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A new paper sheet feeding mechanism using a friction force owing to electrostatic adhesion is proposed to realize long-term reliability and reduction in maintenance work. In this mechanism, friction force owing to electrostatic adhesion of an electrostatic pad acts as a resistance force to make paper sheets separate successively instead of a friction force of rubber parts used in the conventional feeding mechanism. The electrostatic pad with comb-type electrodes and whose upper surface is coated with an insulator with high wear resistance generates the resistance force. First, the width of the electrode and the spacing between electrodes of the electrostatic pad that generate a large electrostatic adhesion at the lowest possible voltage are determined from an experiment using the evaluation electrostatic pad. Then, the feed force acting on the first and the second paper sheets, and the resistance force owing to the electrostatic pad are measured by pulling the paper sheets in the separation mechanism. Furthermore, the performance of the paper sheet feeding mechanism is measured while changing the value of the voltage applied to the electrostatic pad. Consequently, it was found that the paper sheets could be accurately fed successively by adjusting the applied voltage to an appropriate value.

Industrial waste generated in the domestic paper industry in Japan was 5.1 million tons in 2015, and after reduction and recycling, 152 thousand tons of the waste was consequently disposed. Organic sludge (paper sludge), which occupies two-thirds of the industrial waste generated in the paper industry, is incinerated for the purpose of volume reduction and thermal recycling, and then it becomes paper sludge ash (PS ash). PS ash is recycled as aggregate, roadbed material in the civil engineering field and cement raw material, but it is necessary to further expand the application and reduce the final disposal amount. From the above background, in this research, the strength characteristics, the durability performance and the environmental impact of low carbon concrete produced by reducing cement usage to 45% by using PS ash as admixture in addition to fly ash and blast furnace slag fine powder, were investigated. Experimental results show that the low carbon concrete produced in this research has long term strength development, and that PS ash does not contribute to long term strength. Moreover, the clay mineral contained in the PS ash has an effect of reducing drying shrinkage by water retention and expansion. With respect to durability performance, neutralization is promoted by decreasing the total cement amount, while salt tolerance resistance is improved. Frost damage resistance tends to decrease. The elution amount of toxic substances is less than the soil environmental standard value.

A versatile method is proposed to predict the shape of a paper model of a three piece brassiere cup. A brassiere cup consists of several cloth and wire parts and the shapes of cloth parts called patterns are determined by repeating creation of a paper cup model, check of its 3D shape, and modification of 2D shapes of patterns. For efficient design of a brassiere cup, prediction of its 3D shape with a simulation is required. The deformed shape of a paper pattern is represented as a single or multiple developable surfaces. So, a model that can represent a pattern both as a single surface and as multiple surfaces is proposed. Which case is selected depends on the magnitude of the potential energy of the pattern in each case. The potential energy of the pattern and geometric constraints imposed on the pattern are formulated based on the model. Minimizing the potential energy under geometric constraints derives the stable shape of the pattern in either case. The validity of the proposed method was verified by comparing predicted and measured 3D shapes of paper models of two types of three piece cups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a group of five articles dealing with interrelations of text and film in the field of Japanese studies. The articles are based on presentations given in February 2016 at a Japanese studies conference hosted by the Seminar of East Asian Studies (Japanology) of Freie Universität Berlin.

In this global age, it is essential for researchers and physicians to carry out research, obtain data, and write papers in English. However, every researcher, physician, and supervisor has experienced the reality that data is available but has not been translated into English. I have authored, supervised, and published about 430 papers in English. However, many other potential papers remain unpublished. In this lecture, I would like to propose and explain 10 points for writing papers in English, and encourage young researchers to use the data they have to write papers in English: 1. Why should you write papers in English? 2. Is it better to translate a Japanese paper into English or write it in English from the start? 3. Have your English checked by a native speaker? 4. Conference presentations are a great opportunity to write papers in English: structured abstracts are mini papers 5. What are the basic skills and knowledge required for writing papers? 6. Make the title of your paper attractive: it should be informative 7. Start with the Materials and Methods and Results: including References, this will make up more than 50% of the paper 8. Gather and organize related papers on a regular basis 9. Revise articles promptly and faithfully in accordance with the reviewers' comments 10. Practicing English presentation by yourself: site translation, shadowing, Siri [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Science Policy & Research Management is the property of Japan Society for Research Policy & Innovation Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of the Japan Research Association for Textile End-Uses / Sen'i Seihin Shohi Kagaku is the property of Japan Research Association for Textile End-Uses / Sen'i Seihin Shohi Kagaku and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Information Science & Technology Association/Joho no Kagaku to Gijutsu is the property of Information Science & Technology Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mechanical properties and water resistance of Pulp/PLA high performance paper for heat molding were investigated in this paper. Especially, the properties of high performance papers before and after heating processes were examined. It is cleared here that the tensile strength can be obtained in the case of 20% content of PLA at heating time 30 min. and temperature 200 °C. And the water absorptiveness of presented paper decreases largely after heating process. The strength of paper under the wet condition decreases gradually with the increase of water. However it was shown that the strength was improved by mixing of PLA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method to predict the shape of a paper model of a two piece brassiere cup is proposed. A brassiere cup consists of several cloth parts referred to as patterns, and wires. The shapes of patterns are designed by repeatedly making a cup model composed of paper patterns and then checking its 3D shape. To reduce such trial and error process, it is required to predict the 3D shape of such model with simulation. As a model is made of paper, each part is inextensible and its deformed surface is developable. Then, the potential energy of a pattern can be represented as a function of its principal curvature and principal direction. Minimizing the potential energy under geometric constraints derives the stable shape of the cup model. The computed shape of a cup almost coincided with the measured shape of an actual paper model. Especially, the shape of the joint line between two patterns was predicted with the average position error of 1.53 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A task force on the management of PTMC in adults organized by the Japan Th yroid Association has published a position paper on how to handle papillary thyroid microcarcinomas （PTMC）, including active surveillance of low-risk PTMC in adults, to solve the problem of overdiagnosis in thyroid carcinoma. Th e task force conducted a systematic review on issues of clinical importance in the areas of epidemiology, surgical outcomes, diagnosis, and active surveillance. The position paper indicates evidence for the increased incidence of PTMC, favorable surgical outcomes for low-risk PTMC, recommended criteria for diagnosis using fi ne needle aspiration cytology, and evaluation of lymph node metastasis （LNM）, extrathyroidal extension （ETE） and distant metastasis. Active surveillance has also been reported with a low incidence of disease progression and no subsequent recurrence or adverse events on survival if conversion surgery was performed at a slightly advanced stage. Active surveillance is a safe and valid strategy for PTMC, because it might preserve physical quality of life and reduce 10-year medical costs. Th e position paper also included some points which should be noted when performing active surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper-cut is not simply a form of traditional Chinese folk art. Lucky motifs developed in paper-cut certainly acquired profound cultural connotations. As paper-cut is a time-honoured skill across the nation, interpreting those motifs requires cultural receptiveness and anthropological sensitivity. The author of this article analyzes examples of paper-cut from Northern Shaanxi, China, to identify the cohesive motifs and explore the auspiciousness of the specific concepts of Fu, Lu, Shou, Xi. The paper-cut of Northern Shaanxi is an ideal representative of the craft as a whole because of the relative stability of this region in history, in terms of both art and culture. Furthermore, its straightforward style provides a clear demonstration of motifs regarding folk understanding of expectations for life.

Paper is composed of plant fibers obtained from both wood and non-wood pulp, and the chemical component is mainly cellulose. It is well-known that cellulosic materials are very hard to carbonize at high temperatures because they decompose thermally before forming carbon materials. We have tried chemical carbonization of wood-pulp paper without thermal decomposition using a catalyst to prepare two-dimensional carbon materials. Three kinds of paper (called LBKP-papers here after) made from bleached kraft hardwood pulp having 0.7-0.76 mm in length weighted mean fiber length and about 260 μm in thickness was used for the chemical carbonization in this work. In the three kinds of LBKP-papers, one includes a wet paper strengthening agent and another one has a little different distribution of the fiber length. One of organic sulfonic acids, methane sulfonic acid (MSA) was used as a catalyst for the carbonization. The LBKP-papers were treated in 1 mol MSA aqueous solution for 5 min and were dried at room temperature. The MSA-treated LBKP-papers were carbonized at 800° under an Ar gas atmosphere. Structural and physical properties of carbonized LBKP-papers were investigated. All of the LBKP-papers carbonized at 800° were amorphous and then were crystallized with heat-treatment at higher temperatures, being independent of the wet paper strengthening and the different fiber length distribution. A graphitic structure was developed in carbonized LBKP papers heat-treated at temperatures higher than 2000°. Mechanical and electrical conductive properties of the carbonized LBKP papers were improved with the heat-treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the difference between authors and the consistency in each author's writing styles, both were the basis of authorship verification. We analyzed 88 academic papers on psychology written by 22 authors and focused on the rates of "non-content words", "bigram of parts-of-speech", "bigram of postpositional particles", "positioning of commas", "words before period", and "Kanji, Hiragana, and Katakana" in the papers. Next, symmetric Kullback-Leibler divergence distances between the papers were calculated. To examine the author differences in writing styles, using hierarchical Bayesian modeling, we compared the distances between papers written by the same author with those by different authors. Furthermore, to examine author consistency in writing styles, we compared the distances of short durations (under five years) between papers written by the same author with the longer durations (over five years). These results supported the hypothesis that there exist author differences and consistency in writing styles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Information Science & Technology Association/Joho no Kagaku to Gijutsu is the property of Information Science & Technology Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A new type of paper, which composition is mixed of PLA and cellulose, was developed through heat molding process in this study. After folding of paper, this high performance paper contained thermoplastic PLA can be molded by heating and produced to the crafts. The properties of paper before and after the heating were examined and the results demonstrated their characteristics with high performance. In particular, the folding test showed that the developed paper was folded easily by hand. From the results of heat shrinkage test, it was also shown that the heat shrinkage ratio of the paper was suppressed by mixing cellulose. When PLA fiber content is lower than 60 wt%, heat shrinkage of the paper does not occur after heating. The results of tensile tests showed that heating increases the tensile strength of the paper and the tensile strength reaches the maximum value at 20 wt% PLA content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to publish good research papers from Japan, it is necessary to conduct good (i.e., meaningful) research, obtain good (i.e., meaningful) results, and write good manuscripts that convey the significance of research. In particular, when aiming for publication in an English medical journal, the manuscript should be written in correct and accurate English, which is a major challenge for authors who are non-native speakers of English, such as those from Japan. At the same time, to ensure that the manuscript is a "good paper," attention should also be paid to elements other than language. To write a paper that will be accepted by reliable medical journals, including top-ranked ones, the content should be appropriately written according to the requirements based on international standards, such as the reporting guidelines endorsed by the EQUATOR Network and the recommendations of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors; this is a common challenge not only for Japanese authors but for authors around the world. Medical writers are professionals who improve the quality of manuscripts and facilitate the publication of research. Based on my own expertise and experience as a medical writer for 20 years in supporting clinical research, I would like to describe the steps I think should be followed to produce good manuscripts. I would also like to focus on the importance of education and of collaboration with professionals in writing and publishing research papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional and environmentally benign water-soluble polymers which have characteristic heat-resistant properties, mechanical strength values, and depolymerization capabilities were designed by introducing ionic groups as side chains to poly(phenylene ether)s (PPE). Two water-soluble PPE polymers were prepared by oxidation of 3-methylsalicylic acid and 5-methylsalicylic acid. They were evaluated as functional coating materials for paper production. The compounds showed important characteristics as paper coating materials: high solubility in alkaline water, low viscosity values of polymer solutions and mixtures with inorganic pigments at high shear rates, and adhesion to pulp fiber and inorganic pigments. High glass transition temperature values of the compound provided stiffness and strong resistance against heat blocking of sheet media when a thin layer of compound was applied to a surface of a paper sheet. Additionally, the compounds were found to depolymerize into oligomers by oxidation in the presence of methylsalicylic acid monomers. Such properties of the water-soluble PPE polymers allowed applications to advanced strong and recyclable coating materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho is the property of Japanese Society of Animal Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ultrafine bubbles (bulk nanobubbles), small bubbles less than 1 µm in diameter, have attracted academic and industrial attention because they have numerous advantages, including chemical-free nature and extraordinarily long lifetime. Since Brownian motion velocity is much higher than buoyancy, ultrafine bubble lifetime is more than several months. But stable mechanism is still unclear, even though their inside is highly pressured. They have several characteristics, such as pH-dependent surface charge and reduction in friction. Ultrafine bubbles are generated and removed by selecting the ultrasonic frequency. This review discusses the fundamental characteristics of ultrafine bubbles and their applications. Ultrafine bubbles effectively remove proteins, dyes, and inorganic salts from solid surfaces. Ultrafine bubbles promote adsorption, desorption and extraction. Gold nanoparticles, nanocomposites of CaCO3 and pulp fiber, and follow nanoparticles are synthesized using ultrafine bubbles. Thus, ultrafine bubbles have been shown to be powerful, environmentally friendly, safe, clean, simple, and inexpensive methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies in the Japanese Language / Nihongo no Kenkyu (Fmly: Kokugogaku) is the property of Society for Japanese Linguistics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Rock-Paper-Scissors game is used as a way of making specific decisions based on incidental outcomes. The present study aimed to investigate how children acquire the underlying cognitive functions to play the game relating to understanding of "three-way deadlock structure" through developmental processes. There were 569 children (age range ＝ 12-83 months) who were evaluated. In this study, the task consisted of three subtasks:(1)" understanding rock-paperscissors symbols";(2)" judgment of winning"; and(3)" judgment of losing". We evaluated the children's developmental levels using the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development-2001(KSPD2001). Children aged 2.6 years had a 50% success rate in passing the first task, for the second task the age at which the 50% success rate was achieved was 4.8 years, and for the third task it was 5.4 years. Significant correlations were confirmed between the developmental age assessed in the KSPD2001 and the five stages of understanding the game. The results suggest that this task is useful to evaluate specific children's stages in understanding the game, and to assess developmental levels of young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Japan Research Association for Textile End-Uses / Sen'i Seihin Shohi Kagaku is the property of Japan Research Association for Textile End-Uses / Sen'i Seihin Shohi Kagaku and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A high performance antimicrobial paper was fabricated using composite of sugar cane bagasse pith and burned scallop particles with sugar cane bagasse pulp. The paper that was fabricated without degassing the composite pith had higher the scallop particle concentration on the top of surface displayed a greater value of anti-bacterial activity against methiculin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus than paper prepared that were mixed with degassing the composite pith and only mixed with scallop particle after 30minutes of cultivation. However the bagasse pulp and pith had antimicrobial activity as well as the scallop particle, the activity was not constant. The paper that was fabricated without degassing the composite pith had the stable activity and the quick effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high performance antimicrobial paper was fabricated using a composite pith with bagasse pulp. The composite pith consists of bagasse pith and burned scallop shell particle. Paper prepared using composite pith displayed a larger scallop particle composition than paper prepared that was only mixed with scallop particle. Scallop particles were mainly located on the top surface and, as a result, the functionality was concentrated on the surface of the paper. A slow decline in tensile strength was observed as several hydrogen bonds were forming in spite of the fact that scallop particles inhibit hydrogen bonding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various studies were conducted to improve antibacterial properties of compounded papers using wasted green tealeaves prepared by a paper-making technique. The research included the elucidation of a cause of low antibacterial activity. Different binders and different degrees of grinding wasted tealeaves were tested with no effect on antibacterial properties of compounded papers using wasted green tealeaves. However, when a suspension of pulp and wasted tealeaves was air-dried and used to prepare a compounded paper, the compounded paper was found to have excellent antibacterial properties. The result indicated a cause for the low antibacterial activity of compounded papers using wasted green tealeaves prepared by the paper-making technique. That is, catechins abundant in wasted green tealeaves dissolved in water when ground and ran off with waste water during the paper-making process without settling in compounded papers. To confirm that, liquid from a mass-colloider used for wet-grinding wasted tealeaves was sampled and filtered. The filtrate was dropped onto a 100 wt% pulp paper. No viable bacterial cell was found in the pulp paper to which more than 1.0 ml/g of the filtrate was applied; the result showed that the liquid possessed good antibacterial properties. In other words, the liquid was confirmed to possess a high antibacterial activity. In paper making by the paper-making technique, aluminum sulfate was added to a suspension of pulp and ground, wasted tealeaves in order to readily settle catechins contained in liquid resulting from grinding wasted tealeaves in compounded papers using wasted tealeaves. The result revealed that a 2.70 wt% addition of aluminum sulfate to compounded papers using wasted green tealeaves improved antibacterial properties of the papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: One typical document retrieval method is to use to co-citation. The method is based on the premise that the degree of similarity among co-cited papers is equal in a particular paper. The degree is calculated with binary values: "co-cited" or "not-cited". To improve upon this method, the author proposes a multivalued co-citation measure based on semantic distance between co-cited papers. Methods: To determine the distance between citations, the author measured two machine parseable relationships (location and citing words) between places where papers are cited. In order to evaluate the proposed method, we identified two categories of co-citation: a group with strong relationships indicating "enumerated co-citation" (papers cited within one statement) and a group with weak relationships showing "non enumerated co-citation". Similarities within each group were calculated and compared using the CiteSeer dataset and 6 major similarity indicators. Results: All of the similarity indicators showed that degree of "enumerated co-citation" is higher than "non enumerated co-citation". Consequently, it became clear that the proposed co-citation measure can be used to distinguish the strength of co-citation more precisely and the it can be applied to large-scale document collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared various sizing evaluation tests, including the Stöckigt and Cobb tests as the most popular methods, by using papers of varied basis weight and varied dose of sizing agent. Many tests, including Stöckigt, Hercules, KBB and Cobb, are severely affected by basis weight. None of these except Cobb are sufficiently sensitive to evaluate light sizing, because they measure water penetration in the Z-direction and the distance is quite small. The Klemm test, which has been used for water absorptiveness of non-sized paper, determines the absorptiveness in the X-Y direction and is sufficiently sensitive to evaluate even light sizing as an absolute sizing degree. The interconnected pore structure of paper makes the absorptiveness in the X-Y direction equivalent to that in the Z-direction. The Standard Klemm test gives the absorptiveness height for 10 min testing and is independent of basis weight. A shorter testing time than 10 min could be used but the absorptiveness height is too small to detect for heavy sizing. Further, the heading edge of water uptake is often vague, and thus the absorptiveness height can be replaced by the weight increase due to water absorption (absorptiveness weight) as a more accurate measure. Furthermore, the absorptiveness weight measured by the Klemm test which was linearly proportional to basis weight could be normalized with basis weight and specimen width (1.5 cm), and thus was indicated as absorptiveness height. This test was proposed as an absolute evaluation for sizing degree (Klemm test for sizing evaluation) in this report because it is independent of basis weight and is sensitive enough to measure sizing degree accurately even with light sizing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of valuable cultural assets, paper materials have been conserved in museums and libraries. However, a solvent, water employed in conventional processes has danger of destroying the paper due to deformation occurred during wet and dry treatments. In this study, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), that is a fluid beyond critical point of pressure and temperature was used as a new solvent. The scCO2 can penetrate in micro- and nanospace owing to its extremely low surface tension with carrying substances while it does not adsorb on hydrophilic materials causing no swelling of them. Therefore, the use of scCO2 is expected to neutralize acid paper without damage. In the experiments, an acid paper without printing was accumulated in multi-layers and treated on batch processing with three organic bases, monoethanolamine, triethanolamine that arc applied in conventional methods and triethylaminc that is relatively dissolved in scCO2. The pH of paper increased from 5.5 to 7.0 or 7.5 after 1 hr-treatment, suggesting deacidificaiton of the paper by all organic bases in scCO2 containing methanol. The acid paper handled with triethylamine in scCO2 methaol was neutralized faster without yellowing as compared with ethanolamines or by a vapor- and liquid phase methods. In addition, the tensile strength of the paper was not significantly influenced by the base treatment in scCO2. The buffering effect of triethylamine impregnated in the acid paper lasted more than six months. Furthermore, fifty sheets of the acid paper were uniformly neutralized by scCO2 method using triethylamine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relating to the real contact area against a plane smooth surface, frictional properties of coated and uncoated papers were examined under varying applied pressure. An optical interference method using a scanning laser microscope was adopted to measure real contact area against a plane glass plate. The real contact area of the coated paper increased nearly in proportion to the apparent pressure over a wide range of pressure. From the theory of tribology, this result shows that the contact of coated paper is rather plastic and this fact could explain the constant coefficient of friction with increasing apparent pressure. On the other hand, the contact of uncoated base paper was generally elastic and this fact was one reason for the decrease of the coefficient with increasing apparent pressure, shown in the previous report. In addition, an electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) was employed to examine the thickness of binder on pigment particles from the chemical composition at the exact coating surface, because the frictional behavior and the real contact area seemed to depend on the surface material. The result of ESCA suggested that the binder covered the pigment surface enough to control the frictional behavior, and further that the binder existed mainly at the border region between the pigment particles and partly covered the surface of pigment particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study s aim was to analyze literature using the identified key words of published literature within the Korean Journal of Womens Health Nursing from 2007~2009. The study explored the major subjects and research methodology used and evaluated the quality of this Journal articles. Methods: Survey design using a structured analysis format was used for consistent evaluation of research subjects, type of research, research methodology, data analysis, along with comparing intervention research, theoretical framework, ethical consideration, and the implications. The frequency of the use of each keyword was classified by 8 domains. Results: Ninety eight papers were analyzed altogether. Most of the subjects in these papers were women with 86.7 % being quantitative research. In these studies, 76.5% used convenience sampling; 70.6% used a survey design whereas 23.5% used experimental design. Health related concepts (n=159) was mentioned the most among the 8 domains. The key words frequently used were women, depression, knowledge, quality of life, attitude, elderly, anxiety and stress in descending order. Conclusion: It can be concluded that most papers in this Journal during this time period addressed recent women's health issues. Also it showed this Journal and its literature has reached the indexing for Medline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An attempt was made for the preparation of compounded papers using wasted tea leaves that could withstand repeated washing. Emulsion Polyamide-Epichlorohydrin copolymer was added as a binder to slurry containing crushed wasted tea leaves and hemp for paper making. When the resulting paper was measured for tensile strength under a wet condition, it was found markedly improved over a control paper without the emulsion. For instance, tensile strength was 2.1 N⋅m/g for a compounded paper containing 90 wt% hemp and 10 wt% wasted tea leaves but no binder, whereas the addition of the binder at 0.75 wt% improved tensile strength to 16.8 N⋅m/g. Compounded papers using wasted tea leaves were also very effective for deodorizing ammonia gas ; a paper containing a small amount, 10 wt%, of wasted tea leaves decreased the ratio of residual odor to 0.6 % in three hours. The addition of the binder was also found to keep the deodorization effect of the paper. Furthermore, a compounded paper using wasted tea leaves was repeatedly subjected to washing. The addition of the binder strikingly improved the washing durability of the paper that was subjected to washing repeatedly ; at an addition level of 0.75 wt%, the paper did not show any damage even after it was washed repeatedly 20 times. Further, the deodorization effect after washing was maintained. In fact, the ratio of residual order was very small at 2.1% or less in an hour even after the 20 times washing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transplanting is routinely performed in crop cultivation. One transplantation method involves the use of seedling pots made of paper (paper pots). Seedlings are raised in the paper pots and are subsequently transplanted. As transplanting is performed by hand or mechanical transplanters, the paper used for the seedling pots needs to be decomposition resistant. In recent years, fully automatic transplanters have been developed, and the demand for a suitable decomposition resistant paper for seedling pots has consequently increased. In order to develop a type of paper that is suitable for any type of seedling raising condition, we investigated a paper that is treated with dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU), which is capable of crosslinking wood polysaccharide. We examined the decomposition resistance, wet strength, and dry strength of the paper, and obtained the following results. 1. The chemical crosslinking of wood polysaccharide provided the paper not only with high wet strength but also with decomposition resistance. This antidecay trait, compared to a synthetic fiber blend or paper incorporating a germicide, was less affected by seedling raising conditions and persisted longer whilst maintaining a better condition. 2. The tearing strength and folding endurance of the paper decreased with the chemical treatment. The causes of this decline are considered to be the decrease in the fiber strength attributable to degradation of the wood cellulose. On the other hand, tensile strength increased since the interfiber bonding was strengthened by the crosslinking reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wasted Green tea leaves were ground by different methods and papers containing the ground wasted Green tea leaves were prepared. The ground wasted Green tea leaves and the papers containing the ground wasted Green tea leaves were subjected to Scanning Electron Microscopy for morphological observation. The observation revealed that a mass-colloider ground wasted Green tea leaves to very thin films. As the clearance of the mass-colloider was widened from 40 µm to 150µm, the ground wasted Green tea leaves somewhat increased in thickness and turned into partially folded structures. In addition, after ground, the wasted Green tea leaves showed spiral vessels and vascular bundles extended into coil shapes by shear at the grinding. In contrast, wasted Green tea leaves ground with a bali mill were lumps ranging a few to 400 µm in size. The ground wasted Green tea leaves were used to prepare papers containing wasted Green tea leaves, which were observed. The observation revealed that papers containing wasted Green tea leaves ground with the mass-colloider had a layered structure in which the thin films of wasted Green tea leaves were layered in tight adhesion with networks of pulp fibers. In contrast, papers containing wasted Green tea leaves ground with the ball mill had a coarse structure in which lumps of the wasted Green tea leaves were buried in the network of pulp fibers. In addition, the papers containing wasted Green tea leaves ground by the two different methods were examined for tensile strength and bursting strength. The examination revealed little differences resulting from the different grinding methods, the mass-colloider and the ball mill, or from difference in the clearance of the mass-colloider. The result showed that the mechanical properties were mainly controlled by the pulp fibers in the papers containing wasted Green tea leaves and the wasted Green tea leaves made little contribution to the mechanical properties. On the other hand, papers containing wasted Green tea leaves were lower in stiffness than 100wt% pulp papers; especially papers containing wasted Green tea leaves ground with the ball mill were very soft. Furthermore, an examination of papers containing wasted Green tea leaves for permeability revealed that papers containing wasted Green tea leaves ground with the ball mill had much higher permeability than 100wt% pulp papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an overview of the scholastic debate over the historical origins of paper in China. Details are given noting the assertions of historian Pan Jinxing that paper-making technology existed before the traditionally named inventor Ts'ai Lun. The scholastic controversy between Pan Jinxing and the Chinese Technical Association of the Paper Industry Society is described, outlining the three arguments of the Society against the theory of earlier invention, including the validity of dating methods, the definition of paper, and the originality of Ts'ai Lun's contributions regardless of previous innovations.

An attempt to develop a paper making method for a functional paper containing green tealeaves wastes disposed in industrial use was made. The authors successfully produced papers containing wasted green tealeaves ,not exceeding 60wt%, grounded by a mass-colloider. Antibacterial properties of these papers were investigated. Regarding the papers in a dry condition, the tensile index and bursting index were not significantly different depending on the kinds of tealeaves. The strength was decreased as increasing in the content of tealeaves. The tensile index of the papers were markedly lower in a wet condition when compared in a dry state. By addition of latex binder at a content of 0.3 wt%, the tensile index of the papers was 8.5-15.8 N-m/g in a wet condition for all kinds of the papers, which was similar to that for a paper made from 100 wt% pulp. Antibacterial test for Staphylococcus aureus was performed with various kinds of papers containing wasted tealeaves. Growth inhibition effects on the bacterium were noted in the papers containing wasted tealeaves, but not recognized in papers made from 100 wt% pulp. In particular, the antibacterial effects for a paper containing wasted black tealeaves were fairly high. It was demonstrated that the antibacterial effects were not reduced even by mixing a latex binder at 0.3 wt%. Further, the fiber assembled structure of the papers was observed by optical and scanning electron microscopes to be a multi-layered structure by stacking with a thin layer of pulps including the grounded tealeaves. These findings suggest that the tealeaves-containing papers with the unique layered structure can be a functional material for environmental friendly and sanitary usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]