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The industrialization of farm villages, including the local industry, is performed as a part of the farm villages' development policy, which has beenflourishing from early the 1990s, to solve the problems in rural areasthat experiencedrapid economic growth after the Doi Moi policy was introduced in Vietnam. The rural industry (cottage industry) that isspecialized in the production of specific farm village industry products in rural areasis referred to asacraft village. Craft villages comprise smallscalemanagement agencies. In recent years, craft villages have gained popularity forconsistently absorbing redundant workers within farm village. However, the economic activities of the industrial division in rural areas are run small management agencies (an informal sector), with no reliable statistics on their performance. Therefore, it is important to clarify the role of the informal sector that supports the economy in Vietnam. This study focuses on thecraft village in Cheu village in Ly Nhan district, Ha Nam Province, Red River Delta, which manufacturesrice paper. Therefore, the aim of this study is to clarify the manufacture and sale of rice paper while focusing on households, their members, and the internal networksin the manufacture ofrice paper. This study is based on the results of field surveys conducted 10 times during the period from September 2013 to September 2014.

予測不可能な社会を迎え、学士課程教育の質的転換が叫ばれて久しい。2012年中教審答申では、「主体的に考える力」を育成するための能動的学修や、その評価のためのルーブリックや学修ポートフォリオが挙げられている。一方、初等中等教育を中心に使用されているリフレクションペーパーも有用なツールである。リフレクションペーパーは、学修への深いアプローチである「ふりかえり(reflection)」を目的としており、OECD は、初等・中等教育レベルのキー・コンピテンシーの中核にリフレクティブネ（reflectiveness、省察性／ふりかえりができること）を据えている。本稿では、リフレクションペーパーとレポートの分析を通じて、リフレクションペーパーが、いかにレポートの質に関わってくるのかについて考える。, 本研究は、日本学術振興会科学研究費補助金・基盤研究(C)「アジアの薬草メディスンマンにおける医療表象文化と神話・歌謡文学の発生理論の研究」（研究代表者・毛利美穂、課題番号16K02615）の成果の一部である。

The Sin Chun Bank of China as first private bank in Shanghai,was founded in Shanghai in 1906. It was initially named as the Sin Chun Savings Bank of China and changed into the Sin Chun Commercial and Savings Bank of China when it operated the commercial bank business afterwards. SCBC is not only a joint-equity bank with remarkable performance but also one of the banks empowered with banknotes issuing right. In the short span of 8-year operation, SCBS had issued the first version as 1907 silver dollar banknote, the second version as 1908 silver dollar banknote, the third version as 1908 silver banknote and the fourth version as 1912 silver dollar banknote. Among which, the first version was printed by Dai Nippon Printing. The paper analyzes and researches on how SCBC introduced the DNP made banknote based on the collected historic profiles., 文部科学省グローバルCOEプログラム 関西大学文化交渉学教育研究拠点, ［東アジアの歴史と動態］

China's foreign trade began after mid-19th century when China was forced to open its door to the outside world, therefore a great deal of China's silver cash flew out of the country while large quantity of foreign silver dollars flooded into the local market. During the reign of late Qing Dynasty, there was not a united state bank, the central and local governments had the mintages of their own, hence many mints at that time. Many people even coined money in private. Money coined by different provincial governments was not only of varied names, but also of varied qualities. It was even worse for the private coinage, much inferior money was found in the market, resulting in great market disorder. Besides, the insufficient exploitation of copper in Yunnan and lead in Guizhou led to the shortage of copper-made official money, the private money was prevailing in the market which disturbed considerably the economic growth in local markets. Guangxi is the birthplace of the Taiping revolution. During the period from Jintian Uprising in 1851 to Nanjing Occupation in 1864, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom issued several kinds of copper-made coins to fight against the suppression of Qing government, support their military expansion and military expenditure rise. These coins were once circulated in certain parts of Guangxi. Guangdong is China's gate to the outside world, the foreign money flew into many provinces unexpectedly. As a neighbor, Guangxi was inevitably impacted by various money circulated in Guangdong. In 1906, Zhang Mingqi, Governor of Guangxi, proposed to follow the Great Britain and Japan to set up official banks and issue banknotes. During this process, Japan Printing Bureau was commissioned to make Japan-version banknotes. In this regard, this paper illustrates Bank of Guangxi's introducing Japan-made banknotes and the process of commissioning Japan Printing Bureau., 文部科学省グローバルCOEプログラム 関西大学文化交渉学教育研究拠点, 松浦章教授古稀記念号, [研究ノート]

郵送調査の返送率に影響を及ぼす要因を究明するため3つ研究が行われた。第1の研究では、片面刷、2ページ見開き、2枚から成る2種類のサイズの質問紙が返送率に及ぼす効果を検討した。一方の質問紙はA3判（297×420mm）の用紙に、他方の質問紙はB4判（257×364mm）の用紙に印刷され、それぞれ353名の調査対象者に郵送された。返送率は60.5％（A3）と55.0％（B4）で、この差は統計的に有意でなかった。第2の研究では、質問紙の枚数が返送率に及ぼす効果を検討した。質問紙は、B5判（182×257mm）の用紙に片面印刷された6枚のものとB4判の用紙に見開き2ページで片面印刷された3枚のものであった。B5判の質問紙は308名の調査対象者に、B4判の質問紙は307名の調査対象者に郵送された。B5判の質問紙に対する返送率（62.1％）は、B4判の質問紙に対する返送率（56.1％）と有意差がなかった。第3の研究では、4種類の協力依頼状の要請表現が返送率に及ぼす効果を調べた｡第1条件は標準的な協力依頼状、第2条件は、前回の調査結果がマスコミに取り上げられたことを付記した協力依頼状、第3条件は、調査報告書を送呈することを付記した協力依頼状､第4条件は､第2と第3の条件を併記した協力依頼状であった。4条件の返送率（60.7％、55.7％、61.0％、55.8％）に有意な差がなかった。, Three studies investigated factors that can influence return rates in mail surveys. The first study examined the effect of two sizes of paper using a questionnaire consisting of two single-sided pages with two columns of questions per page. One version was printed on A3 (297 x 420mm) paper and mailed to 353 persons, A second version was on B4 (257 x 364mm) paper and mailed to 353 persons. The return rates were 60.5% (A3) and 55.0% (B4) but this difference was not statistically significant. In the second study the effect of number of pages was examined. The questionnaire was either printed on 6 single-sided B5 (182 x 257mm) sheets or 3 single-sided, two column B4 sheets. 308 B5 and 307 B4 questionnaires were mailed. The return rate for B5 (62.1%) was not statistically different than that for B4 (56.1%) . The third study investigated the effect of four cover letter appeals. The first condition consisted of a standard cover letter. The second was the same as the first with the mention that the results of previous study were discussed in the media. The third was the same as the first with an offer of a copy of the research report. The fourth was the standard cover letter with both additions of the second and third conditions. The return rates of the four conditions (60.7%, 55.7%, 61.0%, 55.8%) were statistically equal.

During the mid-19th century, the opium trade in China caused a massive out-flow of Qing silver currency, and as a result drove up the silver price. Conversely, the Qing market was brimming with foreign silver dollars. Rising silver prices, coupled with the large amount of foreign silver flooding the Chinese market seriously undermined the old minted silver system. In 1896, Zhang Zhidong （張之洞）, the governor of Hubei and Hunan province, introduced banknotes from Japan in order to address this problem. The imported bills proved very popular among the public, and were circulated widely. In 1902 the Qing government was required to pay an indemnity to the western powers affected by the Boxer rebellion. The monetary situation was tight and the silver coinage was insufficient. Yu Liansan （俞廉三）, the newly appointed governor of Hunan, decided to found the Hunan Currency Bureau by means of issuing official banknotes. The success of Zhang Zhidong in the introduction of Japanese made banknotes in Hubei proved an example for Yu. He ordered banknotes from Japan before the establishment of the Hunan Currency Bureau: the one Yuan silver dollar bill, （「壹圓」銀元票）, one Liang silver bill （「壹両」銀両票）, and the one Chuan Wen official bill （「壹串文」製銭票）. This paper will look at Hunan province’s introduction of Japanese made banknotes, and will illuminate the process behind the commissioning of the Japan National Printing Bureau for the production of these banknotes., 東アジアの歴史と動態

本稿は、英国公文書館に所蔵されているフレデリック・リース＝ロス卿の文書の概略を紹介し、それを通じて彼が活躍した時期の国際金融の諸問題の一端を明らかにしようとするものである。

原著: 謝桂華、訳: 吉村昌之

In 1930, Aoki Masaru published The History of Modern Chinese Opera after Wang Guowei’s The History of Opera in Ming and Qing Dynasties. This work is mainly composed of two papers, From Kunqu Opera to Beijing Opera (1926) and The Evolution from Southern Opera to Northern Opera (1928). Aoki’s two papers and works were translated into Chinese as soon as they were published and widely disseminated in China. According to the author’s investigation, there are three kinds of these translations published in magazines, two in the form of pamphlets and as many as seven in the form of books. By comparing the Chinese translation with the original, this paper finds that all the early translations are faithful to the original works, except that Zheng Zhen added a large number of his own views to the translated work at will. However, most of these translations use the words of Chinese characters in the original works directly, which makes the translation more rigid. It can be said that Aoki’s work has a great influence on the empirical study of the history of modern Chinese opera.

Sōrei shisetsu was authored by Sakuma Shōzan (1811-1864), a renowned philosopher during the Bakumatsu period. When his mother passed away in 1861, Shōzan attempted to bury her according to the Confucian practices outlined in Zhu Xi’s Jiali but had to give in to the dominant Buddhist funeral traditions in the end. Shōzan took this opportunity to contemplate Japanese funeral rituals, arguing the importance of replacing Buddhist conventions with Confucian ones. In my previous works on Shōzan’s Sōrei shisetsu, I closely examined its structure and political resonance, as well as authorial intent. To supplement my earlier studies, in this paper, I focus on the sections related to Chikan 治棺, Sakushu 作主, Shiseki 誌石, and Bohi 墓碑. The research findings of this paper will shed light on social perceptions of Zhu Xi’s Jiali during the Edo period.

As the most important outcome of the social interaction between ITO Jinsai and YAMAGATA Munefusa, the article 論語父在觀其志章解 from the Collection Works of Ito Jinsai is taken by this paper as a clue to sort out the biographies of the three brothers of jigekanjin Munefusa and their communication with Jinsai. Specifically, this paper presents an overview of the content of the article 論語父在觀其志章解 and investigates the similarities and differences between it and the same chapter of the second Volume of Jinsai’s main work 論語古義. As a conclusion, this paper indicates that Jinsai held a significant interest in ritual studies during the Kanbun, and one of the causes of this interest was exactly the social interaction between Jinsai and jigekanjin. This paper offers a different image of Jinsai from the previous studies and therefore provides a different perspective for the Jinsai study.

人工知能（AI）は，科学的探究において非常に大きな役割を担いつつある．しかし，AIは単に科学的探究を効率的に前進させる道具として働くにとどまらず，その使用は科学のあり方そのものに重大な転換をもたらす可能性がある．AIの行う情報処理は，人間には理解困難なブラックボックス的性格がしばしば見られるが，そこからは，AIが科学と人間の従来の結びつきを根本的に変化させ，最終的には人間を科学から切り離してしまうのではないか，といった懸念が生じるのである．本稿では，そうした懸念の内実を明らかにし，それにどのような対応策があるのかを概観・検討したうえで，AIと科学，そして人間の三者が形づくる関係の将来について考察する．具体的には，説明可能・理解可能なAIの開発を目指す研究も対応策として始まっているが，その成功は必ずしも保証されていない．しかしそれでも，たとえば脳の研究とAIの研究とが相補的に進められるような，新たな領域を切り開いていける可能性は十分に残されている．結論部では，これから当面のあいだ続くのは，AIを媒介にした新しい研究領域が次々と登場し，まさにそのことによってAIと科学と人間がいっそう緊密な関係を取り結んでいく将来であるとの見通しを示している．, Artificial intelligence plays a huge role in scientific inquiry. However, AI does not merely act as a tool to advance scientific inquiry efficiently. Its use could lead to a profound shift in science itself. AI’s information processing often has a “black box” nature, which is difficult for humans to understand. The concern which arises is that AI will fundamentally alter the traditional link between science and humans and separate humans from science. This paper aims to clarify the nature of such concerns, outline and examine how to respond to them, and discuss the future of the relationship between AI, science, and humans. Specifically, research has begun to develop explainable and understandable AI as a response. However, its success is only guaranteed sometimes. There remains ample potential to open new areas where, for example, brain research and AI research can be complementary. The concluding section of this paper highlights the prospect of a future in which AI‒mediated new research areas will continue to emerge in the foreseeable future. This will bring AI, science, and humans closer., 本研究は，科学研究費補助金・挑戦的研究（萌芽）「コンピュータ化によるパラダイム変化とその対応」（課題番号：21K18351）にもとづく研究成果の一部である．

Toto-Chan : The Little Girl at the Window is an autobiographical novel written by Tetsuko Kuroyanagi published in March 1981 in Japan by Kodansha. It has been translated into various languages around the world and has a large cohort of readers in each country where it has been translated. Among the translations are a total of 22 different Chinese-language versions from Taiwan region and the mainland of China the most of any language. The fact that there are so many Chinese-language translations shows not only that the story is well-understood by Chinese-speaking readers, but that it is a bridge for transmission of Japanese culture. This paper focuses on the translation of words related to Japanese material culture in Chinese versions of Toto-Chan : The Little Girl at the Window. Moreover, this paper examines how the translators rendered Japanese into Chinese, how they expressed cultural aspects found in the original, and how those concepts were conveyed to Chinese-speaking readers. These works can contribute to comparative research in Japanese-Chinese literary translation.

In this paper, I focus on the different types of fonts found on Han dynasty bamboo slips, including variants of the same Chinese character and the calligraphic style in which they were written. Through analysis of the Zhen Cao edict (真草詔書), I found that "Zhen Cao" (真草) has multiple meanings, such as "Zhen Cao" as a type of font and "Zhen Cao" as a document. Taking the Yuankang Five-year Imperial Edict Book (元康五年詔書冊) as an example, this paper specifically investigates the relationship between handwriting and the type of the document, and the changes in writing styles according to the nature of the document. Taking handwriting as the standard to judge the nature of documents, this paper investigates the diversity of writing forms found in different documents, and analyzes the changing rules of the nature and handwriting of the documents. It also clarifies the relationship between the nature of the documents and writing style. Although the content of the writing is very important, it differs according to the situation. Documents intended for external use were written in a rigorous style, while those intended as internal records could be said to have been written in collapsed fonts. I conclude that the diversity in fonts (variants, writing style) in the administrative documents of the Han Dynasty was owing to the nature of the documents.

人間行動は「心の働き」が介在している限りすべて心理学的課題になるという筆者の考えは、マーケティング・リサーチの実務的経験を通して形成されたが、その後研究テーマを「消費者行動」に特化するなかで「日常生活行動」への心理学的関心が強くなった。このことが「モノ探し行動」へのアプローチに至っている。本稿では「モノ探し行動」に関する具体的研究課題を示すとともに、それを日常生活での機能回復行動に含まれると意味づけ、一般的な機能回復行動を一覧表で示した。あわせて「日常生活行動」の概念を考察し、その操作的把握の方法について検討した。, At the beginning of his professional career, the present writer was engaged in marketing research and had several experiences of studying human behavior in daily living. Thereafter, he focused his work on consumer behavior and was much interested in psychological problem of daily living behavior. In this paper, the behavior of “looking-for-something” is categorized as an activity for retrieving the unusual situation of daily living. In addition, the paper offers an overview of psychological problems in the behavior of “looking-for-something”, and the significance of analysis of these problems is emphasized. Lastly, the concept of the “behavior of daily living” is discussed and the operational definition of the behavior is examined.

In this paper, we show an application of real-scale social simulations using synthetic populations. In this paper, we employ a set of synthetic population data in Japan to develop a real-scale infection simulation. In our synthetic population, each student goes to the nearest school according to their age. Each worker works together according to their industry type. We show how virus spreads in a community among a million population from infected travelers., 2020年～2021年関西大学研究拠点支援経費 研究課題「合成人口データの利活用に関する研究」, 第30回インテリジェント・システム・シンポジウム FAN 2022 in Kobe 会場 : 神戸大学工学部教室棟（LR棟）（六甲台第2キャンパス内） 会期 : 2022年9月21日（水）～2022年9月22日（木） 主催 : 計測自動制御学会 システム・情報部門

Numerous Confucian tombs were constructed during Edo period Japan, based on Zhuxi’s Jia-li of Nansong China. However, scant research exists on this subject. This paper will continue the exploration elucidated in a previous article, utilizing field surveys and a review of the literature to reveal the grave systems and their characteristics. In so doing, the paper will illuminate the ideological investigations of Confucianism in Japan.

This article explores the idea, that the body knows the answer, using the perspectives of Gendlin philosophy and therapeutic culture theory to focus on a method of self-help or psychotherapeutic support. Eugen Gendlin’s practice of focusing attends to bodily felt senses and seeks meaning in personal problems and circumstances. This approach emphasizes “hunches” or “forefeelings,” allowing bodily senses rather than rationality to determine ways of resolving problems and working on the future. ” The perspective has been critiqued as empiricism and antiintellectualism with the agenda of explicating its dubiousness. Using focusing processes postulated in Gendlin’s philosophy, this article initially discusses the characteristics of the body that forefeels the unknown future and through which the body itself knows the solution to its problems. In this context, the paper also references Arakawa and Madeline Gens’s concept of the architectural body. Gendlin argues that the body infers a change in itself. From this point of view, the body forefeels the future and can indicate occurrences by focusing. Also, the future is conceived differently in Gendlin’s philosophy from the usual linear view of time. It is hence theoretically comprehensible why forefeeling is suspiciously viewed. In the next section, the paper investigates the characteristics of forefeeling from the perspective of therapeutic culture and clinical philosophy, with particular references to Hisao Nakai, Satoshi Kimura, and Seiichi Washida. Forefeeling is encompassed in the characteristics of the ante-festum in schizophrenics and is commonly found in the manner in which the bodies of poets forefeel the next line as a blank. ” Forefeeling is also relevant to poetry, in which both the poet’s forefeeling and waiting become significant occurrences. Focusing also highlights the importance of waiting at the level of technique. However, according to Kimura, most schizophrenics are characterized by their inability to wait. The function of waiting denotes a crucial difference between forefeeling through focusing and the characteristics of the ante-festum. In conclusion, this paper demonstrates that the “forefeeling body” or the creative character of the body of the focuser (speaker) in a focusing session is underpinned by waiting, whether for clients in therapy or poets. Such considerations will propel further therapeutic subcultural discussions on forefeeling and waiting.

This paper introduces the brief biographies of the businessmen who were the founders of the celebration called Togai and Nangaku jyoi shukugakai of Hakuen Shoin. They were the students of Hakuen Shoin. Among the students, there were more people involved in business than those involved in politics, medical care, and education. In other words, the businessmen were the people who supported the prosperity of Hakuen Shoin in the Meiji era. It can be said that the people in this paper were those who especially supported Hakuen Shoin among the students. As a result of the consideration, it was found that they were appointed to the posts of the academic organization called Hakuenkai, and asked inshu of Hakuen Shoin to write classical Chinese. In addition, they established and managed modern industries such as banking and spinning, and were also enthusiastic about political activities, social works, and cultural activities. From these facts, it became clear that Chinese studies and modernization in Japan were closely related through their activities., 本稿は、日本学術振興会科学研究費助成事業の若手研究「近世近代移行期の大阪漢学と地域社会―泊園書院出身者の意識と行動を手掛かりとして」(課題番号20K12841、研究代表者 : 横山俊一郎)および基盤研究(B)「泊園書院を中心とする日本漢学の研究とアーカイブ構築」(課題番号18H00611、研究代表者：吾妻重二)における成果の一部である。

Takahashi Shoko's collection of photographs and a letter detailing the circumstances leading to the dotation of this collection are presently held at the Vatican Library. Irrespective of their huge historical importance, these historical materials were mostly forgotten for a long time. This paper offers an exhaustive analysis of the said collection of photographs and the background leading to their donation. The materials of Takahashi Shoko is composed on "the dedication letter to the Pope Pius 11th" (dated December 1933), Inventary of the old hand-copied sutra, and the 8 old hand-copied sutras "Koshakyo" (the Heian era, the Kamakura era, the Nara era, and the Muromachi era). Takahashi's background is known a little. According to a collection of Biographies of hobbyists in Niigata Prefecture "Etsusa Shumi no Hitobito" (published in 1938), he live in Niigata city, comes from a noble family in Raigouji village. Moreover he is an authority of committe of a hobby in Niigata Mainichi newspaper, and a critic of paintings and calligraphic works, and a person who dedicated a letter to the Vatican Museum, having received a commission from the Pope. According to dedication letter by Takahashi, in the opinion that the offer of the found documents to the Holy Father may have some usefulness for the study of religious problems, after counseled with Anton Ceska, Prefect Apostolic of Niigata and a monk of Society of the Divine Word, he have granted the honor of offering them to the Holy Father for his Museum. Sutras belong to Daihannya. In this paper, while focusing on the relationship between Takahashi and Ceska, I will discuss the old hand-copied sutra dedicated by Takahashi to the Vatican, and doing so will bring to fore a little-known fact about the cross-cultural history between Japan, Niigata, and the Vatican.

In the context of recent research evaluation, "research activities are now recognized as organizational activities conducted by research institutions, organizations, or networks such as collaborative research, rather than by individuals." In this context, Digital Humanities (DH) is essentially an "organizational activity" because it is an interdisciplinary research field, and in many cases, it is conducted as collaborative research. However, in the evaluation of DH research in Japan, the criteria for evaluating it as an "organizational activity" have not been made public yet, and the discussion has not progressed. I have been involved in various DH projects at the Kansai University Open Research Center for Asian Studies (KU-ORCAS) to lead the research branding project and promote research activities. Although I have published some papers or articles on the results of each project, I have not actively discussed the activities of DH as an "organizational activity". However, ending KU-ORCAS research activities without openness and evaluation of such activities and then starting up "organizational activities" again would not lead to the accumulation of experience for the Kansai University and would have a negative impact on DH research activities in the future. In this paper, I conduct a self-evaluation of the DH practices at KU-ORCAS from the perspective of "organizational activities" with this awareness of the above problem. By doing so, I aim to open up the work experience behind the digital works of KU-ORCAS and make recommendations to promote DH as an "organizational activity" in the future.

This paper discusses the differences and suitable uses of three handwritten text recognition (HTR) programs developed in Europe: Transkribus, eScriptorium/Kraken, and OCR4all. It commences with an overview of deep learning, HTR, and OCR (optical character recognition) before progressing to review the three programs of interest from the perspectives of history, developer, accuracy rate, layout recognition (including writing orientation), user experience, and cost. All three programs use deep-learning machine-learning technologies. They have also all been proven to reach accuracy rates of close to one hundred percent when appropriately trained depending on the quality of the images of handwritten text, training data, and validation data. Second, the user experience is very important; Transkribus has the simplest installation procedure and graphical user interface, while OCR4all and eScriptorium require users to have expert computer skills. Third, in terms of cost, users of Transkribus are required to purchase credits to access the system and use HTR models to recognize a new text, while eScriptorium and OCR4all do not rely on credit purchase. Finally, we conclude this paper with an overview of suitable cases for each program.

This paper sets out to investigate the linguistic features of an advice column on a Chinese Q&A website. In the early parts of the paper, we allude to the usage of acronyms such as HR, JD, and KPR observed on the job-hunting requests for advice and its answers. We consider that these acronyms could potentially influence modern Chinese standardize. In the second part, we explore the usage of metaphor, such as "死", "毙", "送命" to indicate "failure", "坑", "陷阱" to indicate "pitfalls" and "unexpectedness". Based on the literary style in the interview's "model answers", this paper provides evidence that the Chinese written language has been utilized in an interview of job-hunting as a politeness strategy. Moreover, applicants often utilize some adverbs such as "可能" and "不够" and modality expressions that imply their faults are non-constant characteristics as linguistic strategies., 陶徳民教授古稀記念号, 日本学術振興会科学研究費補助金研究課題「中国語の書面語における語彙・語法の研究 レアリアによる中国語教育の一環として」（研究代表者：石崎博志、期間：2020年度～2023年度，種目 : 基盤研究（C）、課題番号 : 20K00905）。本稿はこの研究成果である。

Satō Haruo was a great admirer of Chinese literature, who translated 23 poems of Liaozhai Zhiyi (聊斎志異). The translations can be divided into three periods according to the time of presentation, the medium of presentation and the layout. This paper analyzes how Satō translated Chinese poetry that appears in the original Chinese text, comparing the translation by Shibata Temma. Satō's second-period translation that for boys, girls and children do not include Chinese poetry, and it can be seen that he devised a selection of subjects depending on the readership. And when translating the Chinese poetry in the first period, Satō demonstrated his creativity by freely translating the content of the original text, greatly increasing the content, even changing the subject. In contrast, when translating the Chinese poetry of the third period, Satō basically translated according to the original text. Thus, this paper reveals changes in Satō's translations., 陶徳民教授古稀記念号

This paper describes Hino's visit to New China from April 21, 1955 and what Hino thought when he saw the war criminals. In particular, it focuses on the inspection of the Fushun Prison War Crimes Control Office, which was visited on May 15. In 1955, about 1,000 Japanese war criminals were imprisoned at the Fushun Prison War Crimes Control Office. China ratified it in 1956, but was in compliance with the 1948 Geneva Convention on the Treatment of POWs. Therefore, forced labor was not imposed on war criminals, and they responded generously without violating physical human rights violations such as abuse. However, Hino does not fully support the Chinese government's policy of improving the idea of war criminals at the Fushun Prison War Crimes Control Office. Ten years after the war, we can see the depth of the scars of the war in the appearance of war criminals who cannot return to their homeland of Japan. In this paper, we will consider this inspection and recognition using photographs taken by Hino and surrounding people, and digital materials from the unpublished autograph diary "New China Travel Diary II" (Kitakyushu Literature Museum collection).

It goes without saying that compiling a bibliography is valuable for various studies in the humanities, as they provide essential starting points for writing a research paper. In this paper, through focusing on the studies of the Osaka Painting Schools (Osaka Gadan) from the Edo period to the modern era, I would like to point out the problems in compiling a bibliography in this field and discuss its significance. With the development of the Internet and other technologies, experienced knowledge is no longer required for searching the relevant literature. However, at the same time, such digital advancement is now allowing the researchers to focus on the fundamental lements of the scholarship of the humanities, that is, original thinking and imagination.

荒川修作(1936－2010)は、パートナーのマドリン・ギンズとともに「天命反転 Reversible Destiny」という基本概念を掲げ、活動してきた現代芸術家である。彫刻作品、絵画を経て、1990年代から荒川は建築作品を発表していく。それが現代芸術の中でも荒川を特異な存在にしている。しかし建築は荒川が、人が死ぬという天命を反転させる「天命反転」を実現するために欠かせないものであった。本稿は、荒川が建築により実現しようとした天命反転という概念・思想を教育学の観点から考察することを目的としている。はじめに、教育学における荒川研究と荒川そのものに焦点を当てる。次に本稿と関係する荒川の天命反転思想における「天命反転」「人間となる有機体」「建築する身体」といった重要概念について検討する。そのうえで、荒川が実際に子どもとかかわっている映像作品を分析することで、教育者としての荒川の子どもとのかかわりと子どもへのメッセージについて考察する。最後に荒川の天命反転思想と建築の教育学的可能性について論じる。, Shusaku Arakawa (1936-2010) was a contemporary artist who has been active with his partner Madeline Gins under the basic concept of “Reversible Destiny”. After working on sculptures and paintings, Arakawa has been presenting architectural works since the 1990s. That is also the factor that makes Arakawa unique in contemporary art. However, architecture was indispensable for Arakawa to realize his idea of “reversible destiny” that aims to reverse human’s destiny of mortality. The purpose of this paper is to consider the concept and idea of the reversible of destiny that Arakawa tried to realize by architecture from the viewpoint of pedagogy. First, we will focus on Arakawa’s research in pedagogy and Arakawa itself. Next, we will consider important concepts such as “reversible destiny,”“organism that persons,” and “architectural body” in Arakawa’s idea of reversible destiny, which is related to this paper. Then, by analyzing the video works in which Arakawa is actually involved with children, we will consider the relationship with Arakawa’s children as an educator and the message to children. Finally, we will discuss Arakawa’s idea of reversible destiny and the pedagogical potential of architecture., 小田伸午教授退職記念号

本論は、現代の社会経済学に導入することを目的として、「文化」概念について検討する。まず、「文化多様性の尊重」こそが「文化」概念の本質ともいえることを、ユネスコの宣言と条約、また、ヘルダーとエリオットの思想をたどりながら確認する。また、現代の規範概念の中でも社会ごとの差異を尊重するほぼ唯一の「横の概念」であることから、「文化多様性」概念にこそ、社会経済学における「文化」研究の可能性の中心があると主張する。, This paper examines the concept of "culture" with the aim of introducing it into modern socio-economics. In this paper, we confrm that "respect for cultural diversity" is the essence of the concept of "culture" by tracing the UNESCO Declarations and Conventions and the ideas of Johann Herder and Thomas Eliot. As "cultural diversity" is almost the only "horizontal concept" that respects differences between societies, we claim that "respect for cultural diversity" is at the center of prospective concepts for cultural economics., 原田輝彦教授退職記念号

The present paper deals with professional interpreters who work amid COVID-19. In order to stop the spread of corona virus, people all around the world were forced to lead a life which was completely different from the one we had led before COVID-19. Economic activities have witnessed a sea change across the world. Under such a situation, there is a question whether and how interpreting service has been provided. The present paper reports the new style of interpreting after COVID-19, mainly remote-interpreting and the prospects of the profession are also discussed based on the data collected from professional interpreters and the interpreters' agency by means of a structured-interview. Also, from a pedagogical point of view, without knowing what is going on in the current situation, teachers might mislead their students by providing outdated information on the interpreting and their experiences. And they might fail to offer the information regarding necessary skills that might be required by the remote interpreting and knowledge after the pandemic. The present study also proposes the issue that goes beyond the mere thoughts on the profession and lead to think about the basic research topic of what interpreting is and eventually the need of face-to-face communication in our daily life.

本稿では、ミュージアムと呼ばれる施設の脱植民地化（decolonisation 英/decolonization 米）について、展示を通して考える。具体的には、植民地主義と密接に関係しているミュージアムのいくつかの展示に着目し、それらがどのような手法を用いてミュージアムのコロニアリティを脱構築しようと試みているのかについて検討する。とりわけ、グローバリゼーションのなかで自らの組織・コレクション・展示を脱植民地化しようとする西洋（主にイギリス）、そして先住民との対話の中で関係を徐々に変化させている北米やオセアニア諸国（アメリカ・カナダ・オーストラリア・ニュージーランド）のミュージアムの展示手法を取り上げる。そのうえで、日本国内の事例として、2019年に北海道白老町に開館したウポポイ（民族共生象徴空間）の国立アイヌ民族博物館の展示について検討する。最後に、これらの事例の意義と課題を包括的に振り返る。, This paper focuses on the decolonization of museums and their exhibit methods. It examines how museums try to deconstruct their coloniality through their exhibits/exhibitions. This paper mainly deals with museums in two areas : museums in Europe (mainly the UK), which faces demands to decolonize their organizations, collections, and exhibitions in the age of globalization, and museums in North America and Oceania (notably the US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand), which endeavors to change their relationships with indigeneous people through dialogue. It will then analyze the new museum, the National Ainu Museum in Upopoy, as a Japanese case of decolonizing museums., 本稿は、2018～2021年度学術研究助成基金助成金・基盤研究(C)「多文化共生時代のミュージアムを分析する方法の開発及びその理論化」(研究課題番号18K01105 : 代表 村田麻里子)の成果の一部である。

During Edo-period Japan, many Confucian tombs were constructed based on Zhuxi's Jia-li of Nansong China. However, there is little research on this subject. Continuing from the previous article, this paper will show the grave system and its characteristics through field surveys and literature materials. This paper will illuminate the ideological work of Confucianism in Japan.

It is maintained that Shitennōji Temple accepted the Tendai Sect during the Heian period. This paper aims to shed light on the process of the sect's acceptance into Shitennōji Temple by comparing with Hōryūji Temple's attitude toward the Tendai Sect. Both these temples accepted lecturers from the Tendai Sect at the Ango Assembly, which was held in these temples after the year 825. This policy followed a decree issued by the Great Council of State on February 8, 825, although it was already implemented by Tomi no Fujitsu, a patron of Hōryūji Temple, and Tomo no Kunimichi, a non-priest chief of Enryakuji Temple, and the decree was sent out to three temples in June 824. Hōryūji Temple resisted arbitrary acts by the Tomi clan and expansion of the Tendai Sect caused by the abovementioned policy during the 9th century. Shitennōji Temple, however, was tolerant toward the sect's expansion and assimilated its thought positively. As a result, Hōryūji Temple succeeded in resisting the influence of the Tendai Sect during the 10th century; not a single chief priest was, for example, sent from Enryakuji Temple to work at Hōryūji Temple. On the other hand, chief priests from Enryakuji Temple were active and some Tendai branch temples were operated in Shitennōji Temple. It is apparent that the Tendai Sect expanded into Shitennōji Temple, but meanwhile, Shitennōji Temple attempted to remain independent and resist Enryakuji Temple's influence (particularly in terms of personnel and property) during the 10th century. In other words, although Shitennōji Temple initially accepted the Tendai Sect during the 9th and 10th centuries, it later counterplotted against the sect. This paper suggests that the acceptance of the Tendai Sect by Shitennōji Temple was, therefore, not achieved only through the intent of Enryakuji Temple but through attempts from both temples during the Heian period.

The mountain guide Tomio Saeki (1929–1990) worked in the Tateyama mountain range and served as a member of the first Japanese Antarctic wintering party in 1957. He was regarded as a man with outstanding senses who could predict the arrival of a storm by feeling the dryness of the wind or accurately locating his belongings buried under the snow after a blizzard. This paper explores the intuitions of mountain guides such as Saeki from an embodiment perspective. With regards to a guide's bodily awareness, which results in a superior understanding of a situation as illustrated in the above example, the paper describes the guides' consciousness of the wind through Tim Ingold's weather-world concept. Similarly, mountain guides' bodily sensations are explored by using Eugene Gendlin's concepts of "felt sense", "eveving" and "focaling," as well as Arakawa and Madeline Gins's concept of "landing sites". Finally, the issue of a body's habituation is explored in terms of the significance of the education of attention process. In conclusion, it was shown that the embodiment of mountain guides and their view of Arakawa's perspective of the nature are of great importance in discussing the acquisition of intuition.

Although basic level and basic vocabulary are key concepts in cognitive linguistics and vocabulary acquisition, existing studies do not adequately describe the nature of and correlation between these two concepts. This paper aims to address this issue by first breaking the concept category into two types: (i) one thing with one name and (ii) one thing with many names. Second, the paper analyzes the characteristics of prototype effects and the hierarchy of different types and, finally, discusses the basic level and lexical items at the basic level., 本稿は、日本学術振興会科学研究費補助金：基盤研究C「漢字文化圏における二字漢語動詞と形容動詞の発達と交流に関する総合的研究」（平成30～令和2年度、研究代表者：沈国威）による成果の一部を含んでいる。

Transit buses play socially important roles for local societies as means of public transportation. There are over 2,000 transit bus companies in Japan. The largest mission for transit buses is to safely transport their passengers to their destinations. Since the 1990s, the fast growing motorization caused decline in the demands for transit buses and about 70％ of the businesses faced losses. The trend turned the management eyes to concentrate on restoring their businesses without sufficient attention on securing safety. In our study, we carried out hearings to five transit bus companies that experienced serious accidents during the years of 2005 to 2015. This paper summarizes each accident, identifies factors in the background and measures for preventing accidents at the time, and evaluates how effective those measures were. The paper then shows how to construct a new system for safety management that incorporates lessons learned from severe accidents. Our development extends its probe of cause analysis all the way to the root causes and works their lessons into the system. We also discuss how to sustain the effect as a new guideline for safety management.

国際ソーシャルワーカー連盟及び国際ソーシャルワーク学校連盟は、2014年に新たに「ソーシャルワーク専門職のグローバル定義」を採択した。それまでの単なる定義ではなく、グローバルとしたことの背景には、西洋中心の価値観、思想を普遍的なものとして他の文化圏に拡大してきたことの反省がある。本稿では、日本文化の特性であるレンマ的論理を根拠にして、わが国のソーシャルワーク実践が欧米のソーシャルワーク理論と日本的文化をいかに融合しうるかという点について、論じた。, The global definition of social work profession was adopted by the General Assembly of International Federation of Social Workers and the International Association of Schools of Social Work in 2014. Parts of the definition may be amplified at national levels. Thus, the Japanese Federation of Social Workers approved the Japanese Amplification of Social Work Profession. This shows that Japanese social work has developed by integrating Western-derived social work into Japanese cultures and institutions. This paper thus discusses on the mixture of Western social work theories and Japanese culture. First, it reviewed the 2014 definition. Second, it showed the features of Japanese culture. Third, it delineated the dilemma of Japanese social workers on Western social work and Japanese culture. Finally, the paper concluded that Japanese social workers practiced based on lemma logic., 狭間香代子教授退職記念号

本稿は、学芸員課程を受講する大学生に、アートやミュージアムのアクセシビリティ (accessibility) について考えてもらうための実践に関する報告である。実践は、2017年から2019年の3年間、ノートルダム清心女子大学（岡山市）の「博物館情報・メディア論」の授業の一環として、岡山県立美術館にて行われた。プログラムの内容は、視覚障害者が美術館で使用することを想定した作品の音声ガイダンスを作成するというもので、視覚障害者の視点から美術館の作品や展示を捉える試みを通して、アートや美術館がどのように多様な人々を受け入れることができるか／できないかについて考えるものである。この報告では、プログラムの概要とともに、学生たちが実際に作成した音声ガイダンスや、彼らの声も紹介する。, This paper reports on a museum program designed to encourage university students to think about accessible art/museums. The program, conducted between 2017 and 2019 at Okayama Prefectural Museum of Art, is part of the Lecture on Museum Information and Media Studies held at Notre Dame Seishin University in Okayama (the lecture is a requirement for the Curator Course in Japan). In the program, students created an audio guide of the artworks for visually impaired visitors. This paper examines how the program was conducted, the students' works, and their responses towards the program.

Post-editing is already in practice in the translation industry now; however, many translators and LSPs see human translation (HT) and post-editing (PE) as two very different jobs. The social status of HT and PE is also different, as the divide between HT and PE is becoming worse. But HT and PE really different? In this paper, the author examines this question, mainly by reinterpreting previous studies in translation process research. The results of the original pilot experiment are also provided in this paper. In summary, HT and PE are not so different tasks, especially from the perspective of translation that aims at ensuring accuracy in quality. HT and PE require an equally high degree of skilled translation competence and the same level of high effort to perform MT accuracy error correction. That is to say, the distinction or discrimination against PE that has been believed among practitioners and LSPs may not be correct., 本稿の内容の一部は、科研費基盤研究(B)『翻訳者の訳出プロセスの可視化と、翻訳・言語研究の共有基盤の構築』(課題番号:20H04486、代表:山田優)の支援を受けた。

In this paper I examine three sentences from Ruth Benedict's unpublished manuscript, 'The Story of My Life', in which the first person singular appears as the direct object, and a third person singular appears as the subject. When translated into Japanese, these sentences become unnatural unless the first person singular is moved to the subject position. I explain why this is so by using Langacker's Cognitive Grammar framework and argue that in Japanese, the speaker is normally construed as the most prominent participant in the situation and therefore coded as the subject of the sentence. This fits with previous studies in which linguists have argued that the speaker is assumed to be the center of epistemological perspective in Japanese. The paper demonstrates how "unnaturalness" in translation can be explained and also shows the restriction imposed on what can be said in Japanese due to the way Japanese speakers construe the world around them.

The purpose of this paper is to verify Takao Fujita's Peripheral Approach which has been advocated as a regard of Cultural Interaction, that in order to clarify the problems of it, and to discover clues to solve them. What kind of study is Cultural Interaction? This question has remained unanswered to this day. Because nobody has worked it. Therefore, I want to establish method of studies. At the beginning, I have worked to verify Fujita Theory. Then, I clarified two major problems of Fujita Theory. The first of problem is that this theory has Peripheral Approach, the mechanism of 'acculturation' cannot be elucidated by it. Because it difference between Horizon and Regard. Second, Fujita Theory has confused that it has range and subject of studies. Professor Fujita said that has clarified the 'acculturation', by changed stereotypical approach. There are Ⅱ ways of regard. But he used one way of regard. There for he said two ways. Fujita Theory is better than previous theory because of two ways. In this paper I have establish method of Culture Interaction (acculturation) on studies.