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The printing method of the thermal transfer printer is to push an ink ribbon that is heated and melted by a thermal head to a printing paper, and transfer the ink to desired positions on the paper. If the heating by the thermal head is not sufficient, the ink cannot be melted and cannot be transferred to the paper. Moreover, even if the heating is excessive, a high quality print cannot be done, because an excess amount of ink will be transferred to the paper. The heat generated by the thermal head is transmitted to the printing paper through the ink ribbon. Thus the thermal conductivity of the printing paper affects the temperature rise of the ribbon and as a result printing quality. The thermal conductivity of the paper is commonly measured with a quick thermal conductivity meter. However the printing paper is too thin for the measurement. A new method of evaluating the thermal conductivity of the printing paper using the thermal transfer printer was proposed.

This paper delineates a project concerning the development of a parallel corpus for language learners, named PARC8. The project is currently being developed by a group of foreign languages teachers at Hiroshima University. In order to contribute to multilingual education, the endeavor aims to build a parallel corpus of example sentences in eight languages — Japanese, English, German, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, and Korean — that can be used by learners at the beginner and intermediate levels, corresponding to A1 and B1 in the CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages). This corpus will be published on the Internet as a learning-support corpus, and will be widely available to foreign language learners and language educators in Japan and abroad. The corpus will consist of about 14,000 sets of example sentences of the same content in each language. The output language of the example sentences can be changed freely in up to eight languages, depending on the combination of languages required by the user. In this paper, I mainly discuss the challenges involved in creating high-quality example sentences in the eight languages that represent the same content in the development project.

This paper delineates a project concerning the development of a parallel corpus for language learners, named PARC8. The project is currently being developed by a group of foreign languages teachers at Hiroshima University. In order to contribute to multilingual education, the endeavor aims to build a parallel corpus of example sentences in eight languages — Japanese, English, German, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, and Korean — that can be used by learners at the beginner and intermediate levels, corresponding to A1 and B1 in the CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages). This corpus will be published on the Internet as a learning-support corpus, and will be widely available to foreign language learners and language educators in Japan and abroad. The corpus will consist of about 14,000 sets of example sentences of the same content in each language. The output language of the example sentences can be changed freely in up to eight languages, depending on the combination of languages required by the user. In this paper, I mainly discuss the challenges involved in creating high-quality example sentences in the eight languages that represent the same content in the development project.

Phonetic Alphabets show how to pronounce a word and learners easily realize the sounds of the word by these phonetic alphabets. This is one of the necessary knowledge for English teachers. This paper examined whether students in teacher training course understand phonetic alphabets. As a result, it is not systematically taught or partly taught before entering university and only 12% students can read phonetic alphabets. Most of them cannot identify English words shown in phonetic alphabets even if they are very familiar words. Students have difficulty to understand the symbols different from English alphabets. They also feel difficulty to realize English prosody. Both are caused by the lack of opportunity to learn them before entering universities.Knowledge of phonetic alphabets and prosody should be added in teacher training course and some plans are shown in this paper., 本調査は，将来英語教員となる教職課程の学生が，発音記号についてどのように認識し，理解しているのかを調べたものである。調査の結果，発音記号について大学入学以前に体系的に学習したことがない学生が多く，そのためアルファベットと異なる記号になると認識度が落ちることがわかった。その記号を含んだ発音表記を提示されてもどのような英単語かがわからない学生が多かった。また，学生にとって，個別の発音よりもプロソディの実現が難しいと認識されていることもわかった。これらの点から，中高に加えて，2020年度からは小学校からの英語教育においても，発音記号や特にプロソディに関わる発音を，体系的に指導していくことが求められる。

In recent times, due to the excessiveness of research paper in the web, there is a need of automatic document summarization for papers. And, text summarization is depend on keyword extraction. In this paper, we propose keyword extraction method combining linguistics and graph theory proposed in related work. By inputting the co-occurrence, position, the term frequency, and inverse document frequency of word, this method provide words feature score.

This paper analyses the cognitive processes of construing texts in advertisements, in which the realized “visual rhetoric” to signify the value of products is manifest. Generally, from the visual representation of advertisements, consumers comprehend not only an iconic object, but also its figurative meaning. For example, connected to the product of the advertisements, consumers regard its visual texts as the metaphor of the product, or as a one of the specific usages of the situation. In that case, the visual representation functions as rhetoric. This paper notices the effect of visual rhetoric on the consumers and attempts to reveal the principles, which construct the rhetorical cognition.

application/pdf, 紀要論文, Decades of social and economic research have indicated that gender equity is a vital ingredient for development in all sectors. This paper argues that although Vietnam has advanced gender equity policies and legal instruments manifested in the country’s core legal documents, gender gaps remain not only in the economy and education, but also critically in the public and political space, by showing updated statistics in these areas. The paper identifi es negative infl uencing factors hidden in the legal documents’ lack of establishing accountability measures, their immeasurable targets, and discrepancies among diff erent documents related to targets. Although punitive measures for civil servants who violate the legal provisions of gender equality are stated in recent legal decrees as one step toward accountability, the implementation of the punitive measures and the mentioned gender equality legal documents still remain challenges. This paper also claims that the gender gaps in Vietnam are due to ingrained patriarchal values and cultural practices that favor male over female in the key mentioned areas.

application/pdf, 紀要論文, Multiculturalism has been accused of preserving so-called illiberal cultural norms that are oppressive to women. Critics of multiculturalism claim that rather than giving political recognition to cultures, government should either stop respecting cultural rights altogether and allow those minority illiberal cultures to fade, or intervene directly into such cultures to enforce liberal rights and norms. The former is problematic for women of minority cultural groups, as it leaves them under oppressive cultural norms. The latter appears to be more promising but in actuality, direct interventions may not always be helpful to women in illiberal cultures. In order to show this point, this paper fi rst assesses how multiculturalism can be harmful to women. Second, the liberal ways to deal with illiberal cultures are reviewed. Third, taking the Sharia court case in Ontario, Canada as an example, the eff ectiveness of liberal direct intervention is examined. Finally, this paper indicates an alternative and more inclusive approach.

application/pdf, 紀要論文, The primary purpose of this paper is to interpret gender perspective, which is based on “social constructionism,” mainly using Putnam’s internal realism and to explain the categories of “sex,” “women” and “men” from the perspective. According to the perspective, we cut up the world into “objects” within some scheme of description, and if inductions using existing categories regularly lead to false conclusions, such failures make us think those categories are wrong and that others should be employed instead. This paper tries to distinguish such gender perspective from relativism. That is to say, the secondary purpose of this paper is to show that, by introducing Laudan’s reticulated model into the gender perspective, we can secure the possibility to form consensus in factual beliefs, methodologies, and cognitive aims through rational arguments in scientific debates. In other words, we can make rational judgments to verify and correct factual claims about “man and woman.” We can decide rationally to employ the new methods instead of the traditional methods. For example, we can make factual beliefs based on women’s experiences, not based on the observations of men. Furthermore, we can resolve disagreement about cognitive values through rational discussion.

application/pdf, 紀要論文, The objective of this paper is to analyze from a gender perspective the skill transfers conducted by a Japanese ready-made garments multinational corporation since the global financial crisis. The global financial crisis which occurred in 2008 brought about a reorganization of Asian economics. China has shifted from being the Factory of the World to the Market of the World and, consequently, there has been capital transfer from China, where labor costs are rising, to Bangladesh, where labor costs are much cheaper than in China. This paper compares the first skill transfer conducted from corporation A’s holding company in Japan to their branch factory in China with the second skill transfer conducted by the branch factory in China to the grandchild factory in Bangladesh. Concretely, this paper discusses how these skill transfers have been conducted by disclosing each corporation’s organization. The second skill transfer has two problems—the gender asymmetrical labor force allocation in the Bangladeshi factory and language—and consequently it is difficult to transfer the high-level skills of Chinese technicians to Bangladeshi workers. Finally, this paper shows some possibilities for the second skill transfer.

application/pdf, 紀要論文, This paper focuses on the politics of the rural-urban border in Beijing during the shift of gender regimes at the beginning of the Reform and Open Door Policy. For discussion, I adopt the analogy of double tiers of “reservoir” referring women and peasants as two labor sources in Mainland China. In early 1980s when the urban economy started the rationalization of female labor, All China Women’s Federation (ACWF) and the local Women’s Federations (WF) took all kinds of efforts to prevent women workers’ withdrawal from their production activities. One of their strategies was to establish intermediate services for domestic workers. While extending this service for urban households, the Beijing WF became involved in the migration process and labor management of peasants to secure reproductive labor in the urban area. This paper examines the re-articulation process of the tiers of the “reservoir” by referring to the articles in the ACWF newspaper and other publications.

application/pdf, 紀要論文, This paper discusses the problems faced by women migrants when they return to their place of origin by analyzing a case of Filipina migrant domestic workers who joined a “reintegration program” organized by a non-governmental organization (NGO) in Hong Kong. The return of women migrants is a consequence of various forms of negotiations among four main stakeholders: women migrants themselves, their families in the Philippines, NGOs, and the Philippine government. This paper focuses on the ways which women migrants distribute their economic resources accumulated through migratory labor to their household members. Such distribution is analyzed at two levels: at the “family” level which serves as an apparatus where existing gender ideology functions and the level of “transnational household” which functions to spend income transferred from the migrant women. Interviews with Filipina domestic workers highlight the differences in forms of return among cooperative savings group members. Factors which affect the degree of women’s involvement to the group include the length of stay overseas, their commitment to achieve life cycle events, and the relationship with their families in the Philippines.

北見工業大学では工学部1年の必修科目である物理学実験の一つのテーマとして, 雪結晶生成実験を2006年10月から開始し, 2009年1月末までにすでに1000人程度の学生がこの実験を実施してきた. この実験の特徴は東洋製作所製の市販の実験装置(結晶雪の観察装置)を8台使い, 8人が同時に「自分の雪結晶」を1時間程度で生成できるようにした事である. 本稿は, 北見工業大学で使用している実験装置の特徴, 実験方法, 生成できる雪結晶を紹介し, 小学校から大学までの学校教育において雪結晶生成実験を実施する際の参考例となることを意図する. 使用している実験指導書は送付可能であるので, 興味をもたれた方は問い合わせていただきたい. : Snow crystal formation experiments have been conducted as an element of the "Experiments of Fundamental Physics" course at Kitami Institute of Technology(KIT)since October 2006. The course is a required subject for freshmen at KIT. Most of the freshmen(410 persons per year) have performed the experiment, with a total of 1000 students by January 2009. The remarkable feature of this experiment is that eight students can simultaneously form snow crystals using eight sets of experimental apparatus. A commercial "experimental apparatus for snow crystal formation" product from Toyo Engineering Works Ltd. was used. This paper describes the experimental apparatus，the snow crystals and experimental conditions at KIT. This paper may assist readers interested in introducing experiments in snow crystal formation into classrooms in schools and universities., application/pdf

application/pdf, 紀要論文, Islamic Revivals are widespread in Islamic countries. Numerous attempts have been made by scholars to show the meaning of this phenomenon. But only a few attempts have so far been made to examine gender relationships within this period of Islamic revival. This paper will explore the relationship between Islamic discourses and the lives of Egyptian Muslim women. By examining the work of two obscure female preachers we will uncover more information about women’s survival strategies, as well as their daily routines and ways of applying Islamic discourses to improve their daily lives. This paper will illustrate how Egyptian women use Islamic discourses on a day-to-day basis. It will analyse their activity using the concepts of ‘authority’ and ‘authenticity’. With the advent of the 21st century, the number of Islamic colleges for women has expanded, especially in Cairo. This phenomenon reflects women’s growing desire for knowledge about Islam during Egypt’s Islamic revival. It comes against the background of rising female literacy rates,higher academic achievement by urban dwelling women. These changes laid the groundwork for the emergence of women into the arena of Islamic discourse. Power struggles take place in the form of discourse. This has had tremendous impact and meaning.

application/pdf, SCPJ stands for "Society Copyright Policies in Japan"; a database provides a list of Japanese academic societies' copyright conditions. It is necessary to confirm the copyright policy of the journals and treat copyright of the papers appropriately in order to upload the papers published in scholarly journals to IRs. Then, in 2006, University of Tsukuba, Kobe University, Chiba University started SCPJ project funded by National Institute of Informatics, then built and opened SCPJ database, showing the status of permission to upload the papers of the academic society in Japan to IRs. In this paper, first, we describe outline of SCPJ project and database. Next, we report usage of SCPJ, suggest the value, and consider the situation of permission to upload the papers to IR of Japanese journals via data analysis of SCPJ. Finally we suggest some ideas as future direction.

application/pdf, 本稿では、現代宗教論の重要テーマの一つである宗教と個人について、より一般性の高い議論を行うために私事化論を再構築する。従来のルックマン流の理論では、私事化は宗教の拡散化と私的領域への撤退を招くとされた。だが世俗化論修正派の論著では、当該地域の社会文化的文脈との交渉も含めた私事化が論じられる。つまり、私事化とは個人が意味調達のために支配的文脈と駆け引きする中で生起する過程だと言える。本稿は、これを従来の私事化の個人主義モデルに対する文脈依存モデルとして提示した。両モデルの本質的差異は意味の問題にある。個人主義モデルは近代世界における意味の問題を捨象し、そこから私事化による宗教の細分化の議論を導いた。一方、文脈依存モデルの観点からは、私事化した宗教も、よりマクロな次元との連関の下に捉えられ、宗教と個人の関係性をめぐる問いも、より大きな問題系の中に定位される。 This paper tries to reconstruct the theory of privatization in order to argue more generally the relationship between religion and the individual in the modern world, which is one of the most important themes in contemporary religion. According to Luckmann or the advocates of the orthodox model of secularization, the process of privatization causes the diffusion and withdrawal to the private sphere of religion. This can be called the "Individualism model" of privatization. The revisionists of the secularization theory connect the process with the socio-cultural context of religion. Privatization is the process where individuals negotiate with the dominate context in order to acquire meaning. This paper calls it the "Context-dependence model" of privatization. The fundamental difference between both models is whether it regards the matter of meaning or not. The Individualism model omits the importance of the process of meaning in the modern world, and comes to the conclusion that privatization causes the fragmentation of religion. On the contrary, from the perspective of the Context-dependence model, privatized religion also can be grasped with a more macro dimension, and then the question about the relationship between religion and the individual can be located within a greater problematique.

application/pdf, 学術雑誌論文, The measurement of children's academic achievements and the explanation of differences between social classes should not be dismissed by sociologists of education. Although inequality is a major theme of the field, the sociology of education has lacked empirical evidence on the structure of disparities in academic achievements. This is partly due to the difficulties involved in collecting sufficient data on academic achievement through schools. In and after 2002, studies were begun on the relationship between academic achievement and social class in Japan. At the time, schools were being heavily criticized within the context of the debate over falling children's academic achievements. Some significant surveys were administered at that time, though they were small in number. However, they left some important issue to be solved. The first is that analyses of the determinants of academic achievement are inadequate for clarifying what factors will diminish class differences in achievement. The second concerns the reliability and validity of the variables collected. In particular, variables on the economic conditions\ of households are lacking. Finally, the surveys were conducted only in large cities. This paper examines the factors that affect children's academic achievements, and the extent of the effect of such factors, through an analysis of the data of the Japan Education Longitudinal Study 2003 (JELS2003). JELS2003 was conducted in two areas: one a middle-sized city within the capital metropolitan areas, and the other a small local city. It also contains variables about the economic conditions of households. The major findings of the paper are as follows. 1. In the small local city, the differences of academic achievement between social classes were relatively small. 2. In the middle-sized city within the metropolitan area, children's academic achievements were affected by the level of monthly educational expenses, level of educational expectations of the child, and income level of the family. Inequalities in children's academic achievements in our society should be grasped in the context of the substitution of "parentocracy" for meritocracy.

application/pdf, In Japan, disparities in high schools showed an increasing tendency until the end of the 1970s. Since that time, attempts have been made to analyze and reduce these disparities, both in the field of sociology of education and educational reforms. This paper aims to re-examine the challenges in both fields and to elucidate their positive outcomes and limitations, and in addition, to point out a new perspective for future challenges in this area. Academically, the study of disparities began with the application of the concept of "tracking." At the beginning, many types of evils caused by disparities were problematized, and the concept of "tracking" was adopted to document the situation. The concept of "tracking" was compatible with functionalism, which was the main theoretical stream in the sociology of education at that time. The concept of "tracking" was originally used in studies of high schools in the United States to reveal the fact that there were invisible mechanisms for the selection of students in open curriculum systems. However, in Japan, the concept was used to report the fact that there were great differences in the inner processes of schools and subjective aspects of students based on school disparities. In other words, the concept was used to point out the effects of the disparities. As a result, the study of disparities has been developed as the study of "tracking effects." It can be said that studies of the tracking effect could have contributed to investigations of the inner processes of schools and subjective aspects of students. But instead, they took a macro perspective from the studies of school disparities. As a result, disparities were not examined in relation to social structures. Politically, there are two ways to reduce disparities in schools. One is to control the level of achievement of new students in order to prevent the emergence of differences among schools (input control). The other is to control educational activities in the schools to ensure that tracking effects do not take place in each school (through-put control). Since the late 1970s, input controls have been carried out through reforms of the entrance examination system of high schools and improvements of the guidance system of junior high schools. However, these controls were too indirect to reduce school disparities. In other words, whether they could reduce the disparities or not depended on their ability to change students' standards for school choice, which were indeed subjective. Through-put controls have been carried out as reforms of high schools. High school reforms after the 1980s were generally seen as an attempt to weaken classifications and frames of education. Logically, it seemed that these efforts led to a limitation of tracking effects in each school and to a reduction in school disparities as a whole. However, these attempts were not effective as they lacked a grand design and were done separately for each school. Challenges to the school disparities in both fields mentioned above seems to be homologous. They share the fact that they look at the disparities from a narrow perspective, only in relation to inner processes of each school or the subjective aspect of students. School disparities are social disparities. For example, they involve class differences among the enrolled students, and are related to regional differences. Consequently, in order to reduce school disparities, it is necessary to see them in their social context. The conclusion of this paper, by introducing recent challenges to school disparities, proposes this new perspective.

application/pdf, In this paper, we propose for laryngectomees a new kind of an artificial larynx, whose source noises are not periodic pulses but random noise. This idea is motivated by a mouth-resonating instrument referred to in a Chinese literature of the North Song period, Mukei Hitudan 夢渓筆談. The speech generation mechanism by this instrument is very simple. When, with the instrument applied to the mouth of the performer, the user conducts pantomimed articulations under sustained glottal stop activity, while making noises from it, the friction noises from the mouth instrument will be instantaneously and momentarily transformed into speech sounds. We designed a speaking system composed of a model larynx with a friction noise generator inside, and a VOCODER attached to it. The speech generation by a laryngectomee using this system proceeds in the following way. In the first step, the user makes friction noises from the artificial larynx being propagated in the mouth cavity, while conducting simultaneous articulations, and then out of the mouth is momentarily produced a kind of whispered speech or random noise-sourced speech. In the second step, the random noise-sourced speech is applied to the VOCODER, through which it is by now reshaped in the respects of its spectral envelope into speech sounds with voiced-voiceless distinction. The paper consists of three chapters. The first chapter is devoted to the problems inherent in three kinds of speech aid methods, Tapia’s artificial larynx, an electric buzzer, and an oesophageal phonation. The second chapter deals with interrelations between whispered speech, laryngectomee’s speech and jews-harp speech, from which is introduced the idea of a random noise-sourced artificial larynx attached to a VOCODER. The third chapter contains experimental results which are intended to exemplify its voiced-voiceless distinguishing capability.

application/pdf, 学術雑誌論文, Since the later half of the 1990s, lack of adaptability of children to the educational setting has been explained through the new medical category of "developmental disabilities." In this paper, medical intervention is conceived of as "medicalization," and the educational setting is focused on and inspected. In particular, the paper focuses on "developmental disabilities" as a medical diagnosis characterized by uncertainty, situational dependence and feelings of resistance toward labeling, and clarifies how these characteristics are interpreted in the educational setting. Section 1 reviews previous studies that look critically at the elements of medicalization, pointing out the characteristics and problems of "developmental disabilities" as medicalization. (1) The elements of "developmental disabilities" are vague despite the fact that they are medical concepts, and consequently there is a lack of scientific grounds, standardized tests and treatment. This enables interpretation by a diverse range of knowledge. (2) These disabilities function as a form of "risk management." This study dynamically analyzes how these\ medical diagnoses are interpreted in the educational setting, with the aim to approach the reality of medicalization. Section 2 summarizes the research method which was used in the interview research of nine teachers. Section 3 examines medicalization in children, first from the viewpoint of responsibility and the role and position of children. The viewpoint of medical treatment has made rapid advances through the intervention of institutionalized medicine. Medical labeling exempts parents and teachers from responsibility, based on the assumption that the problem is a "disability." In this way, the children are obliged to play the "sick role." Parents and teachers sometimes display feelings of rejection or resistance toward medical labeling. In addition, uncertainty regarding the cause of the "developmental disability" creates difficulties in medical practice. However, the feelings of rejection and the medical uncertainty can be minimized by medical practice and interpretation in the educational setting.

application/pdf, 会議発表論文, Conventional scrolling methods for small sized display in PDAs, mobile phones or smal pen computers are difficult to use when frequent switching of scrolling and editing operations are required, for example, browsing and operating large sized WWW pages. In this paper, we propose a new user-interface method to provide seamless switching between scrolling and other operations such as editing, based on “Paperweight Metaphor”. A sheet of paper that has been placed on a slippery table is difficult to draw on. Therefore, in order to write or draw something on the sheet of paper, a person must secure the paper with his/her palm to avoid the paper from moving. This will be a good metaphor to design switching operation of scroll and editing modes. We have made prototype systems by placing a touch sensor under each PDA and pen computer display where user’s palm will be hit. We also have developed application programs to browse maps, WWW pages and photographs, which switch scrolling and other operation mode by the sensor output, and have evaluated them.

application/pdf, 学術雑誌論文, The aim of this paper is to analyze how part-time evening high school students change the self-definitions which they have once constructed, and also to reconsider from a sociological perspective the educational significance of part-time high schools that contribute to this process of redefinition. This paper looks at part-time evening high schools, which have generally been overlooked in the recent reforms of high school education. These schools were established after World War II to serve young working people, based on the fundamental ideology of equal educational opportunities. They contributed to the universalization of high school education. However, in recent years the number of such schools has been decreasing. The students absorbed into those schools have been placed as the bottom of the credentialist hierarchy, and have been analyzed as such in sociological studies. However, part-time evening high schools are unique public educational institutions, organized primarily for a diverse variety of working students both in age and in career. Thus, it is very important to investigate the role they play as educat\ ional institutions for adolescents and what actual conditions they are in from a sociological perspective. This also leads to a reconsideration of educational reform. The paper draws the following conclusion: from the narrative of part-time evening high school about how they decided to make a new commitment to their schools and society, it emerged that they use various resources in the process of re-defining themselves, such as the distribution of time, and identity based on schools, occupations and other human relationships. Information also acts as a resource for them. Therefore, this paper focuses on the organization of resources: time, information, and identity (Sandra Wallman, 1984). Moreover the results of the analysis confirm that after entrance into a part-time evening high school, students gain wider choices in their activities as organizing resources. This is peculiar to part-time evening high schools. Therefore, through their personalities, the motives and sense of value of their own social, educational environments is realized as this paper closely analyzes their narratives as a process of absorbing organizing resources. At the same time the following two aspects that exist in the institution of part-time evening hig\ h school are obtained. First, there is an opportunity for education to get new relations and knowledge. The second and more important finding is that there are possibilities for self re-definitions as unexpected consequences. (1) Many students gain experience working. This makes them to reconsider the "inside" of the school. (2) There is a process of "symbiosis" which is un-artificial at school. Finally, students need the processes of self redefinitions through various interactions, from which for the first time they can shoulder their 'self-decision' and 'self-responsibility' subjectively. Through its examinations, this paper attempts to present one perspective for reconsidering educational reforms. Accordingly, it is necessary to continue to focus on this issue.

application/pdf, 紀要論文, This paper will approach the global phenomenon of modern girl through Shiseido's corporative strategies. The significance of Shiseido derives from the following three factors: 1)its advertisement strategy, 2)its strategy of cultural enlightenment and American style chainstore management model, and 3) the dual character (luxury and military material) of perfumed cosmetic soap as an international commody. Based on these elements, the paper will discuss in what ways the late-comer and colonial characteristics of Japanese capitalism, itself incorporated in the world system, are inscribed in the representations of modern girl.

application/pdf, 紀要論文, As part of an international collaborative research on modern girl and colonial modernity in East Asia, this paper focuses on the case of Okinawa. Despite the limited size of population of around 100,000 in the 1920’s and 30’s, and the poorly developed urban consumer culture, evidence shows that there was indeed a modern girl phenomenon in the capital city of Naha. How and why was this possible? Who were these modern girls? Where did they come from? In dealing with the conundrum of the modern girl question in the remote island of Okinawa, this paper casts light on the importance of mobility among young women belonging to the emerging new elite families and the migratory networks that linked them to Tokyo, Osaka and other cities of the Empire. The paper is divided into three parts. The first part examines the emergence of girls’school culture in the early 20th century Okinawa, as a prerequisite of both “new women” and modern girls. Schools, a core institution of assimilation policy, were at the same time the locomotive for stimulating the desire for mobility. The second part focuses on the role of Iha Fuyu's intellectual circle in fostering “new women” and their cultural exodus to Tokyo in mid-1920’s will be discussed. The third examines and analyzes portrait pictures of young women, daughters of the new Okinawan elite, published in the newspapers in 1934, and will reveal the politics of cultural capital and gender sought by modern girls and their parents through the practices of yugaku (or pursuing one’s studies in the urban centers outside of Okinawa).

application/pdf, 紀要論文, This paper discusses the implications of overseas migration as domestic workers, for the life course of Filipino women migrants, especially those who are single and without children. Focusing on the transformation of intra-household gender relations, this paper analyzes the intersection of two respective time flow, the continuity of overseas employment and the women’s life course including marriage and childbirth. The women discussed in this paper started their overseas work as singles, then proceeded to marriage and childbirth in the Philippines; at the same time they continued their work abroad. For these women migrants and their household members, the negative concept of “absent mother,” which is often used in the context of social problem to describe the women who migrate overseas, is seldom recalled. These women’s accumulated experience of transnational migration are recognized as a certain “career” within their newly formed households through marriage, thus the continuity of overseas employment is not interrupted by life events such as marriage and childbirth. It suggests that the emergence of the women’s transnational life course that balances the local gender norm and overseas work, as well as the possibility of a transnational “career” established within the new life course, gradually transforms the local gender norm itself.

application/pdf, 紀要論文, Abortion and contraception were illegal in post-war Okinawa under U.S.military occupation, a period when the Eugenic Protection Law was not enforced because of the strong opposition from the U.S. Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands. While illegal abortion played a significant role in the Okinawa’s fertility transition under U.S. military control, contraception came to play a greater role under the ban after the mid-1960s. This paper explores the politics behind the diffusion of contraception in Okinawa under U.S. military occupation, focusing on the birth control movement by Okinawan midwives as a dawn of the local concept of ”reproductive health and rights.” The paper mainly highlights the following three points:(1)the reality and the reasons for illegal abortions of Okinawan women, (2)the relationship between unwanted pregnancies and the U.S. military presence, and (3) the reasons and the process of the diffusion of contraception after the mid-1960s in Okinawa. I analyze the oral histories of Okinawan midwives, obstetricians, and family planners at the time, as well as archival documents, to provide a clear picture of the birth control movement by local midwives for the cause of Okinawan women’s ”reproductive health and rights,” and how this movement was transformed phase by phase into a ”family planning movement.

application/pdf, 学術雑誌論文, Educational science is criticized for its ineffectiveness in treating actual problems that occur in schools or other educational settings. This situation should prompt researchers to conduct intensive investigations from a so-called "clinical" perspective. This article discusses the issue of how educational sociologists can contribute to this project. Because educational sociology has recently come to be seen as constituting a major part of educational sciences in Japan, it should bear some responsibilities for this discussion. First, this paper discusses the definition of the concept of "clinical" in the field of educational sociology. Some educational sociologists have offered definitions different from those of clinical psychologists, who hold hegemonic positions in the "clinical" sciences of education. It is contended here that the word "clinical" should be used in order to deal with more problematic matters, and a proposal is made that the main task of clinical educational sociology is to relativize our commonsense understanding of problems from a constructionist perspective, in order to find novel solutions.\ Secondly, the paper examines the stance that the field of educational sociology should take toward the "clinical" mode in educational sciences. In particular, the field must consider how to interpret and treat the phenomenon where many people are interested in their "inner selves." It is suggested that although sociologists criticize this trend, it should be accepted principally as one of the characteristic aspects of the postmodern era. Third, an examination is made of the methodological issues of clinical educational sociology. If "clinical" is defined from a constructionist framework, educational sociologists are involved in reconstructing the discourse of people who suffer from serious problems. If researchers want to contribute to the research field directly, it is possible to adopt the method of action research. When applying this method, there is a need to examine carefully the researcher's relationship to the field.

application/pdf, 90年代のインターネットの爆発的な広がりによって我々の情報環境は大きく様変わりした。このことは図書館の環境にも大きな影響を与え,電子図書館が注目され,研究開発が盛んに行われてきた。本稿では,これまでの研究開発を振り返り,電子図書館を指向した情報技術の研究プロジェクト,図書館を基礎にしたサービスにおける取り組み,インターネットの視点から見た電子図書館の取り組みについて述べる。その後,相互運用性,ディジタルコンテンツの長期保存といった電子図書館における課題について,メタデータを中心にした視点から述べ,IFLAのFRBRモデルやOAIS参照モデルなどを紹介する。 The explosive development of the Internet and WWW has changed our information environment. It has greatly promoted libraries to move forward toward digital libraries. Firstly, this paper briefly describes the R&D activities for digital libraries in the information technologies area since 1990's. Secondly, it describes typical digital library functions provided by operational digital libraries. Thirdly, it describes a few topics on digital libraries from the viewpoint of the Internet, which include metadata issues and Semantic Web. Lastly, the paper discusses a few critical issues for digital libraries for further development, which include interoperability and preservation. These issues are primarily described from the viewpoint of metadata.

application/pdf, The aim of this paper is to investigate the components of new literacy on the paradigm of current research in literacy. Identifying the most important components in literacy education is also one of the main issues. Literacy education in post-modern time needs to shape the learner's consciousness of language criticism with learner-centered approach. This paper consists of three main points. Firstly, the problems in Japanese language education as a mother tongue are clarified. They are as follows : 1) The concept of functional literacy has not yet been accepted in Japan, so the concept of literacy is usually defined as minimal literacy. 2) The research results on the learning processes of literacy are few. 3) The concept of literacy based on the 'ideology model' of Brian Street was lacking in literacy research until now. 4) There is no idea of literacy learning as a social practice in learner-centered classrooms. Secondly, for resolving the problems so far, literacy learning needs to be re-structured, requiring learners to be conscious of language as an identity-maker. Thirdly, the controversial points are put in order by reviewing the arguments related to making language consciousness in the UK and Australia. To sum up, the 'Language awareness movement' in the UK since about 1980 has the problem that the practical methods and the content are made by applied linguistic approach. 'Critical literacy education' in Australia since about 1990 also has the same problem ; the methods and the content are made by applied sociological approach. These applied scientific approaches are apt to pay no attention to learning processes concerned with learner's self-consciousness. Finally, I propose introducing the original term 'consciousness of language criticism' for new literacy education, giving some examples of classroom practices. Language criticism is for everyone to criticize their own languages openly and make them better for their own good. Every learner should study their own languages through activating their existing knowledge about language. It cannot be emphasized too strongly that the way of making individuals conscious of their languages is to form a connection with their own experiences.

application/pdf, ディジタル化時代の新聞では,記事のデータベース利用が増え,また速報記事が増すことで,記事が価値から離れ,事実の報道が尊ばれる。データベース利用される記事は,新聞紙面上の記事と異なり,何面に記事があるか,見出しの大きさがどの位あるかといった価値づけから解放される。その意味で検索者が主体的に個々の記事に臨める。しかしこれらの記事は,記事の置かれた背景や文脈を失う。各種データベースが充実しているディジタル化時代においても,新聞切り抜き業務が存在している理由も,このような記事の置かれた文脈・背景を重視し,さらにそれらを切り抜きのイメージ情報によって思い出す点に関係しよう。 In the digital age, people tend to use databases of articles of papers, and they respect the reports of the facts, not the reports of the values. The articles on the databases release from value judgments whereas the articles on the papers are restrained by them. So the articles on the databases contribute the promotion of the interactivity between the sender and the reciever of communications. But the articles on the databases lose the contexts of the articles. The reason why the clipping works exist in the digital age relates to the estimation for the contexts and the values.

本論文は橋梁全体の資産価値を評価するため，まず橋梁各部材の資産的評価を計算する手法を検討した。これまでの多くの橋梁の施工実績経費から橋梁各部材の単価的な建設必要経費を算出するとともに，橋梁全体の初期建設費としての資産価値を評価できる手法を検討した。また橋梁点検要領による点検結果のランクを損傷係数として用いて現存する橋梁の現在の残存資産価値を算出した。これらの残存資産価値と初期建設費との比を橋梁健全度指数（BHI）と呼び，現存する橋梁の劣化を考慮した健全度をあらわす指標とした。またこれらの健全度指数についての解析結果を著者らが前論文1)において解析した橋梁総合健全度に関する解析結果と比較検討して，橋梁健全度指数（BHI）の有効性について検討した。:As bridge is a part of road network and social asset, the asset value of bridge is dealt with in this paper. Degradation of member is considered as the decrease of asset value. To evaluate the asset value of a whole bridge, each asset value of structural member is investigated. Taking each structural dimension into account, the initial cost of a whole bridge can be calculated as an asset value. Inspection data given by bridge inspection manual is used as deterioration factor and present remaining asset value is evaluated including deterioration. Taking the ratio between a remaining asset value and initial cost, the ratio is called Bridge Health Index (BHI). And those result of BHI is compared with the result of previous paper 1) and validity of BHI is analyzed., application/pdf

application/pdf, 学術雑誌論文, The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship in a male secondary school between the school's selection of students and students' choices of paths based on different strategies of social classes (new and old middle classes) in modern Japan, focusing on the phenomena of repeating and withdrawal. Prior studies which have examined the social function of secondary schools have failed to analyze the inner selection process of schools in relation to the social classes of students. They have examined repeating, i.e. failing to advance to the next year, and withdrawal as very individual events, without any influence from social classes, although they have examined the influence of social classes at the time of entrance and graduation from schools. The hypothesis of this paper is that there is the relationship between repeating/withdrawal and the social classes of students. The following findings are obtained (1) There are few differences among social classes regarding the repeating and withdrawal ratio ; (2) Examination scores affect students' paths, through repeating and withdrawal ; (3) Concerning repeating, s\ tu dents from the new middle class are more likely to graduate from the school, and those from the old middle class to withdraw ; (4) Reg arding withdrawal, students with high exam records or who are from the new middle class tend to transfer to other schools, and those who have low exam records or who are from the old middle class tend to take care of personal affairs ; and (5) Among withdrawees who have high exam records, those from the new middle class are more likely to transfer to other schools than those from the old middle class. On the contrary, among withdrawees with low exam records, those from the old middle class are more likely to give up their learning in educational institutions after dropping out than those from the new middle class. From these results, the following conclusion can be drawn. Male secondary schools is basically ruled by the achievement principle. Social classes, however, have their own strategies on how to survive after the inner selection. It is possible there is a social structural influence on repeating and withdrawal among students in male secondary schools.

application/pdf, 学術雑誌論文, 本論では、日本の大学における教養教育の分野でなし得ている、女性学・ジェンダー研究の貢献について検討する。 従来の定義に従えば、教養教育の役割は、人文学と自然科学の幅広く基礎的な「知」の習得を通じて、学生たちを良く均整のとれた人間に成長させるように促すことであるが、第二次女性解放運動後、その「知」は、ジェンダー化(性別に関わる偏向がある状態)されていると認識されるようになった。ジェンダーは、我々の社会組織や自分自身の経験の最も基本的な構成物の一つである。また、ジェンダー関係を理解することは、地域的にも世界的にも、社会変化の過程と現代の社会生活を理解するための中心と言える。それ故、大学の教養教育にジェンダーの視点を組み入れることは、重要なことである。他の国々と比較すると、日本ではそんなに多くの大学ではないが、女性学・ジェンダー研究を提供している。国立婦人教育会館が行った調査によれば、1996年で351の大学が、女性学・ジェンダー論の講座を開設しているが、学部レベルで女性学・ジェンダー研究の学位を取得できる大学は皆無であり、大学院レベルでは城西国際大学とお茶の水女子大学で修士と博士の学位を習得できるのみである。 本論では、一章で、日本の大学において見られるジェンダー・バイアスの様々な局面について、大学の女性教員数が少ないことを含め、論じている。二章では、日本の大学における女性学・ジェンダー論講座の概況について述べている。三章では、女性学・ジェンダー論講座を登録する学生が増えているいくつかの理由について考察している。その理由の一つには、この講座を教える者たちが用いる革新的な教育方法にある。四章では、女性学・ジェンダー研究が提供する「新しい知」に直面した学生の反応をいくつか記述している。 日本の教育システムは、一般に学生たちの経験から分離した様々な知を暗記して吸収するよう教えられることが普通である。しかし、本論で示すように、学生たちは、女性学・ジェンダー論を履修して、知がどのように構築されているかを知るようになり、同時に、既存のシステムを疑い、挑戦し、新しい知を構築する力を得ることを実感する。さらに、ジェンダー・アイデンティティが社会的文化的に構築されるという気付きは、社会的な慣習や規範に縛られることなく、自分のアイデンティティを構築し、新たな未来を発見する可能性を開くようになる。また、女性学・ジェンダー論は、公的領域でのジェンダー化された権力関係を見ることも可能にする。例えば学生たちは、少年のグループによって,女子高校生が連れ去られ、強姦され、殺された時の、メディアの報道における隠されたジェンダー・バイアスを見つける。日本の法システムにおいて、強姦犯に課する罰の軽さと同様に、強姦の被害者に対する警察の扱いが軽いことに、男子学生、女子学生に限らず、学生たちは警告を発するようになることにも触れている。, This paper also touches upon how students, both female and male, became sensitive to the way rape victims were treated by the police. They also realized the lightness of the penalty imposed on the culprits of rape in the Japanese legal system. Once they understand that both knowledges and social systems are genderized, it is easier for them to understand that the Declaration of Human Rights in the French Revolution or the idea of republicanism, for example, exclude women. They also understand the way modem science has encompassed sex and race discrimination. Such awareness encouraged them to think about the importance of creating new knowledges Which are not gender biased. In many countries, the importance and usefulness of gender analysis are recognized in various fields. I therefore argue that women's/gender studies perspectives should be incorporated more fully in "kyoyo kyoiku" in all the universities in the twenty-first century., 一端、社会システムも知もジェンダー化されていることを認識すると、例えば、フランス革命における人権宣言や共和制の理念が、女性を排除したことの意味を、学生たちはたやすく理解する。さらに、近代科学が女性と人種に対し差別化したことも知り得る。このような気付きは、ジェンダー・バイアスのない新しい知を創ることが重要と考えるように彼らを力づける。 多くの国で、様々な分野におけるジャンダー分析が、有益であり重要であると認識されている。それ故、21世紀においては、すべての大学の教養教育に、女性学・ジェンダー研究の視点が含まれるべきであると思われる。\\r\\\ \\r\\\ In this paper, I will examine the contribution of women's studies/gender studies in the area of "kyoyo kyoiku" (Liberal/General Education) in Japanese universities. According to the traditional definition, the role of "kyoyo kyoiku" is to assist the development of well-balanced personality among university students through the acquisition of broad-based knowledge in Arts and Sciences. But after the second wave of women's movement, it is generally accepted that "knowledge" is genderized. Gender is one of the most fundamental structures of our social organization and our experiences of ourselves. An understanding of gender relations is therefore central to an understanding of contemporary social life and processes of social change, locally and globally. It is therefore important to include gender perspectives in "kyoyo kyoiku" at the universities. Com-pared to other countries, however, not many Japanese universities offer women's/gender studies. According to the survey done by the National Women's Education Center in 1996, 351 universities have such courses but none offers a degree course at the undergraduate level. And at the graduate level, Josai International University and Ochanomizu University offer M.A. and Ph.D.degrees. Section One discusses various aspects of gender bias found in Japanese universities, including the under-representation of female faculty members. Section Two introduces a general survey of women's/gender studies courses offered in various Japanese universities. Section Three considers several reasons for the increase in the number of students enrolling in women's/gender studies courses. One reason is the innovative method of teaching employed by those who teach the courses. Section Four describes some of the students' reactions, when they are confronted with "new knowledge" offered by women's/gender studies. In the Japanese education system, students are normally instructed to memorise and absorb "knowledge" which is remote from their own experiences. But this paper shows that when students are exposed to women's/gender studies, they come to see how "knowledge" is constructed, and realize that they have the power to challenge /question the old value system and construct a new one. Furthermore, the awareness of how gender identities are socially/culturally constructed opens the possibility of constructing their own identity without being bound by social convention and thus of discovering a new future. Women's/gender studies also enable them to see the gendered power relationship in public arena. For example, upon examining an incident when a high school girl was kidnapped, raped and murdered by a group of youths, most students taking these courses were able to see the hidden gender bias in mass media.

application/pdf, 学術雑誌論文, The purpose of this paper is to analyze the transformation of the process of choosing subjects in a "Sogo Sentaku-sei" High School. "Sogo Sentaku-sei" or "Sogo Gakka" senior high schools have attracted much attention in recent educational reform policies, since they are different from the conventional senior high-school system, by allowing students to make their own curriculum. However, recent studies have pointed out that these schools in fact restrict a students' capacity to choose their own subjects, thereby going against the purpose of this policy. In order to properly carry out high-school reformation policies today, the causes of this phenomenon must be analyzed. This paper will attempt to investigate how and why these schools have come to restrict the students' capacity to choose their own subjects, based on ethnographic research at "A High School", one of the leading "Sogo Sentaku-sei" high schools in Japan. The results of the research are as follows : In the beginning, the teachers of A High School did not restrict students' choice of subjects. Eventually, however, restrictions were imposed because of\ the problem of time cards organization. Then a few years later, the teachers of the minor 'gakukei'-which are loose courses- allowed students to select their own subjects because they wanted to give specialized lessons and to secure enough schooltime for them. Major 'gakukei' teachers who couldn't control the subjects which students would be taught because of the number of students demanded to increase the number of credits of the obligatory subjects. This demand was related to the problem of the school's overall reputation of sending students to universities. In this way, the students' ability to choose their own subjects was restricted by both of individual teachers' interests and the problem of the school as a whole. These results suggest that the problem of curriculum includes the problem of school management and that it is difficult to change the curriculum, by introducing alternative educational institutions, such as 'Sogo Gakka'.

本論文では，利用者によるフォントや特別なソフトウェアのインストールを必要とせずに，多言語からなるHTML文書のブラウジングを可能とするシステムについて述べる．このシステムは，HTML文書にその文書中に出現する文字のみのフォントを付加した形のMHTML文書と呼ぶ形式のものを作り，それを表示するためのJavaアプレットとともにクライアントのWWWブラウザに送ることにより実現している．MHTML文書には表示に必要なフォントがすべて含まれており，また表示は自動的にダウンロードされるJavaアプレットによって行われるため，クライアントには多言語文書の表示のための特別なソフトウェアのインストールを必要としない．本システムを用いることで，利用者にフォントやソフトウェアのインストールという負担をかけることなく様々な言語の文書の提供を容易に実現できる．In this paper,the authors present a multilingual browsing system of HTML documents for a user who has no font to display documents written in a foreign language or in multiple languages on his/her WWW browser.The system,called the MHTML browsing system,converts a source HTML document into a form called MHTML document which contains the source text string and the minimum set of font glyphs required to display all of the characters contained in the text.An MHTML document is displayed on an off-the-shelf WWW browser by a Jave applet which is loaded onto the WWW browser from the MHTML browsing system.Thus,since all of information and software is supplied from the MHTML browsing system,the user is not required to pre-install anything on his/her WWW browser.This paper describes the design,implementation and evaluation of the MHTML browsing system.It also shows application systems developed on this system,a multilingual electronic collection of Japanese old folk tales and a multilingual browsing service system for WWW documents.

application/pdf, This paper studies how a criminal case is constructed in the interaction process prior to criminal investigation and prosecution, taking up a case of violence to a teacher in a junior high school. Spector and Kitsuse define social problems as the activities of individuals or groups making assertions of grievances and claims with respect to some putative conditions." Accoding to this perspective which we call social constructionism, the best approach to reach the reality of social problems is observation of discourses of grievances and claims in detail. We usually locate violence in the opposite side of speech. But the basis of violence is our linguistic activity regarding a situation as violence. Therefore, violence does not exist a priori in our empirical realm. It does exist in our speech about empirical realm. In this sense, violence is a kind of linguistic usage, and is situated in discourses spoken or written in daily life. A case of violence is created during our linguistic interaction process. The reason why a happening is regarded as a case of violence is employment of social categories of violence in discourses refering to a happening. Consequently, an important subject of social construtionism is making it clear how we interpret situation around us and how we use social categories for that purpose. While we interpret a case, what kind of linguistic resources are called out, and how we use them. This paper pays attention to the chain of discourses refering to a concrete criminal case and the interaction process which creates it, according to the frame of Micro-Politics of Trouble" by Emerson and Messinger, who say that a trouble appears through our talking activities about it during interaction process. Hence it follows that we bargain with each other about interpretation of character of a happening, i.e. politics of description" by Gubrium and Holstein develops in the process of definition of a trouble.

This paper discusses the theoretical concept of English paragraph as opposed to its ambiguity in practice. As for the definition of what an ideal paragraph is, there is fairly general agreement that it is a group of several related sentences that develops one main idea and also that it is usually composed of a topic sentence, supporting sentences, and a concluding sentence. The clarity of the concept, however, seems very doubtful and obscure when various English pafagraphs are analyzed in view of their length and composite parts. Of the 201 expository paragraphs taken from fourteen texts representing newspapers, weekly and monthly magazines, and English textbooks for Japanese EFL learners, only 23 paragraphs are judged as ideal from the viewpoint of length, i.e. the number of sentences contained in each paragraph. Most paragraphs examined in this study are short and judged as exceptional in light of the ideal concept of the English paragraph. Furthermore, qualitative analysis of the 23 ideal examples shows that no concluding sentences are clearly stated in the paragraphs, although many of them contain a topic sentence in various positions. These findings clearly contradict the concept of the ideal Enghsh paragraph and show the great gap between theory and practice. The concept of the English paragraph seems very clear in theory but becomes very obscure if considered practically. This suggests the difficulties we may have in teaching the concept of the English paragraph. In response to this, this paper briefly discusses how to teach paragraph writing／reading in Japanese EFL settings, because teaching the concept of English paragraph is very important for academic essay writing／reading.

application/pdf, 学術雑誌論文, The sociology of the school in Japan has developed, with accumulating monographic studies concerning our own society's schools, as well as eagerly adopting and introducing Western theories and studies in this field. Western paradigms were helpful in our explanation of Japan's educational phenomena, but on the other hand they have interrupted the possible theory-buiding on facts found in our society. The aim of this paper is to review the sociology of the school in Japan, mainly focusing on papers in this Journal since 1950's. In doing so, five stages / loci are distinguished from the viewpoints of main questions and methodologies employed ; (1) The early stage from 50's to 60's : researches on educational opportunities in terms of technical-functionalism ; (2) The second stage from 70's to 80's : researches on universalized secondary education as a "tracking system" (gakkou-kakusa) and its school organization, canalizing students' educational / occupational careers according to their academic achievemnt ; (3) New development of theories on school organization from 80's : shift from bureaucracy-model to lo\ osely-coupled or nationalized myth model ; (4) Recent concern in classroom and curriculum : ethnographic or interactionists' studies, mainly stimulated by the "new sociology of education" or the interpretive approach ; (5) The possibilities of our own theory-building in the sociology of the school distinguished from Western theories. We have failed to consider our edutation and schools from the intrinsic viewpoints of Japan. I conclude with arguing on the direction and method that enables us to build theories in the sociology of the school, that better suits the cultural and social contexts of Japan.

This paper is strongly based on two powerful general theorems proved by Ikebe, et. al in 1993[15] and 1996[13], which will be referred to as Theorem A and Theorem B in this paper. They were recently published and justify the approximate computations of simple eigenvalues of infinite matrices of certain types by truncation, giving an extremely accurate error estimates. So far, they have applied to some important problems in engineering, such as computing the zeros of some special functions, and the eigenvalues of some differential equations. Such applocations include (A) the computation of the zeros of Jv(z)(where Jv(z) denotes the Bessel function of the first kind of order v, (B) the computation of the zeros of z[?](z)+HJ(z), and (C) the (ordinary) EVP (Eigen Value Problem) of the Mathieu differential equation. There are two main objectives in this paper. The first one is to expand the range of applications which either Theorem A or Theorem B may apply. It is shown in this article that for three more such problems, one is enabled to give methods for approximate solutions. They are enumerated as (a) the computation of the zeros of Coulomb wave function FL(η, ρ) and its first derivative, (b) the inverse EVP of the Mathieu differential equation, and (c) the ordinary and inverse EVP of the spheroidal wave equation. With the consideration that the above stated 4 problems (A), (B), (C)(or (b)) and (c)(note that problem (a) is excluded) have something in common in their reformulated forms as infinite matrix eigenvalue problems, the generalization of such eigenvalue problems is attempted. Thus obtained generalized eigenvalue problems may be applied by Theorem B, and also are easily transformed into another type of eigenvalue problems, which is indeed subsumed into the class Theorem A may apply. In fact, this transformed problem can be regarded as the inverse problem to the first one. ･･･, 1999, Includes bibliographical references (p. 88-90)

application/pdf, text/plain, 学位論文, 現在、複数の分子を混合することにより混合物の結晶構造を変える研究がなされているが、このような材料は、X線構造解析で分子配向を調べることができるほど良質の単結晶を得ることは難しい。その代わりに結晶構造に敏感であるSHG効率を結晶構造変化のモニターに利用することができる。しかし、粉末状態で測定されるSHG効率は、従来の方法では定量性に欠けるため、反転対称の有無までしか言えず、細かい議論に進むことはできなかった。本論文では、この系にSHEW法を適用して粉末状態のdを決定し、理論計算との比較から、微結晶内で分子が平行に並んでいることを見いだした。\\r\\\ この手法は、非線形光学材料として開発された材料でなくても、単体の結晶に反転対称性がなければ、原理的にはどんなものにも適用することができる。粉末状態しか得られないような試料に対しても、結晶構造の知見を与えることができるため結晶工学への貢献が期待できる。\\r\\\ この論文は５つの章からなる。まず非線形光学の一般的な背景から入る。その中で特に取り上げている有機非線形光学材料についても述べる。第２章では、測定法として用いたSHEW法の原理を説明する。それを基礎として、粉末のSHEW法の結果を厳密に議論するために、まず単結晶に適用して理論と実験結果の一致を確認した。続いて、粉末試料に適用するために、非線形光学テンソルの空間平均の取り方を示す。第３章では、２章で述べた空間平均を用いた解析を行うことで、新規有機非線形光学材料のdテンソルの成分を求めた。これは、適当な自然成長面が育たなかったためメーカーフリンジだけでは求められなかったものをSHEW法の力を借りて求めたものである。第４章では、同様に空間平均を用いた解析により、２種類の有機物を混合して作製した混晶に適用し、混晶の中では分子がともに平行に並んでいることを示唆した。最後の章ですべてのまとめを行う。, 我々の開発してきた全反射を用いた非線形光学定数測定法が、粉末試料でも定量的な結果が得られることを活用し、粉末状態では従来得られなかった情報が引き出せることを示した。すなわち、新規非線形光学材料の結晶の非線形光学定数dのテンソル成分の導出であり、またdの評価にとどまらず、結晶中の分子の配向状態に関する知見が得られることを示したことである。\\r\\\ ここで用いている非線形光学定数測定法（second-harmonic generation with the evanescent wave法：SHEW法）は、エバネセント波を励起光とすることを特徴とする２次非線形光学定数dの測定法である。高屈折率プリズムと試料を密着させその界面で光を全反射させ、試料表面にわずかにしみこむエバネセント波による２次高調波発生（SHG）を観測する。他の測定法のように基本波・２次高調波のどちらも試料中を透過していくことがないので、基本波・２次高調波の位相速度が一致しないために起こる位相不整合の問題を、この方法では回避することができる。このため、粉末試料を用いても、従来の粉末法に比べより定量的な測定が可能となる。\\r\\\ これまでにSHEW法は、いくつかの既知の粉末有機材料について適用され、実効的なdの値が求まることが示されている。本論文ではまず、SHEW法でdのテンソル成分が求まることを示すために、dテンソル成分と結晶軸方向が明らかな単結晶試料を用いて厳密な解析を行った。その結果、理論値と実験値が一致することを示し、後に述べる粉末結晶へ適用したときの解析の基礎とした。\\r\\\ 粉末試料に適用した場合は、微結晶がランダムに試料中に分布しているので、SHEW信号に現れる非線形光学定数テンソルもそれに伴い、単結晶の場合に用いた式を空間的に平均化したものにしなければならない。ここではこのことを考慮して解析した。これにより、より厳密な議論が可能となり、以下の二つの知見を新たに得ることができた。\\r\\\ 一つは、単結晶を用いる従来の測定法、メーカーフリンジ法では不十分な情報しか得られなかった試料について、粉末試料に対するSHEW法を併用してdのテンソル成分まで求めることができたことである。我々は、この新規有機試料をSHEW法によるスクリーニングによって見いだし、単結晶を作製した。しかし、出ている自然成長面が不適当であったために、メーカーフリンジ法によるdテンソルの各成分を求めることはできなかった。このようなことは、切削・研磨が難しい有機物結晶にしばしば付随する問題である。こうした場合にも、粉末試料で行ったSHEW法の結果でメーカーフリンジ法の結果を補い、分子の非線形性が一次元的と見なしてよいことを明確にし、dテンソルの各成分を求めることができた。\\r\\\ もう一つは、二種の分子を混ぜてつくる混合物に対して、SHEW法を用いてその微結晶中の分子の配向に関する知見を与えたことである。, This technique provides information about the crystal structure of compounds which are difficult to crystallize in single phase, that is, the SHEW technique is expected to contribute to the crystal engineering., The paper describes that a new technique for evaluating the nonlinear optical susceptibility using the total reflection can provide information other than the effective value of nonlinear optical susceptibility for powder samples. The technique provides the elements of the nonlinear optical susceptibility tensor d in spite of using powder samples. Additionally it gives information about the orientation of the molecules in the crystal. \\r\\\ This technique for evaluating the nonlinear optical susceptibility is characterized by using the evanescent wave as an incident wave, thus we call it the second-harmonic generation with the evanescent wave technique (SHEW technique). The evanescent wave is produced by the total reflection at the interface between a sample and a total reflection prism, and the second-harmonic wave generates from the interface. The result of the conventional technique for evaluating the nonlinear optical material in powder form depends not only on the efficiency of the material, but also on the powder size and the birefringent phase-matchability. On the other hand, the SHEW technique provides reasonable results even though using powder samples. This is because the total reflection geometry avoids the fundamental and second-harmonic waves passing through the samples thus the result does not depend on the phase-matchability of the sample.\\r\\\ We have applied the SHEW technique to known organic nonlinear optical materials and have demonstrated that it provides the effective d values. In this paper, firstly we applied the SHEW technique to a single crystal where all the elements of its d tensor are measured for showing that the SHEW technique can provide the d tensor elements. Consequently the calculated value and the measured value agreed thus this result is the base of the analysis in the application to the powder samples.\\r\\\ Secondary we have applied the SHEW technique to powder samples. In this case, the fine crystals oriented randomly in all directions, thus we have to consider that the d value provided by the SHEW technique is the spatially averaged value of each d element. This analysis allows us more detailed discussion and provides the following results.\\r\\\ 1) The Maker fringe technique is known as a useful technique which provides the d elements. However, the requirement for a sample is so severe that even though using a single crystal sample, unless the crystal surface is appropriate, it doesn’t always provide the d elements. A new compound we have developed is just the case, as often-shown in organic molecular crystals which are difficult to cut and polish. Thus we combined the SHEW and the Maker Fringe techniques and found that the molecule can be regarded as a quasi one-dimensional molecule and obtained the d tensor elements.\\r\\\ 2) We applied the SHEW technique to a mixture sample and obtained the molecular orientation. There are many studies to control the crystal structure by mixing different molecules. The molecular orientation of these compounds is difficult to characterize using X-ray diffraction because of the difficulty of obtaining single crystal samples Thus we used the second-harmonic efficiency to monitor the structure change. However, the conventional powder technique cannot measure the second-harmonic efficiency quantitatively. It can only tell whether the sample has a center of symmetry or not, thus it cannot lead to a detailed discussion. In this paper, instead of the conventional technique, we applied the SHEW technique which can provide the d value for powder samples. By comparing the calculated result we found that the molecules are aligned parallel in the fine crystals.\\r\\\ In principle this technique can be applied to any materials lacking a center of symmetry even if it is not developed as a nonlinear optical material., お茶の水女子大学人間文化研究科博士(理学)学位論文・平成9年12月22日授与(乙第73号)

Recently, programming education receives much attention. In order for students to learn programming efficiently, appropriate teaching materials are necessary. I show, in this paper, features of various programming languages (C，Java，Ruby，Gauche，JavaScript). Then I describe a new web teaching material (JSPad) for JavaScript programming education. JSPad is a simple web application to use JavaScript and Canvas API in HTML5.

Handwritten mathematical expression recognition is one of the research fields of handwritten character recognition. Recognition of handwritten mathematical expressions also attracrts attention from the viewpoint of education, and applications that help students whose weak subject are mathematics have also been developed in recent years. In this paper, we focus on handwritten digits recognition. We propose three-step recognition method that consists of support vector machine, artificial neural network and the reevaluation of those results. Experimental results showed that our method achieved 93.4% accuracy for handwritten digit images.

Trademarks are valuable things for companies and organizations around the world. Trademarks can represent standard, quality, service and background image of the companies or the organization. Due to the increasing number of business companies and also trademarks, it is important to have a computerized system that can detect and extract the similarity of trademarks because a new trademark must be different from other registered trademarks. Content-Based Trademark Retrieval (CBTR) can deal with matching and detection of similar and infringement trademarks. In this paper, we propose a region-based shape descriptor that combined Angular Radial Approach (ARA) and histogram of object region of trademark image. To confirm the proposed method, the retrieval results are shown according to the rank values and by using the popular dataset.

application/pdf, 紀要論文, Austerity as a neoliberal public policy is argued to have a negative impact on the level of social reproduction owing to its reduction of social welfare costs and social services, and many feminists point out that women’s conditions of living are getting worse because reproductive work, both paid and unpaid, has been borne primarily by women. On the other hand, a series of trans-national supranational of United Nations on women’s issues and women’s movements of non-governmental organizations have been promoted since the ’70s, and the issues of violence against women and women’s rights have been especially focused upon since the ‘90s. It is argued that this trend would not have been realized without neoliberal globalization because it has an inevitable tendency to weaken the national sovereignty. This paper proposes to estimate growth and empowerment of women’s agency since the ‘70s, in the neoliberal trend in Japan, which has a poor level of welfare state coupled with a strong gender bias. An improvement of women’s conditions could not have been achieved without the mentioned supranational pressures.

application/pdf, 紀要論文, In Japan, male infertility has been shrouded in secrecy for decades. Traditionally, it was assumed that the female was at fault for any problems regarding reproduction; however, male factor infertility has recently become the focus of both medical and political inquiry into Japan’s declining birthrate. The purpose of this paper was to clarify the experience of male infertility by analyzing the narratives of men who had consulted a urologist for treatment. Data were collected from eight male subjects using semi-structured interviews during which the subjects reported their experiences with infertility. Two points have emerged as a result of this research. The first is that most of the subjects sought infertility treatment at the request of their partners. The second point is that the subjects were aware of the issues associated with the diagnosis and that seeking treatment for male infertility is still somewhat taboo in Japan.

We attempt to make an eLearning system for supplementary lesson for Mathematics. In this paper, we analyze the results of the supplementary lessons for mathematics in 2013 and 2014, and discuss usefulness of our eLearning system in the case study of the students who are not good at Mathematics.

What is a realistic aim of learning pronunciation of English as a lingua franca? This paper discusses\nwhat should be taught explicitly in class to non-native speakers of English so that they can speak in a way\nwhich is minimally intelligible to their listeners. Teachers are encouraged to attempt at a systematic instruction\nof English segments and prosody, based on the revised transcription of English pronunciation.

Teachers worked out“ the checklist of developing the plan for units of reading Japanese texts in elementaryschool,” as a step for improving pupils’ language skills. This paper explored how the checklist influenced experimentalgroups. The checklist was based on target analysis of reading proficiency, class models, and models in unit.

We developed an eLearning system in order to provide supplementary lessons in mathematics. In this paper, we introduce how these supplementary lessons were used during 2014 school year, and discuss the practicality of this eLearning system.

The Bulletin of Graduate Engineering and Design Studies of Hosei University will be prepared from camera-ready copy received from authors. All manuscripts should be in Japanese or English. Please follow the instructions printed on this sample paper with regard to the placement of title, authors’ names and affiliations as well as main text.