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Copyright of Current Issues In Research of Literature & Culture: Conference Proceedings Volume / Aktuālas Problēmas Literatūras un Kultūras Pētniecībā is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Current Issues In Research of Literature & Culture: Conference Proceedings Volume / Aktuālas Problēmas Literatūras un Kultūras Pētniecībā is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Current Issues In Research of Literature & Culture: Conference Proceedings Volume / Aktuālas Problēmas Literatūras un Kultūras Pētniecībā is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Current Issues In Research of Literature & Culture: Conference Proceedings Volume / Aktuālas Problēmas Literatūras un Kultūras Pētniecībā is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Current Issues In Research of Literature & Culture: Conference Proceedings Volume / Aktuālas Problēmas Literatūras un Kultūras Pētniecībā is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Word: Aspects of Research: Conference Proceedings is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Current Issues In Research of Literature & Culture: Conference Proceedings Volume / Aktuālas Problēmas Literatūras un Kultūras Pētniecībā is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Current Issues In Research of Literature & Culture: Conference Proceedings Volume / Aktuālas Problēmas Literatūras un Kultūras Pētniecībā is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Word: Aspects of Research: Conference Proceedings is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: Problems & Perspective: Conference Proceedings is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Current Issues In Research of Literature & Culture: Conference Proceedings Volume / Aktuālas Problēmas Literatūras un Kultūras Pētniecībā is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper discusses the various meanings of the words būt and būti 'to be' in Latvian and Lithuanian and their acquisition. The aim of the research is to discover in what meanings these words are used by the learners of the second Baltic language, i.e., the learners whose mother tongue is a Baltic language and who are learning the other Baltic language - Latvian for Lithuanians and Lithuanian for Latvians. Both languages are closely related, and the meanings are similar. However, their grouping in each linguistics tradition is different. Therefore, this paper attempts to group meanings from both languages into a single system that could be used to compare usage tendencies. Such a system was made based on the Latvian grouping tradition but is not concise. The meanings in which būt/būti is used may depend on the topics of the texts. There seems to be an overuse of the location meaning in texts written by learners of Latvian; learners of Lithuanian seem to be using the verb in a larger variety of meanings. Perfect times are also more present in texts written by learners of Lithuanian. It seems to hint at a systemic difference between Baltic languages: Latvian tends to use perfect times in situations when Lithuanian does not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As evidenced by the studies referred to in the introduction of the paper, television is the most popular mass medium both in Latvia and throughout the European Union, and it plays a key role in shaping the linguistic environment. Therefore, it is important that at least the speech of journalists and programme hosts on television corresponds to the norms of literary Latvian. Lately, viewers have been particularly concerned about the quality of language. The rather low quality of Latvian used in mass media stems from both the speech commonly used by the society and the journalists' Latvian language skills. A knowledgeable journalist is regarded as an authority, and viewers put their trust in authoritative and erudite speech. However, journalists sometimes lack awareness of their role and influence on the wide audience watching, evaluating, and quoting them. Examples were gathered from the most popular television channels in Latvia that broadcast in Latvian - LTV1, TV3, Rīga 24TV, S-TV - and the following programmes: "Rīta Panorāma", "900 sekundes" (broadcast on LNT in 2019), "TV3 Ziņas", "Bez tabu", "Tieša runa", etc. The examples show that there are numerous errors, linguistic inaccuracies, and stylistic shortcomings, particularly regarding lexis. The aim of the paper is to focus on the most common errors, those being lexicostylistic errors and the widespread use of colloquial speech. Although a mixture of styles is common nowadays and colloquial speech has become an integral part of publicist style, its usage in TV programmes cannot always be justified. A short insight into new words coined by journalists is provided as well; however, these words are not included in dictionaries and are unlikely to become neologisms. The conclusion of the paper focuses on the causes of errors and advice regarding the improvement of the journalists' language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is a part of the analysis of the collection of articles of the Latvian Literary Society (Lettisch-literärische Gesellschaft) Magazin, herausgegeben von der Lettisch-Literärischen Gesellschaft (so-called "Magazin") with special emphasis to the materials important in the history of Latvian language, especially, of the development of terminology in Latvian. This paper deals with the almost forgotten author Pēteris Zēvalds (Peter Seewald) (ca. 1838/1839-1910), a schoolteacher in Jelgava (Mitau) and active contributor of "Magazin" from 1865 to 1877. In 12 sequels (published in eight issues of "Magazin"), he collected 2198 words and expressions from his native place, now Birzgale parish, originally, from the private manor in Linde parish (aus Privatgut Lindenschen Gemeinde in Kurland)). This paper provides a more detailed analysis of two other word collections (both published in 1874 in issue 3 of XV volume of "Magazin") of Zēvalds. They contained current lexis, including a lot of new terms. The first one is created as a successive excerpt of neologisms and lesser-known words (in Latvian-German comparison) from the weekly newspaper "Baltijas Vēstnesis" (using numbers 44th, 48th, 49th un 51st from 1872 and successive first 49 from 1873, excl. number 9th). There are 467 numbered entries or 495 words in total. Most of the words in Zēvalds's collection are related to terminological lexis. They can be divided into four groups (indicating the serial number used in the original): (1) terms currently used in the same form or with minor changes of ending (7. greizsirdība, 29. pilnvare, 41. māksla, 33. cēlons, 69. veicināšana, 88. pirmvaloda, 237. izvilktne (= atvilktne), 275. viels); (2) terms which have a different correspondence in modern Latvian (32. valodas=iztirzāšana (= valodniecība), Sprachforschung; 49. lietuve (= lejkanna), Gieskanne; 54. rakstiens (=raksts, dokuments), Schriftstück; 183. atvēles=zīme (= atļauja), Erlaubnißschein; 187. jūras=pāržmauga (= jūrasšaurums), Meerenge); (3) words, that could still be considered as potential terms (11. tiesas=laulība, Zivilehe; 37. sauljumte, Sonnenschirm) and (4) those, which, from the moment of fixation, can be considered occasional words (43. spīdgans, Sternschnuppen, Meteor; 387. muldu=valsts, Reich der Träume; 409. tulpete (= runas=vieta), Katheder, Rednerbühne). Zēvalds's collection is a unique material that allows identifying the perception of the interested reader about the lexical neologisms in one newspaper. Zēvalds's second collection of words contains the technical expressions from legal country house purchase agreements. There are 83 numbered entries (in German-Latvian comparison) from the legal contract written in German with a lot of additional conditions and long pay-outs delay. This list (at least the part containing legal terms and terminological wordgroups) can be regarded as the first term bulletin in Latvian. The possible addressee of this term list is the parish pastors to whom farmers sought advice on such matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the proportion of reductions is increasing in several text genres. One kind of reductions is an abbreviation. Abbreviations are used in scientific texts, mass media, fiction, and elsewhere. It is important to clarify what, how, and why to reduce, what influence it has on text-formation and perception of the text. Printed and written Roman alphabet letters are used in Latvian capitals and minuscules. Capitals in Latvian are used both in syntactic and stylistic function and in lexico-semantic (proper nouns and abbreviations) function. Capitals are used in different language varieties, in mass media (magazines, newspapers) and also internet portals. The aim of this paper is to analyse the usage of capital letters in loan and national abbreviations, general and dedicated abbreviations, nonce use of sound abbreviations. The author also looked into the process of lexicalization of abbreviations in internet portals. During the research, 17 mass media texts -- 8 magazines, 1 newspaper, and 8 internet portals -- have been studied. A large part of empirical material consists of edited sources -- magazines and newspapers. The author paid attention to the use of abbreviations in the articles and titles of articles in mass-media texts. Unedited, anonymous commentaries and titles of articles on the internet portals are also used. Commentaries of internet portals are an inter-genre between mass media and colloquial speech. Approximately 300 syntactic constructions were excerpted, and a part of them (written in bold) is analysed in this paper. Transcript of the abbreviation put into brackets is given at the end of the reference of every example. A part of the abbreviations is included in Andrejs Bankavs' "Dictionary of Abbreviations in Latvian" (Latviešu valodas saīsinājumu vārdnīca), another part -- in other sources. The descriptive method is used. At the end of the paper, the main conclusions are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a follow-up of the 2014 research on the activities of the German intelligence units in Latvia in 1944-1945 and is to be considered the concluding part of the doctoral thesis on the activities of Nazi Germany in Latvia during the Second World War (1939-1945). The paper contains documents from the German Federal Military Archive regarding the activities of the frontline intelligence units of the German Armed Forces Army Group North (Nord) and the 16th Army and is an essential addition to the previous research of the author on the operations and plans of the Abwehr (German military intelligence service) in Latvia during the concluding stages of the Second World War. The Abwehr documents (reports, plans) contain an abundance of information on all three main branches of Abwehr activities (intelligence, sabotage, and counterintelligence) and Abwehr units in Latvia. The documents from the archives shed light on the asset recruitment and intelligence gathering operations, as well as plans of Nazi Germany to create an anti-Soviet guerilla movement by manipulating the Latvian national interests. By correlating the documents from the German Federal Military Archive and the Latvian State Archives (State Security committee documents), as well as documents from the Latvian State Historical Archives one can create a detailed understanding of the activities of Abwehr as well as recreate them with high accuracy. The documents help to identify the structure, units, locations, personnel (both staff and assets), training, and modus operandi of the Abwehr as well as the Abwehr operations behind the front lines of the Red Army and their results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the relations between Latvian rural municipalities and the manor policy after the abolition of serfdom in Livl and (Vidzeme), in 1819. There one view rooted in the Latvian historiography till nowadays: the rural municipalities had no real power, they were only obedient executors of the will of landlords. Of course, the legislation (the peasant laws of 1804, 1819, 1845, 1849 and 1860) gave an important power in the hands of landlords and/or the managers of manors (so called manor police) ñ important, but not unlimited. There was also a law upon the will of landlords. Certainly, no one of the resolutions of the meetings of peasant communities could come to force whithout the agreement of manor police, who confirmed the officials of rural munipality from 3 candidates be nominated by the meetings of local peasant communities. It was not allowed to peasants to make a complaint against manor officials. However, there were also some regulations, which restricted the power of manor police: it might stop the resolution of meeting of peasant community or annule the sentence of the court of rural municipality, but it might not force rural municipality to accept decision more favorable for landlord. The annuleted sentence or stopped resolution had to be submit to the court of parish to be finally determinated. The paper analyses some of the protocol journals of the courts of rural municipalities. Of coure, there are a lot of cases, when the courts of rural municipalities sentence corporal punishments, sometimes severe, both for absence from corvee-labour or its poor execution and theft of manor property; but there are also many occasions, when the matter was examined by objective considerations or the accused persons were even exonerated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Current Issues In Research of Literature & Culture: Conference Proceedings Volume / Aktuālas Problēmas Literatūras un Kultūras Pētniecībā is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Current Issues In Research of Literature & Culture: Conference Proceedings Volume / Aktuālas Problēmas Literatūras un Kultūras Pētniecībā is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Current Issues In Research of Literature & Culture: Conference Proceedings Volume / Aktuālas Problēmas Literatūras un Kultūras Pētniecībā is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Current Issues In Research of Literature & Culture: Conference Proceedings Volume / Aktuālas Problēmas Literatūras un Kultūras Pētniecībā is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper describes the results of the study "Language and structure of Latvian scientific texts". The empiric research was gathered from a specially constructed corpus that was made of doctoral thesis summary introductions from various sciences, written from 2007 to 2017; this material was analysed with AntConc. The analysis in this paper focuses on wording used when authors describe the goal of the research done within their dissertations. Extra-linguistic factors taken into consideration, for example, can be deemed to lead back to the Soviet scientific tradition to write an "author's paper", a paper that condenses the whole dissertation within a relatively short paper, and the current Regulations from the Cabinet of Ministers of Latvia on how a dissertation should be written make the introductions a text that has similar features even in different disciplines of science and therefore a text that can be studied via a concordance tool. Every dissertation must have a goal description. Through analysing the wording of the research goal it can be possible to determine stylistic differences in texts produced within different disciplines of science, the dominance of verbal style over nominal style, differences in verb semantics in the context of perfect or imperfect tenses and to make assumptions about the need for further research into research goal wording. The presented analysis is based on a selected choice of samples and intended as an encouragement to further research into the Latvian scientific language, hopefully based on a larger corpus that would look at all categories included in the introduction of the dissertation summaries and other scientific texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From August, 1919 to January 3, 1920, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish and the Red armies were involved in battles for Daugavpils. The battles were fought in several phases - in August 1919 (the first phase), September, 1919 (the second phase), and January, 1920 (the third phase). By the end of 1919, Daugavpils suburbs on the left bank of the Daugava were under the control of Lithuanian and Polish armed forces, while the right bank of the Daugava and the city of Daugavpils were controlled by the Red Army. The periodical press of that time may prove useful to the investigation of these battles. In 1919, more than 65 different newspapers, newssheets, and journals were published in Latvian. The most important party newspapers at a national level at this time were "Sociāldemokrāts", "Brīvā Zeme", "Baltijas Vēstnesis", "Tautas Balss", non-party newspapers "Jaunākās Ziņas", "Latvijas Sargs", the official paper "Valdības Vēstnesis", and the Bolshevik daily "Krievijas Cīņa" which was published in Moscow. The tradition of issuing regional newspapers was only at the stage of development yet. In 1919, just a few numbers of the Latgalian paper "Latgolas Vords" were issued. A new feature of the development of press was a foundation of Latvian Press Bureau (LPB) "Latopress" in 1919. The task of LPB was to inform world news agencies and local media about the events taking place on the territory of Latvia. Making use of information broadcast by the Moscow (Soviet Russia) and Neuen (Germany) radios, LPB prepared news reports and published them in Latvian newspapers. These reports included the infor­mation about military operations at Daugavpils as well. The information about the events at Daugavpils published in periodicals can be classified into several relative groups. First, newspapers published front reports by the General Headquarters of armies on the advancement of armed forces to Daugavpils, on battles at the settlements near Daugavpils. Second, the readers were informed about the rivalry between Lithuanian and Polish armies in fight for the influence in the region and also about the battles for Daugavpils. Third, as much as it was possible, readers were given infor- mation about the proportion of the forces of warring parties, armament, and also spirits. Fourth, newspaper columns also reflected an important battle episode - the use of French tanks by the Polish army. Maintaining lively interest about the events taking place in Daugavpils, newspapers, however, occasionally published unchecked and even false news, including the occupation of Daugavpils. Then this news was checked and called off. The newspaper information on the events on the front, given under the conditions of military operations, has to be evaluated quite critically. Though considering that Latvian press is a valuable source of history, a more extensive research on the events in Daugavpils suburbs in 1919 would be desirable nevertheless. The information about the events on the front, given by newspapers of different political orientation under the conditions of military operations, is to be evaluated critically, since the phenomena are reflected from the stand­point of warring parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Congregation of Marian Fathers began their activity in Latvia in 1924, when bishop Antonijs Springovics and two priests of Latvia n Benedikts Skrinda and Bronislavs Valpitrs, after formation in Lithuania, received in their disposition the Roman Catholic parish and monastery in Vilani. Community of Marian Fathers Monastery developed until 1940, when there was established an independent administrative unity n province. However, as a result of World War II and inclusion of Latvia into the USSR, the community had ceased their activity and members of the Congregation were obliged to act in the underground. The aim of the present paper is to accomplish a historiographical insight in the activity of the Congregation of Marian Fathers in Latvia. Taking into consideration the fact that research on this topic in the Latvian language does not exist and Latvian historiographical base of sources is very small, attention was paid to the sources in the Polish language. Among the works about activities of Marian Father Congregation in Latvia, there are two master papers, which were elaborated and defended in the Catholic University in Lublin. Also, iAlbums of Deceased Mariansi could be mentioned as reference literature that have all in all seven editions. The following positions are presented from journalistic writing: insight into the history of the province of Latvian Marian Fathers in the collection of articles published due to the 300th anniversary of the Congregation; biographies of faith witnesses, among whom there are also Latvian Marian Fathers; searching in the periodicals, one small item was found along with two articles not directly connected with the activities of Latvian Marian Fathers, however containing some information about them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Current Issues In Research of Literature & Culture: Conference Proceedings Volume / Aktuālas Problēmas Literatūras un Kultūras Pētniecībā is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper is based on reflections after an emotional discussion on the word and term medijs(i) ("medium") in Latvian that broke out during the yearly conference The Word: Aspects of Research at Liepāja University, in November 2019. The aim of this paper is not to blame or replace the broadly spread two-word term plańsaziņas līdzekļi with an anglicism mediji. In Latvia, there are many titles and documents where this term has a permanent and stable place. Such as, for example, The National Electronic Mass Media Council. At the same time, it is time to recognise the use of the word medijs(i) as an entirely accepted synonym of plańsaziņas līdzeklis(ļi) and even as a semantically more broadly usable term in the context of developing information and communication technologies. As this short insight into the research of the word shows, the term is already currently used not only among professionals but also on the level of state institutions, public and private organisations, and companies. On the other hand, especially in the contexts of communication science, arts, and philosophy, the spectrum of meanings of the word medijs(i) in the vocabulary of modern Latvian must be broadened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Current Issues In Research of Literature & Culture: Conference Proceedings Volume / Aktuālas Problēmas Literatūras un Kultūras Pētniecībā is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Current Issues In Research of Literature & Culture: Conference Proceedings Volume / Aktuālas Problēmas Literatūras un Kultūras Pētniecībā is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Current Issues In Research of Literature & Culture: Conference Proceedings Volume / Aktuālas Problēmas Literatūras un Kultūras Pētniecībā is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Word: Aspects of Research: Conference Proceedings is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference of Daugavpils University / Daugavpils Universitates Starptautiskas Zinatniskas Konferences Materiali is the property of Daugavpils University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Current Issues In Research of Literature & Culture: Conference Proceedings Volume / Aktuālas Problēmas Literatūras un Kultūras Pētniecībā is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Latvian folklore is an important national heritage of the past that can also be used to study the lexicon development of the Latvian oral tradition. The present paper studies the use of words krāpt (to cheat), krāpnieks (cheater) and their synonyms in Latvian folk songs in order to establish how folklore reflects the development of the relevant thematic vocabulary. The aim of the paper is to establish the lexical and semantic field of words krāpt and krāpnieks, the lexical synonymy within this thematic field, to provide and analyse the examples of their usage, and to compare the folklore data with the dictionaries of the relevant period and modern dictionaries. The analysis confirms that Latvian folklore reflects a comparatively wide synonymy of the words in question both of Latvian and of foreign, mostly German origin, for example, valšķis and šķelmis. Furthermore, some of the initial word meanings, for example, piekrāpt and pievilt ('to propose a romantic relationship') are not attested in modern Latvian. However, most of the initial meanings of the words recorded in Latvian folklore have not changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Current Issues In Research of Literature & Culture: Conference Proceedings Volume / Aktuālas Problēmas Literatūras un Kultūras Pētniecībā is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present paper aims to show the most significant phonetic and morphological features belonging both to the deep Tamian (tāmnieku) subdialects of the Livonic dialect and the Curonian (kursiskās) subdialects of the Middle dialect. The main focus is on the forms used in the deep Tamian subdialects of Pope, Ziras, Piltene, Zlēkas, Ance, Dundaga, and Ugāle, based on the materials acquired by the author during the period 2008-2019, and compared with the data of dialect archive of the Latvian Language Institute of the University of Latvia (collected in the 50s and 60s of the 20th century). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early written Latvian texts are important sources not only for linguistics but also for culture and social studies. Latvian texts (and indeed Latvian culture as a whole) show consistent German influence. These texts were produced in a cross-cultural context of Catholicism and Protestantism and display elements from local folklore. The history of the Latvian written language dates to the 16th century and is largely linked to the Reformation of the Church. The earliest texts from the 16th century are various versions of translations of the Lord's Prayer, as well as separate short records in the books of Riga trade associations. Since the 17th century, the scope of genres of written sources widens: lexicographical, legal, and other secular texts have been published. There are two significant aspects of these early Latvian texts. The first is that most of the texts were translations from German, Latin, and Polish, and there were very few original texts. The second aspect is that most of the translators were not native speakers of Latvian First punctuation marks in Latvian appeared in the 16th century in translations from the German language. In 16th-century texts, the following punctuation marks - point, question mark, slash, double hyphen, colon, and parentheses - were used. Semicolons and exclamation marks were used in 17th-century writings. The following punctuation marks have entered the 18th century: a dash, dots, round quotation marks, a comma, and an apostrophe, but they had been used on a different basis than today. While reading various texts of the 16th and the 17th century, the author also looked at the punctuation marks used at this time - a point, a question mark, a slash, a colon, a semicolon, brackets, a double hyphen, and an exclamation mark. In this study, the use of punctuation marks of 11 texts of Early Written Latvian is analyzed, and a comparison of Early Latvian Texts and the Luther Bible is given. The descriptive method and the comparative method are used. At the end of the paper, the main conclusions are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes and analyses the accessoriness of pledge and guarantee within Latvian insolvency proceedings of natural person and exceptions thereof. Although in regard to insolvency proceedings of a legal entity, the recent Latvian case law has indicated an exception to the accessoriness principle of pledge and guarantee stating that a deviation from the said rule is permitted in the cases where it contradicts the purpose of guarantee - to improve the chances of a creditor to recover a debt, whereas opposing views as to whether the same exception is applicable to natural person's insolvency proceedings can be found in the Latvian legal literature and while a case where a creditor, in order to recover a debt, has sued a guarantor of a debtor, whose insolvency proceedings have been concluded with a release from all obligations still awaits its judgment from the Supreme Court, the paper suggests and confirms that the aforementioned exception to the accessoriness principle should be also pertinent in natural person's insolvency proceedings with regard to guarantee and pledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of third parties to the arbitration agreement is hardly ever addressed by Latvian scholars. However, in practice the concept and its different manifestations are existent. This is well-demonstrated by the new Latvian Arbitration Law that has codified previous court practice, refusing to recognize any binding effect of the arbitration agreement on the assignee. The paper starts by a brief description of the concept of third parties to the arbitration agreement. However, it is the leitmotiv of the paper to argue that the treatment of the assignment under the Latvian Arbitration Law lacks any legal and practical justification and is based on misunderstanding of interaction between assignment and arbitration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the court application to the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia the court can ensure that the norm, which has to be applied in a concrete court's case, corresponds to a legal rule of a higher rank. The aim of the current paper is to establish the reasons why courts decide to submit a court application to the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia. The paper is divided into two parts. Firstly, the author gives a brief survey of the normative regulation regarding court applications. Secondly, the author reviews those reasons (factors), which motivate courts to submit an application to the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia. These reasons do not necessarily arise from the regulation and can be established by analyzing the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia. Still, it is useful to keep in mind that they cannot replace the single reason why the court applies to the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia - in cases when the court discovers that the norm does not correspond to a legal rule of a higher rank. Finally, the author points out the main conclusions to which she has arrived through the analysis provided in the current paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Julius Döring and August Bielenstein are among the most visible intellectuals of their epoch. Both share their German origin, association with Mitau (Jelgava), their participation in the workings of The Courland (Kurzeme) Society for Literature and Art, and both had a wide range of interests in common. The names of both researchers are structurally and genealogically linked to the beginnings of the archaeological science in the territory of Latvia. They have travelled to, searched for, and identified various archaeological sites in the territory of Latvia, both have carried out excavations and written several articles on topics related to Latvian prehistory, furthermore - and what is of special interest to this paper - both have left detailed written accounts of reflections and memories recounting their life and activities. Döring's " What I Would Never Like to Forget or Memories From My Life " and Bielenstein's "A Happy Life" are excellent sources of historical and cultural significance that enable one to track nor only the life-paths led by both researchers, bur also provide an excellent insight into the concurrent events and intellectual proceedings of their time, including the backstage of antiquity research. Therefore in this paper the attention is focused on both biographies, an approach that allows a better understanding of the theoretical preconditions for the formation of particular discipline, enables one to approximate the individual philosophy and self-understanding of scientific activity of both researchers, and allows one to reconstruct the background of intellectual influences and cultural references. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper describes the Baltic German work center's Settler departament operations, as reflected in its reports from 1924 to 1929. The paper gives an insight into the history of the Settler Departament, its structure and main action courses. Settler Departament provided the colonists with financial support, which is analyzed in protocols at large scale. Further the article gives an overview of the sources of financing - foundations, their duration time, and the number of persons who received the financial support. It also provides information about the purposes for which the finance loans to German farmers were assigned. In addition, it provides a brief insight into the non-financial support activities of the Settler departament, including obtaining citizenship, supporting the increase of the settlers' mental and cultural level, for example through providing the literature for settlers' mobilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Current Issues In Research of Literature & Culture: Conference Proceedings Volume / Aktuālas Problēmas Literatūras un Kultūras Pētniecībā is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Current Issues In Research of Literature & Culture: Conference Proceedings Volume / Aktuālas Problēmas Literatūras un Kultūras Pētniecībā is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Current Issues In Research of Literature & Culture: Conference Proceedings Volume / Aktuālas Problēmas Literatūras un Kultūras Pētniecībā is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Current Issues In Research of Literature & Culture: Conference Proceedings Volume / Aktuālas Problēmas Literatūras un Kultūras Pētniecībā is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Both literary criticism and Translation Studies recognise that alongside explicit information, poetry is also characterised by its implicit information. The paper aims at briefly discussing the general theoretical insights regarding implicature and implicit information to the extent relevant for the analysis of the transfer of implicit information in the translations of Joseph Brodsky’s cycle A Part of Speech. Respectively, a focus of the paper is the notion of implicature which is a non-verbal (extra- linguistic) feature of an utterance (and of a text) forming its deep sense(s). It is essential to note: though formation of a sense is an underlying aim of every utterance (and of a text), implicature in literary texts as aesthetic units is a reasonably expected element. Another emphasis of the discussion is the interpretative potential of poetry and its benefits and limitations in the context of poetry translation. The complicated and diverse nature of implicit information (its classification is presented in the paper) of literary texts implies that this layer of information predetermines the necessity for poetry translators to possess target language skills at a mother-tongue level. The second part of the paper presents a discussion of the English and Latvian translations of the first poem (I was born and grew up in the Baltic marshland…) of Joseph Brodsky’s cycle A Part of Speech. The study leads to a number of conclusions. In terms of conveying implicit information, an essential criterion is ensuring that no unreasonable circumstances arise in the target text which could potentially lead readers to a narrowed interpretation. The analysis of the English and Latvian translations suggests that processing and formation of the features of a text related to its implicit information should cover various aspects, for instance, poetic technique, characteristics of individual units and network relationships which exist beyond the unit level (at the level of a text or texts). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: Problems & Perspective: Conference Proceedings is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vēsture: Avoti un Cilvēki is the property of Daugavpils University, Faculty of Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Current Issues In Research of Literature & Culture: Conference Proceedings Volume / Aktuālas Problēmas Literatūras un Kultūras Pētniecībā is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Current Issues In Research of Literature & Culture: Conference Proceedings Volume / Aktuālas Problēmas Literatūras un Kultūras Pētniecībā is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)