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Toward the 21st century, subjects and methods of hygiene and public health will be specialized and subdivided. However, practical approaches to human health need an integrated method focusing to a structure of human life. Under these circumstances, the concept of 'health culture' becomes prevalent. The role of hygiene related to the improvement of life style, the development of re-cycle system, and fulfillment of a barrier-free system focussed on the handicapped and the elderly have become increasingly important. Therefore, an increase in the recognition to the concept of 'health culture' is essential to the research of hygiene. The purpose of this paper is to make a historical and theoretical analysis of health culture', in order to promote it as the leading concept of all activities concerned with health in the 21st century. The methods of this paper are mainly historical and theoretical review. 'Health culture' was introduced in American and European societies a hundred years ago. Health culture in the USA involves knowledge and skills applied to actual daily life, refrecting pragmatism as the ideal feature of American society. In Germany, the concept of 'Hygienishe Kultur' was established at the field of social hygiene by Grotjahn and by Fischer in the early 20th century. This concept recognized the importance of the development of culture and independence of life in labour based on the evolution of the concept of 'Hygienishe Kultur'. In Japan, under the influence of German social hygiene, the social hygienic theory flourished. A social hygienist, Tetsuo Hoshino used the term 'hygienic culture' in the context of life creation toward a healthy life. Health culture is the total system concerning knowledge, experience, skill, and norms related to health, which has developed with the development of society. It has fundamental function promotes the creation of culture and self-cultivation of living man, whereas, it contributes to the realization of health based on individuality, in conjunction with the co-operation of medical and health sciences. The contemporary representation of health culture includes new health care activities such as self-care, a self-help movement, and health volunteer activities. It means the basic shift of the function of health culture is from that of life style to life movement. Nowadays, the role of hygiene in the total health care system is seriously considered. The goal, objects, and methods of hygiene should be re-evaluated under the concept of 'health culture', in order to re-define hygiene as the science for people living in a society.