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The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry have forwarded a proposal to apply the concept of intraindustry flow of funds in order to develop the sports industry and strengthen the financial base of sports businesses from the top level to the grass-roots level. With regard to industrial policy, the flow of funds is a concept among multiple industries, and intra-industry flow of funds within the same industry is not assumed. However, in the sports industry, we can observe the intra-industry flow of funds in certain cases, especially in foreign countries. This paper examines the cases of intra-industry flow of funds in the sports industry, mainly in England and Germany, to understand their structural characteristics, to identify the necessary requirements for realization of intra-industry flow of funds in the Japanese sports industry, and to discuss the feasibility of such flows. In order to realize intra-industry flow of funds, it is necessary to have funding providers, recipients, a legal and taxation system for fund transfers, an entity to manage the flow of funds, and a rational reason why flow of funds is also essential for the fund providers. The most promising candidate fund provider is the spectators’ sports business. On the other hand, for the recipients, the cases seen in England and Germany suggest that regional sports clubs with non-profit entities are the most likely candidates. In order to enable the flow of funds or, in other words, the transfer of profits from providers to recipients, it is essential to have a legal system and a preferential taxation system to support it. In addition, an element of a public interest needs to be embedded in the design of a system that supports such a flow of funds or it would likely be unacceptable by the providers. The intra-industry flow of funds is a concept that conflicts with a free market economy. On the other hand, it is widely recognized that sports are a public interest that needs to be indemnified. Naturally it is expected that this public interest would be embedded in certain types of sports businesses. While there are good prospects for designing a system to realize the intra-industry flow of funds in the sports industry in Japan, it is of utmost importance to establish a common understanding of public interest in sports businesses among stakeholders involved in the sports industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on the development of the self, the inner side of the personality, this study elucidated the enigma of the "second birth" which was once believed to be an important turning point in the development of the personality. First, we reviewed Neisser's theory of "five selves," one of the most representative theories of the self. This review suggested that among the five selves, the "private self" has not been empirically investigated to date. Second, the study of the "I-am-me" experience was introduced. This experience had been discussed in German youth psychology as a second birth, and several Japanese psychologists are currently investigating this phenomenon. Third, by comparing the private self and "I-am-me" experience, it was concluded that the latter experience might originate from a conflict between the conceptual self and the private self. When "I-am-me" experiences occur simultaneously with the advent of adolescence, the experience might be recalled as a second birth. Finally, this paper discussed the first-person psychology of personality development, which is necessary to revive the theme of the second birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ulrich Beck is a sociologist who considers that the change in the social structure occurred in the latter half of the twentieth century, especially since the 1970's, toward a radicalization of modernity, which is called as "reflexive modernization". According to him, risk society, globalization, and individualization are the most important aspects of reflexive modernity. In this paper, the concept of Beck's individualization is examined to explore following points: the type of situation he attempted to explain via this concept, the significance of this concept in the history of sociology, and the function of this concept in practical sociology. The article begins by arguing that his concept of individualization can be divided into three sub-concepts: a pure sociological concept, contemporary diagnosis, and normative demand. Among these sub-concepts, his greatest concern lies in the second one. Individualization in this sense implies new opportunities and problems. The paper then compares this concept of individualization with the concept of individualization or individual in the theories presented by the first modern sociologists. This comparison shows that Beck's concept of individualization expresses a more reflexive self in the stage of society where differentiation in society is more advanced. Finally, the paper examines the critiques of the concept of individualization by sociologists in empirical studies conducted in Germany. It should be noted that this concept is able to perform the same function as "Idealtyp" in practical sociology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper aims to clarify how educational and occupational expectations of students are conditioned by school track under Japanese school-to-work linkage. We compare Japan to the US and Germany, which have specific characteristics of school-to-work linkage of their own according to the literature. Our analysis is based on Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) data collected by OECD. Using indicators from the literature, we can define the institutional characteristics of each country as follows: all the indicators are high in Germany, and low in the US, but in the case of Japan, the indicators for stratification and standardization are high, while vocational specificity is low. From the patterns of these indicators, we construct hypothesis about the effect of school track on students' educational and occupational expectations in each country. From our analysis, we can see that tracking in Germany strongly affects the educational and occupational expectations, while tracking in the US did not strongly affect either expectation. In Japan, school track strongly constrained educational expectations, but not occupational expectations. These results can be consistently interpreted as a consequence of different school-to-work linkages in these countries explained by using three indicators above. Therefore, we can conclude that we succeeded in clarifying distinguishing characteristics of the school track effect on student expectations in Japan compared to the US and Germany in relation to the institutional differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Socio-Economic History / Shakai-Keizai Shigaku is the property of Socio-Economic History Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Through an analysis of the headscarf controversy (Kopftuchstreit), this paper seeks to clarify an aspect of an unstable normative self-understanding in contemporary Germany. The headscarf dispute in Germany relates to the question of whether or not teachers at public schools should be prohibited from wearing a scarf during teaching hours. This dispute has extended to the entire public sphere ever since the judgment passed by the Federal Constitutional Court in September 2003. The dispute goes well beyond a mere opposition between pro-prohibition and anti-prohibition groups. However, it develops under the common self-understanding that Germany is a neutral state on matters of religion and worldview (Weltanschauung) but on the other hand a free and democratic society. Historical significance has been attached to this understanding because it closely relates to a conquest of National Socialism. It is variously interpreted in the controversy. In this context, we find that the dispute reflects a conflict in German postwar society (Nachkriegsgesellschaft). The present dispute has not come to an end, and hence, its outcome is not clear. However, we can safely state that the outcome will by no means be a trivial matter for Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At 1954, Professor Yoshihiro SHIMIZU of Tokyo University emphasized that the Educational Population Study could be a major topic in the field of the sociology of education. He was well informed regarding contemporary research trends in French sociology, and was very aware of the importance of the Population Study. Since then, several students in the sociology of education have engaged themselves in the study of educational populations. Governments have compiled statistics on education like student population, number of teachers and educational expenditure. In some countries these statistical data can be traced back to the middle of the 19th century. The first scholar who attempted a systematic analysis of such governmental educational statistics was Friedrich Edding in Germany. In 1957, he published International Trends in Educational Expenditures. In this book he compared trends of educational expenditures in several countries since the middle of the 19th century. From this time-series comparative study he drew the conclusion that countries which had attained a similar level of economic development should have similar sizes of educational systems and similar sizes of investment in education. In 1961, he presented a keynote paper to the OECD conference on "Economic Growth and the Investment in Education" along with Svennilson and Elvin, pointing out the existence of a strong correlation between the enrolment ratio and per capita GNP of OECD member countries. At the same time, they examined the ratio of educational expenditures to GNP, and they broke down 5 components which determine the ratio of educational expenditure among GNP, like proportion of school age population among total population, enrollment ratio, ratio of average teacher salary against GNP p. c. and per-teacher student ratio. This formulation has made possible international comparison of those educational indicators. Furthermore this formulation has made possible the simulation of educational expenditure allocation. This simulation model is now used by various international cooperation agencies to make clear trade-off relationship between various educational indicators. Stimulated with these research trends overseas, several Japanese students of educational population has started to analyze the trends of Japanese educational population based on modified models which have been developed in oversea countries. The author, who studied with Friedrich Edding since 1968, forecasted required numbers of high school and educational expenditure necessary for this expansion in 1974. Since then, various research outputs have been produced in the field of educational population studies. One major task facing this field of study is to extend the research perspective beyond the borders of one country. With globalization, movements of educational populations should no longer be confined within one country's borders. A second task is to encourage follow-up studies to ensure the quality of research outcomes in the field of educational population studies. Japanese scholars of sociology of education produce a large research output every year. However, most lack connections with the outputs of their colleagues. Outside people are much interested with those research outcomes, but most of the outcomes are not verified objectively by colleagues. Therefore, outside people are skeptical about whether these findings of particular experts are reliable because of the lack of follow-up studies. Recently, there have been strong opinions in factor of "Evidence-based policy." To put this into reality, we need to vitalize the cross-check studies, follow-up studies on research output done by our colleague researchers in the field of educational population studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No scientific papers are written without a thorough review of past works in related fields of research. I have worked as a scientist in prosthodontics for many years, and encountered papers 30 years ago regarding the basic concept of occlusal support in the course of researching prosthodontics written by German scientists in oral surgery. Prof. Dr. Dr. Gerhard Steinhardt was a clinical lecturer and scientist active in the 1930's to 70's in Germany. He made clinical achievements in maxillofacial surgery and the treatment of temporomandibular disorders related to occlusion, and wrote many scientific papers. In 1985 he gave me a set of slides outlining his achievements related to TM disorders, with a catalog of his papers. Upon retiring from TMDU, I am making the data available to members of the Stomatological Society of Japan. The original slides and data are preserved in the Society and are open to the public from now on.

In this paper we present a comparative analysis of Shushi-Sanbaron (Japanese characters) and the original book, Lehrbuch der Hebammenkunst. After the legal reorganisation of the medical professions in Germany in the mid nineteenth century, the textbook Lehrbuch der Hebammenkunst was published for certified midwives. This book has two distinct characteristics; it was written from the physician's standpoint regarding the importance of the professional hierarchy of obstetricians and midwives, and it also served as a practical educator for midwives. Lehrbuch der Hebammenkunst was translated into Japanese for use as a textbook after the introduction of systematised education for certified midwives by the Tokyo-fu Hospital. It was published between 1877 and 1878 under title Shushi-Sanbaron. We clarify that Shushi-Sanbaron was not a literal translation of the original book, but was largely rewritten by two physicians in order to modify it to the Japanese situation after the introduction of modern medicine. Japanese physicians made serious modifications of the chapters that dealt with deviations from the regular course of birth and abnormal conditions of postpartum women and new-born babies, and they added theoretical explanations about obstetrics. As a result, Shushi-Sanbaron made two contradicting demands to midwives. On the one hand, midwives were urged to attain high-level theoretical knowledge and skill in obstetrics in order to--independently--help pregnant women and new-born babies in a crisis. On the other hand, as lower participants in the medical hierarchy, they were told to assume a dependent and uncritical attitude towards physicians.

This paper gives an account of Prof. Dr. Kinji Shimizu, the first president of Nagoya Institute of Technology, and his establishment of Nagoya Municipal Science Museum. After graduating from the Electrical Engineering Department of Kyoto Imperial University in 1923, Shimizu was impressed by the German Museum in Munich during his stay there as a student in 1932. It's the first time that he learned the education in cooperation with industries. Just after the Second World War, he became director general of the Ministry of Education. However, new education system given by the United States focused not on developing practical ability but on gaining the basic knowledge, which is contrary to what he expected. Then, he contributed to the establishment of the Japanese Society for Engineering Education, besides working as the president of Nagoya Institute of Technology in the earlier 1950s. His idea was supported by industries for the economic growth. Throughout his career, Prof. Dr. Shimizu was convinced that practical engineering education would benefit Japan, and wanted to introduce cooperative education between universities and industries, along the lines of the same system in Germany and the United States. With this vision he founded Nagoya Municipal Science Museum in cooperation with local industries and local government as his final achievement. The museum was completed in 1964.

Little has been known about the personal history of Dr. Takaichi Mohri (Nakashima), the first professor of department of hygiene at Hokkaido University School of Medicine. We, therefore, have been inquiring academic backgrounds of Dr. Mohri for two decades. These inquiries show interesting episodes between Dr. Leonor Michaelis, one of the biggest names in enzymologists, and early days of this Medical School. In this article, we describe that at least two professors, Drs. Takaichi Mohri and Kaoru Ohguro, were in good acquaintances with Dr. Michaelis as follows; 1) the latter half of 1921, Dr. Ohguro visited a laboratory of Dr. Michaelis in Berlin, 2) from November 1922 to June 1923, Dr. Michaelis in Nagoya collaborated with Dr. Mohri in Sapporo, 3) Dr. Michaelis in Nagoya visited Dr. Ohguro's house and office in Sapporo at March 1925, and 4) at the same occasion, Dr. Michaelis made his lecture on biochemistry in Hokkaido University School of Medicine. Since Drs. Ohguro and Mohri were classmates of the University of Tokyo Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Ohguro could introduce Dr. Michaelis to Dr. Mohri who used to be a graduate student in department of biochemistry. As a result of relationships, Drs. Michaelis and Mohri published a paper entitled "Eine weitere Methode zur Bestimmung des isoelektrischen Punktes von Eiweisskoerpern und ihre Anwendung auf die Serumalbumine verschiedener Tiere" in Biochemische Zeitschrift, which was a part of Dr. Mohri's Ph.D. thesis.

The purpose of this paper was to introduce The First International Clinical Prosthodontics Educators Workshop. That workshop aimed at reconciling best evidence analyses of clinical information on the efficacy and effectiveness of prosthodontic interventions with the management of selected and assigned clinical scenarios. The International Journal of Prosthodontics (IJP) and the Institute for Advanced Dental Studies in Karlsruhe Germany were co-sponsoring this workshop on October 30-November 1, 2006, in Karlsruhe. The 15 selected educators conducted a two and a half-day-day program for 36 participants selected from the international prosthodontic teaching community (22 countries). The form of case histories selected and organized as teaching packages (2 scenarios, reading lists and pictures) for the participants, was sent for pre-workshop distribution by e mail. Morning presentations comprised faculty reviews of background material specific to diverse aspects of the clinical case histories. At afternoon sessions, participants broke out into small tutor-led groups to explore and debated the various treatment options for the case histories in the context of the mornings' reviews. The Japan Prosthodontic Society should hold that kind of workshop in stead of classical lectures for faculty development.

Toward the 21st century, subjects and methods of hygiene and public health will be specialized and subdivided. However, practical approaches to human health need an integrated method focusing to a structure of human life. Under these circumstances, the concept of 'health culture' becomes prevalent. The role of hygiene related to the improvement of life style, the development of re-cycle system, and fulfillment of a barrier-free system focussed on the handicapped and the elderly have become increasingly important. Therefore, an increase in the recognition to the concept of 'health culture' is essential to the research of hygiene. The purpose of this paper is to make a historical and theoretical analysis of health culture', in order to promote it as the leading concept of all activities concerned with health in the 21st century. The methods of this paper are mainly historical and theoretical review. 'Health culture' was introduced in American and European societies a hundred years ago. Health culture in the USA involves knowledge and skills applied to actual daily life, refrecting pragmatism as the ideal feature of American society. In Germany, the concept of 'Hygienishe Kultur' was established at the field of social hygiene by Grotjahn and by Fischer in the early 20th century. This concept recognized the importance of the development of culture and independence of life in labour based on the evolution of the concept of 'Hygienishe Kultur'. In Japan, under the influence of German social hygiene, the social hygienic theory flourished. A social hygienist, Tetsuo Hoshino used the term 'hygienic culture' in the context of life creation toward a healthy life. Health culture is the total system concerning knowledge, experience, skill, and norms related to health, which has developed with the development of society. It has fundamental function promotes the creation of culture and self-cultivation of living man, whereas, it contributes to the realization of health based on individuality, in conjunction with the co-operation of medical and health sciences. The contemporary representation of health culture includes new health care activities such as self-care, a self-help movement, and health volunteer activities. It means the basic shift of the function of health culture is from that of life style to life movement. Nowadays, the role of hygiene in the total health care system is seriously considered. The goal, objects, and methods of hygiene should be re-evaluated under the concept of 'health culture', in order to re-define hygiene as the science for people living in a society.

Moritz Heinrich Romberg was born on November 11, 1795 in Meiningen, Thüringen, Sachsen (Germany at present). He had completed his medical studies at Berlin. He was greatly influenced by Johann Christian Reil at the University of Berlin, Johann Peter Frank in Wien, and Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland, the director of das Königliche Poliklinische Institut, Charité Krankenhaus of the University, and devoted himself to the study of nervous diseases. Romberg can be looked on as the first great neurologist in the modern sense of the word, because he began the neurological propaedeutics in Berlin, and published the first systematic book on neurology. The year 1995 is the bicentennial anniversary of his birth. Hiroshi Kawahara was born at Ohmura, Nagasaki, in 1865. His medical studies were pursued at the University of Tokyo under the guidance of Prof. Elwin von Baelz. He was the first neurologist in Japan, to give particular attention to the neurological diseases. In 1897, Kawahara described two brother cases belonging to a family suffering from muscle atrophy, and characterized it as having sex-linked recessive inheritance, adult onset, prominent fasciculation of the tongue and four limbs, and relatively benign course of illness. The Kawahara's paper on this familial disease later known as "bulbo-spinal muscle atrophy" or "Kennedy-Alter-Sung disease" is the first description in the world. The textbook written by him in 1897 is the first publication dealing with a variety of diseases of the nervous system in Japan.