parameters for the assessment of a design product and to use the Pareto method for summarisation of results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is mentioned that the scanning of human body as method fro gaining of human measurements has several preferences. Gaining of data is possible in very short time. In comparison with manual measuring methods, scanning gets larger amount of measurements. There are several modes to gain human body measurements by scanning system: laser scanning, light beam scanning, etc. There is searched laser beam reflection capability of different textile material in the research. The description of laser reflection is compared with Lambert's law's characteristic. "The matrix of material selection is made in process of experiment planning, all possible materials is presented in this matrix. Eight textile materials are chosen for experimental work: six lingerie and two additional materials. Laser beam with angle of incidence 0° and 45° is used to make an experiment. Result dependence of laser beam length is compared also. As a conclusion of the paper the lingerie materials suitable for anthropometrical scanning are selected and the materials inapplicable for scanning is found those materials impact scanning result negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological, natural or green living popularization more and more widely are used not as an argument for real benefit but as economical advantage in market. In order to explain for users potentials of quality and to prove positive aspects of green living at first is necessary to summarize all existent information and systematize it in easy usable criterions and standards. In paper for those aims is used classification in popular production schemes. To establish conception of ecological design strategy as a plan which involves subject environment research, design, production, distribution, selling, service and utilization phases and to work out green idea development in all those steps we can achieve enough particular adoption and display quality aspects in scientific system. To deal with this problem many different countries applies various methodologies but our advantage is deep research of this system and supplements it with fundamental questions about wooden furniture and wooden house ecological development and valuation - for example working out new methods of wooden surface treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the tasks of a complex nonlinear dynamic system analysis in the case of multystability there is determination of initial conditions, corresponding to one or another oscillation regime. At the decision of this task the areas of initial conditions corresponding to one oscillation regime are selected on a phase plane, i.e. constructing of basins of attraction of this regime. One of the basins of attraction construction methods is a method of cellular mapping (cell-to-cell mapping). This method behaves to the class of "brute force" and its application requires the considerable expenses of machine time. Some changes, allowing accelerating his work, are ma de in realization of classic method. In the paper descriptions of algorithms of basins of attraction construction and results of multystability analysis are presented for three systems: discrete system of Henon, system with cube elastic force, system with bilinear elastic force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper briefly describes main results of flow measurements in water model intended for verification of dynamo experiment's hydrodynamic part. Measurements are compared with calculation results done by other author. Using flow continuity equation, unknown vertical component of the meridional flow is numerically estimated from measurement results. For the purpose of further magnetohydrodynamic simulation, approximation of the calculation data is done in the cylindrical coordinates via stream function. This function is assumed to be a n-degree polynomial of two variables. Inadequacy of this type of approximation due to ill-conditioning is shown. Coefficients of 5th degree (which appears to be an optimal value in this case) polynomial are given. Other method, approximation of velocity components in spherical coordinates from polar angle at given radius is presented to be more reasonable. Orthogonal Legendre polynomials are used and coefficients for 10th degree are calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the fatigue strength of frame and tank of the railway tank car was estimated. Calculations were carried out by finite element method. Because of high difficulty of mentioned calculations the tank and frame were calculated separately. Lifetime of tank of the railway tank car was estimated on the basis of the damages from the vertical and longitudinal dynamic loads at the different schemes of constraints. Lifetime of frame of the railway tank car was calculated on the basis of the safety factor at the rolling due to longitudinal irregularities of the railway track. If the tank is supported only on outside (upper) bearings then calculated lifetime is dangerously small and is only 11 - 14 years, significantly less than nominal lifetime 32 years. The strength of frame of the railway tank car under high-cycle loading is insufficient too. Calculation confirms possibility of fatigue cracks appearance in zone of upper plate of cross-beam (26 years) and in zone of joint of upper and lower flanges of longitudinal and cross-beam (30 years). It is necessary to do test of above named zones for guarantee of lifetime of railway tank car. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to present European Modular cargo vehicle conception. These vehicle combinations are widely used in Sweden and Finland. The good transportation by road is increasing. It is important to improve efficiency of road transport and cargo vehicles. Possible benefits after permission of traffic of European modular vehicle combinations on main roads outside of towns are discussed. There is made analysis of legislative acts regarding vehicles' dimensions of the European Union and Latvia. The specific situation in Sweden as well as technical information concerning long modular vehicle combinations is illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to study main parameters and characteristics of overtaking maneuvers of vehicle combinations. Overtaking maneuver is most common and very dangerous maneuver on the roads. There are many characteristics influenced the overtaking of the vehicle. Especially dangerous maneuvers are to go pass 18.75 meters and longer vehicle combinations. There are two main characteristics of the overtaking; first is the speed and the difference of both vehicles' speed. Second - the vehicles' length. Analysis of the overtaking maneuvers is made based on calculations and practical experiments on roads. There are conclusions and suggestions about overtaking long vehicle combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper studies the history of clothing CAD systems. The achievements of development of 3D projecting in the systems CDI (USA) and Asahi (Japan) are observed. Developers of these systems first tried to create system in which would be possible to create spatial model development with lay out of details afterwards. Although these systems could not to provide generation plain pattern blocks from spatial model, for the close fitting garments best solutions was made. Most popular garment CAD systems is made to solve traditional garment development tasks. The solutions when computerized way of "putting on" digitalized plane patterns that were preliminary created manually, onto a 3D digitalized mannequin on a screen, announced especially. CAD system STAPRIM description is given. System describe complex geometrical models of a human body (clothes) and methods of their layout onto a plane surface. While CAD system STAPRIM is not mentioned for creating structure and decorative properties of material, this method let to work with 3D models and create plain patterns automatically, that is why this CAD method is approved as effective and perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the beginning of the bipartite review on anthropometric parameters of ready-to-wear garments there are generalized requirements for the control dimensions choice among body measurements for one-, two- or threedimensional sizing purposes and that for psychophysically feasible inter-size indifference interval widths wellknown as variable from the algebraic zero to the full range of measurements variability as in the case of a universal "one-size-fits-all". An arithmetic progression type model iLn = (iL0 + iδ.n) is proposed for description of the key or control dimension scale partition to facilitate understanding various size sets and to validate logical design (algorithm) for computerized size identification. Depicting differences among Eastern European (former CMEA standards), German DOB-94, and EN 13402 chest/bust sizes respective graphs of the sizing step functions are superimposed thus quantitatively visualizing meanings of various menswear and womenswear size designations and estimating interchangeability of them. On the basis of the introduced prerequisites there are enabled further calculations of the optimal number of figure types, standardization of their dimensions, as well as size labelling and fit provability considerations to follow up in the second part of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conceptual solutions of exhibitions and date basis of the emerging timberwork museum situated in Ligatne site of the Cesu district (Latvia) including interior and outdoor expositions with artifacts, graphical & textual date about historical woodwork technologies, tools and machinery are discussed in this paper. Feasibility of crafts technologies demonstrations are illustrated as well. The structure of date basis encompass materials, joiner's and carpenter tools, joinery and carpentry machines, technologies and finishes as well as interior and outdoor articles and corresponding constructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for determining dielectric permeability of rubber has been developed in the paper. Aging related changes of dielectric permeability, strength limits of mechanic parameters, maximal and residual deformations, maximal damage rate, hardness and viscosity are studied. Possibilities to substitute mechanical measurements by electric ones are investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main idea of this paper is to describe and compare existing situation of craft sector enterprises in Latvia as well as in other European countries. Main attention is turned to certified enterprises according with ISO standards family. Most part of craft enterprises is micro or small sized; usually these enterprises are working like artisan workshops. Presently, in Latvia are two certified craft sector enterprises (total number 115). Depending on existing situation enterprises should decide which of both approaches -- system's certification or self-assessment can give real benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper is found a simple method of calculation natural frequencies and forms of torsional vibration for ships propulsion systems. The offered method doesn't require a big volume of calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for determining dielectric permeability of rubber has been developed in the paper. Aging related changes of dielectric permeability, strength limits of mechanic parameters, maximal and residual deformations, maximal damage rate, hardness and viscosity are studied. Possibilities to substitute mechanical measurements by electric ones are investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As well as in many different areas, databases are being used in woodworking field. Even thought woodworking machinery databases is a quite common thing abroad, there is no similar database in Latvia. For this and other reasons mentioned further, at the Institute of Textile Materials Technologies and Design (Riga Technical University) Timber processing data base is being made. It would be useful for woodworking professionals, but the greatest concern is about its benefit for TTDI students. The structure for this database is not made based on machinery groups, as it is for analogous databases, but on technological phases of timber processing. There are three main phases - material cutting-out, material first stage and second stage processing, that divides in 10 technological operations; after them comes machinery groups and types. This is the most important searching path for this database, but it's possible to search by company or by machine. This database is also connected to Timber jointing and wood construction database (RTU), where there will be links or reference showing which machine is proper for certain joint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]