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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the actual conditions of "perspective transformation" brought about by study, and to consider the state of study supports. We observed the learning activities of adults over one year, and analyzed the aspects of their study in detail. Consequently, the four followings became clear. 1) The pattern of "perspective transformaion" can be classified into four. 2) Those who reached "discourse dilemma" stage have checked only 7.9% among all students. It is very difficult to enter "discourse dilemma" by study. 3) When student comes into "discourse dilemma" stage, the mental support by facilitator is indispensable. 4) Activity of self-expression such as writing or talking, affect "reflective learning" and "perspective learning."

This paper examines the origin and subsequent development of the German school report (Schulzeugnisse) with a particular focus on how it was first initiated. Several scholars assert that the current structure of the German school report is rooted in the 16th century, when the Reformation was launched by Martin Luther. The religious confrontation between the Catholic and the Protestant reconstructed the school system in Germany. The German school report has two intrinsic dimensions: as a certifying document (Zeugnisse) and as a grading document (Zensuren/Noteri). The earliest certificate was provided as the "Certificate for Charity" (Benefizienzeugnisse) in order to allow poor children to attend schools operated by the Protestant states. On the other hand, Catholic Jesuit schools adopted a competitive evaluation system to motivate and encourage students, which led to the institutionalization of marks/grades system.

We first supposed the difference between national universities and private ones about how the university extension were recognized and received into. In this paper we clarified the situation of the private universities on it by using the questionnaires for teachers of lifelong learning centers. Followings are the result: 1) Though the presidents admit the significance of the university extension, their views on it are various. 2) The teachers are not satisfied with the present condition of autonomy and recognition within a university. 3) The university extension needs to apply a stable vision, system and appropriate management to be institutionalized in private universities as "the Third Function".

The aim of this paper is to develop a teaching plan on industry lesson for elementary school. The purpose of this lesson is to make pupils understand Japanese dairying from impersonalized view. In this lesson, pupils analyze circumstances surrounding Japanese dairying, consider prospects for the future.

Myles Horton, a founder of the Highlander Folk School, is called the Giant of the adult education movement in the United States. He aimed at the empowerment of the poor people in the South, which was called "the third world in America", because of its miserable situation. Horton's idea and practice in adult education for social change owes a lot to his days in the University of Chicago. He had learned sociology from Robert Park, and had visited the Hull-House to discuss with Jane Addams. Thus he established his own way of nonformal adult education, which lead to the idea of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. This paper focuses upon his experience in Chicago around 1930. First, in order to make his Chicago days clear, it summarizes Horton's brief life history. Secondly, it attemps to describe his intellectual experience under the guidence of Robert Park: he took Park's collective behavior theory and conflict theory in his nonformal education practice. Thirdly, it focuses upon the intellectual interchange between Horton and Addams: In fact, the Highlander Folk School has some aspect of a settlement house. Lastly, it summarizes Horton's hope to make an alternative education system which supports people's decision making process. Thus, it depicts Horton's greatness as sociologist and adult education activist.

The aim of this paper is to explicate the characteristics and problems of the units for expository text reading in elementary school Japanese textbooks, and to propose some viewpoints to develop new units as cores or elements of curriculum for expository text teaching. The viewpoints are as follows: 1) A typical unit of expository text should contain problem-solving ability, cognitive ability, and critical reading ability as well as basic reading comprehension skills, and should integrate them into a united structure; 2) The system of expository text teaching curriculum should be spiral so that children can learn those abilities and skills, which make it possible to read texts in authentic situations; 3) A new method for explaining the structures of curriculum should be cultivated and the results of the method should function as guiding principles in "teachers' manuals"; 4) A method should be cultivated to develop new teaching materials and organize them into units or curriculum.

The Cultural Revolution is unique in China in the 20^ century. The history of contemporary China has been generally divided by the Cultural Revolution which is being treated as a particular and independent period. The Cultural Revolution has been thoroughly denounced as "Ten Years of Chaos" because it had brought about disastrous social changes. However, many of the educational problems in present China, such as examination-oriented education, over-emphasis on textbook knowledge, heavy homework burden for students, and their isolation from the society, are the problems that had been severely criticized and had been attempted to reduce or remove during the Cultural Revolution. The purpose of this paper is to study the undergraduate curriculum reform and to clarify its characteristics during the Cultural Revolution. It first examines Mao Zedong's social ideas and educational thoughts during the Cultural Revolution. Then, with a case study on Peking University, it explores the higher education reforms focusing on enrollment and administration systems, and investigates curriculum reform in the fields of arts and science respectively. Finally, it summarizes the main characteristics of the undergraduate curriculum during the Cultural Revolution.

The purposes of this paper are threefold; the first is to analyze the educational problems in the economic globalization, information and internet society. The second is to examine the relationship between professional knowledge and bureaucratic control. The third is to clarify to relationship between "network organization" and "networking" and to examine the application of "networking" for in-service education. Imai and Kaneko proposed the micro-macro -loop of the meaning of information. This proposition seems to have the same dimension with Okatos' culture change theory at micro level. The meanings of "networking" are to understand and interpret the exchanges of the meaning of information. These processes expand the common idea and community at macro level.

In this paper, the longitudinal speech data of six learners of Japanese were analyzed to investigate their uses of transitive-intransitive verb pairs. The data showed: 1)Uses of transitive and intransitive verbs were similar between Chinese and Korean learners. Most of the learners used one verb of the transitive - intransitive pair at the early stage of learning. 2) Learners used either the transitive or the intransitive verb of the pair, in almost similar proportion. The results suggest that the use of transitive-intransitive verb pairs depends on its general use frequency rather than its grammatical category.

This paper aimed to discuss the meanings of care and caring for adult development, and the vision to achieve positive development by caring. According to the series of the author's empirical studies of identity development in adulthood, personal identity and care-besed identity had equal weight for adult identity. Both of them played the important roles not only in social and vocational life but also private family life. Adult lives developed in the circulation of identity and care. It was figured out as "The Cyclic Developmental Model of Identity and Care in Adulthood". This model suggested that adult lives developed in the following process: (1) Achievement of personal identity, (2) Affording the identity to the others, (3) Deep concern and commitment to others (=Care), (4) Achievement of identity of the commited others, (5) Consolidation of identity. Furthermore, the achievement of identity of the commited others developed the circulation of the next generation. It was considered that good balance of personal identity achievement and caring was important for adult development.

Management Theory has come to focus on "knowledge" which is considered as an important resource for organizational management in the knowledge society. This knowledge management movement in the West was strongly influenced by Japanese management theorists, Nonaka & Takeuchi (1995), who wrote the book "The Knowledge-Creating Company". David H. Hargreaves, a British educational sociologist, was inspired by this book and applied the Knowledge Management Theory to school organization. In his theory, he attempts to construct the networking system for supporting and sustaining the knowledge-creating schools that is capable of bringing about continuous innovation. This paper will illustrate and analyze the Knowledge-Creating School Theory with a particular focus on the distinction between knowledge-creating process and knowledge assets in school, since Hargreaves hasn't differentiated them well.

The aim of this paper is to explicate the characteristics and problems of the five Courses of Study published between 1958 and 1989. As a result of research, the following problems were brought to light: (1) The principle of "reading" are not established. The ma-.in concept of reading in the Courses of Study for elementary schools in Japan is "reading comprehension" called "Dokkai". In Japan creative or critical reading are not regarded as important. (2) The abilities and knowledge of reading expository text, and literature prescribed in the courses of study are intermixed. To improve the teaching of expository texts, these contents should be reorganized. (3) Cognitive abilities are disregarded. To develop a logical thinking, cognitive abilities should be taught methodically. (4) The structure of curriculum is not suitable to the teaching of reading expository text. It should be built as a spiral curriculum.

Centers for life-long learning were established by many Japanese universities in the late 1980s. The centers have played a role as special agencies for university extension. This paper asks how the university extension has been accepted and how it is institutionalized as the third function of the university through examining staff's attitudes of the centers. We arrived at the following findings : (1) The importance of the university extension is understood among the faculty members. (2) The faculty members have little interest in the centers and their projects, and they place the centers lower than the other departments in the university. For this reason, it is difficult for the staff of the centers to cooperate with the faculty members. (3) Though the centers have the authority to plan the project, they do not have sufficient authority on personnel and budget affairs. (4) Most center staff is aware that the center project should improve, but they have no concrete plan. (5) The specialty of most center staff is the study of lifelong learning, and more than half of them consider that they are good adult educators themselves. (6) Most center staff finds the fulfillment in their professional research than in their jobs. (7) As far as they adhere to the traditional model of university faculty, it is difficult for most center staff to adapt themselves to their routine work.

This paper will discuss about some critical and possible issues and discourses on the WTO/GATS and the free trade of higher education services from the viewpoints of Japanese people concerned. The first part will deal with the introduction of the Japanese government policies and responses and of the no-concerns among Japanese university people. The Japan-schedule of specific commitments is "unbound." The Japanese Government suggest that it is necessary to review educational service from the main viewpoints of maintaining and improving the quality of education. It suggests concretely of maintenance and improvement of educational research in each country, of safety net or guard for the consumers (learners) from the low quality of services, and of global use and recognition of the degrees and the credits earned. The Government suggests to organize the information network for the higher education services in the world and the system of the international quality assurance institutions. The second part will deal with the critical and possible issues that Japanese universities will face with in the coming future and that comparative educationists must be sensitive to, because of dealing with the education in other countries. Among many possible issues the author has tried to discuss what the barriers are for the free trade of higher education services, what may happen to the national system, overcoming the barriers, what the new global standards look like for the educational governance in the framework of GATS, what impacts are to be given to the developing countries, how the global markets will control the domestic educational market, and what influence may be upon culture. The author concludes that the future comparative and international educationists must be carefully concerned with these development of educational service trade issues and to be critical to those free trade of services in terms of equality and quality of educational opportunities and outcomes in the global community.

What do the metaphors do/achieve in everyday language activities? What function do the conventional metaphors have? This paper described the most fundamental function which the metaphors ("X is Y") do/achieves in everyday language activities. In many studies of the metaphor, it is assumed that the metaphors have so-called "metaphorical meanings" different from literal meaning of the expression. However, there is no evidence that support such premise. This article argued that the metaphors only mean literally. The "metaphorical meaning" is not the meaning of the expression, but evoked by the receiver who accepted the expression "X is Y" literally. Thus the most fundamental function of the metaphors is forcing the receiver to assume with the expression "X is Y". The difference of classification of X and Y produces the feeling which distinguishes metaphors from other expression. The conventional metaphors, which often unnoticed as metaphor, force tacitly so that the members of the society see and treat X as Y. In the society, most part of reality is told by language activities. In such activities, the metaphors offer useful ways of objectivization required for the interactive activity in the society. When he/she became to be able to use the metaphors, the receiver is accepted as a member of the society who shares the reality.

Yoshimoto Banana and Shin Kyeong-Suk of Korea are female authors of the same generation and they use sensual descriptions to show the inside of modern people in their works. "Shirakawa-yobune" and "Seya seya" both deal with the theme of life and death and use plenty of auditory representation. This paper will compare and contrast these two works of similarity to inquire into the two authors' individuality and the meaning of auditory representation in their works.

By the rapid progress of advanced information technologies, information education is going to be developed in schools. In such circumstances, it is very important to take into consideration of cooperation, systematization and consistency of the information education in secondary education. Especially, contents of the information education in the subject of technology of junior high schools must be considered in the relationship with the technology education. Furthermore, contents of the information education in the subject of information of high schools have to be considered in the extension of the information education of the junior high school. This paper discusses the systemization and contents of information science and technology education in the secondary education.

The policy of accepting international students in Japanese universities has been implemented since the 1980's. However, despite this length of time and that the numerical goal to accept 100,000 international students was nearly achieved in 2002, issues related to the quality of students remain largely unexamined. Sound and effective policy would attract higher caliber students, and accepting them would bring benefit to Japanese universities in the forms of higher quality research and enhanced international competitiveness. This paper examines the characteristics of excellent international students studying at Japanese universities. In so doing, the characteristics of excellent students and how such students can be attracted to Japanese universities is considered, an endeavor which may serve to guide the examination and improvement of current policy. Two different questionnaire surveys, one for university professors experienced in advising international students and another for international students, were conducted by the Task Force on Strategic Policies for International Students to critically examine the suitability of current policies in attracting and accepting excellent scholars from abroad. Based on these surveys, characteristics of excellent international students are examined from three different perspectives : the country where students are from, availability of scholarships, and the character and nature of students. Survey results led to three main findings. First, students form Germany, the United States, and India are considered to be excellent international students. Second, there are no significant differences on availability of scholarship among nations ; in other words, students receiving scholarships from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Science, Sport and Technology are not always considered to be excellent students. Third, characteristics of excellent students include high motivation, strong sense of purpose, strong interest in Japan, and a willingness to accept advice from advisors.

The purpose of this paper is to examine basic structure of the employment system for the college graduates in China during planned economy period. Under planned economy system, college graduates were recruited centrally by the governments, and tuitions, fees and stipend were given by the government, and job placement of the graduates are done by the governments in cooperation with colleges and universities. National department of education, national department of planning, national and local governments, public corporations and national and local colleges and universities had played their distinctive roles. The principles and roles of these organizations are examined in detail. In addition, actual job placement of new graduates was analyzed by using student records in a college. Educational achievement determined the first destination of the graduates, and the higher achiever got academic and professional jobs suitable for college education.

Studies on brain activity in infant have been poorly understood because the application of brain function imaging technique using functional magnetic resonance is seemed to be impossible under awaking condition in infants. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an optical method which allows non-invasive in vivo measurement of brain activity. There are several advantages of LAIRS in comparison with other imaging methods, i.e., flexibility, portability, low cost and biochemical specificity. This paper introduces the potential of NIRS to establish a quantitative cerebral monitoring technique in developmental study of infant.

The purpose of this paper is to explicate the relation between the instruction in Religion and the juvenile literature in the educational thought of J. H. Campe. His educational adaptation from Robinson was based on the method for instruct children the Providence of God with rousing their emotion. but against sentimentalism Campe had to turn so systematic and rationalistic method that excluded emotional clue in children, and rather clarified the problem of reason and religion in the educational thought of enlightenment.

Literary works have long been used in English language education in Japan. It has been taken for granted that they have diverse merits as well as demerits, while recently more attention has been paid to their demerits, and consequently fewer literary materials have been in English textbooks. It is only in recent years, however, that their significance in English language education has been discussed more or less analytically. The aim of this paper is to examine them as materials for culture teaching and to discuss their merits and demerits and how to make effective use of them.

The original textbook was edited after World War II in Yaeyama. It was a textbook by mimeographing printing. The textbook itself hardly remains today, so it is very difficult to clarify the actual condition. I investigated as much as possible. In this paper, I treated only 3 reading textbooks. Consequently, the following thing was mainly clarified. 1. The textbook was printed personally in Yaeyama. 2. The textbook 1 is very similiar to Okinawa version. 3. The original reading textbook (=Japanese language) was might published only 2 books. 4. Yaeyama version is beautiful than that of Okinawa.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the ideal teacher education for meeting the reform of school organization. It seems that the main role of school principal has been changing from the administrative leadership to the instructional leadership. However, the work-load of school principal has been increasing for the new additional roles. This condition needs the division of the total labor in school. The following policies are needed to solve these problems : 1) Teacher education should breed and equip the middle leader with successful instructional leadership. 2) It is needed to introduce the teacher evaluation system or merit rating system. The salary and personnel administrative system must change to meet the right or wrong of an individual teacher's instructional ability. It is the purpose for introduction of a merit rating system to raise a teacher's ability, to raise educational "quality", and to raise student's academic ability. 3) Independent and autonomous teacher training is important for improveing student's academic ability. This is one of independent and autonomous Management By Objective. 4) Teacher selection and adoption in personnel administration should be the objects of administration evaluation. 5) Principal should contact teachers and students every day, and his/her participating in creation of knowledge should become the nucleus-work. It is the principal's important jobs to make teacher into the creative staff, and to enhance their instructional leadership.

Many vocal students learn songs out of Stefano Donaudy (1879-1925)'s "36 Arie di stile antico" through their studies. I question why his name is not listed in New Grove's Dictionary and M・G・G. The aspects of Donaudy's graceful melodies that present the greatest challenges to performers are the variations in dynamics and tempos therein, as well as expression of musical color. This paper presents an analysis of what Donaudy was attempting to convey in his "36 Arie di stile antico". In addition, I have also obtained "Spartito", two of Donaudy's operas that is currently out of print. Though materials on Donaudy and his music are scarce, this acquisition should provide a substantial hint as to the direction of the author's future research. I am planning to make a more detailed study based on this research. In the end, I am planning to clarify the inrtructive significance of "36 Arie di stile antico".

The purpose of this paper was to make clear the characteristic of the U.S. donated Basic Science Education Series in Textbook and Curriculum Library. Through the study of documentary records, the following results were reached: (1) After examining 65 unitexts of the Basic Science Education Series in Textbook and Curriculum Library in Hiroshima University, these books were mostly written by B. M. Parker and checked for scientific accuracy by many scientists. (2) Among the special regions dealing with the Basic Science Education Series, the most numerous were biology, and earth science were next in order of numbers. (3) After examining the contents of four unitexts of the Basic Science Education Series for example, color pictures and illustrations accounted for one quarter per book. (4) After examining the grades utilizing the Basic Science Education Series, the most numerou were intermediate school, and junior high school were next in order of numbers. (5) Comparing 63 science units written by G. S. Craig in the 31st Yearbook of the N. S. S. E. with science units from the first grade to the fifth grade at the Laboratory School of the University of Chicago, 36 units corresponded between both. B.M.Parker used the reading materials of the mimeograph printing in the class of school science and she wrote the Basic Science Education Series on the basis of them.

The aim of this essay is to examine the image of Japan in "WARABI-TAKE-RŌJIN", one of Atsushi Nakajima's early works. There are several studies concerned with how Nakajima looked at the colonies in Aisa, but it has not yet been argued about his way of looking at Japan which was the colonial ruler. In this paper, I will examine the issue by focusing on the journey made by "me", the narrator.

The purpose of this paper is to overview the studies on critical thinking in cognitive psychology and proposes some suggestions for further research. In recent studies, the definition of critical thinking has not been standardized, and there are few studies which examined domain specific abilities and attitude toward tasks in critical thinking although they are important for critical thinking. A few studies discussing domain specific abilities examined the novices in cognitive psychology and found that their critical thinking abilities were improved when a guidance was given. In the further studies, it will be necessary to discuss the following three points; (1) to clarify the definition of critical thinking, (2) to elaborate the procedures of experiment by examining the process of rectifying misconception and the process of activating meta cognition, (3) to analyze not only quantitative data but also qualitative data when linguistic materials are used in the experiments.

This paper, centered on the change of political idea of Merse, a Mongolian politician and national educator, examines the process and the purpose of his establishing of Northeast Mengqi Normal School. Also, it illustrates the conditions of education in the school, and clarifies the relationship between the change of political idea of Merse and the establishment of the normal school.

In China, the campaign for the vocational education appeared from 1917 to 1927. Huang Yan-pei who was the leader of the campaign presented the slogan for it in 1915 and established The National Association of Vocation Education of China in 1917. After that he thought out the systematical vocational education and stored rich experience. This paper analyzes ""Huang yan-pei Education works"", ""Education and vocation"", and so forth and examines the factor that Huang yan-pei proposed the vocational education and the characteristic through considering the background he thought out it and the content of it.

This paper revealed the results and problems of practicing the thematic units in the llth grade Japanese subject, ""Contemporary Style of Writings"" in 2001, and inquired into the assignment of developing the curriculum of Senior High School Japanese Language composed of thematic units. On inquiring into the problem of developing the curriculum mentioned above, we showed a figure which explains the five steps in studying and teaching Japanese texts through thematic units. Those steps are as follows; (1) making ready to read at an early stage before reading the texts, (2) understanding each text, (3) discovering interrelationship among the texts in the unit, (4) confirming the theme of the unit, (5) becoming aware of the process of transformation in recognizing the theme of the unit. We found out that there are many assignments in the third, fourth, and fifth steps, among the five steps. The most important problems to be solved is to develop a sequential and systematic curriculum, and learning process which attaches importance to the methods how learners learn.

This paper has descrived various particles of the sentences on the dialects of Atsumi Peninsula in Aichi prefecture in Japan. Those particles are classified in five kinds. They are a Kaku particle, Kakari particle, Fuku particle, Setsuzoku particle and Bunmatsu particle. This descriptive work are devided in two sections. The first part of two is written about the Kaku particle and Kakari particle. The other will be descrive at next time the other day in future. We will be able to recognize the systematic descriptive model on the whole dialectical particles of certain district, that is, an Atsumi Peninsula, in Japan. It will become a standard example of the grammatical description of those items.

This paper overviews selected theoretical and research literature on metacognition in order to suggest improvements to the way learners are taught to read. I describe two aspects of metacognition, knowledge of cognition (metacognitive awareness) and regulation of cognition (planning, monitoring, evaluating), and how they are related to their reading comprehension. The results of metacognition research suggest that learners who are more aware of the way they read have a higher level of reading proficiency, and that explicit metacognitive strategy training, promoting awareness about comprehension and reading strategies, is effective in enhancing learners' reading comprehension. Teachers also can help learners identify their own current reading strategies through such verbal-report techniques as discussion, interviewing, questioning.

The purpose of this paper is to review the advances and issues in elderly driver research from the point of traffic psychology. As a result of the review, the following was found. A lot of accidents of the elderly driver happen in the intersection mainly. It is pointed out to one of the cause of the accidents that their aging is a cause. Elderly drivers tend to avoid driving in risk situation. It has the drive of the car regardless of the age and it has the need that it keeps is long. However, neither the consciousness of their aging nor the relations to safety are clarified. The research of the evaluation to their drive behavior is also a little. The attitude to the elderly driver's own aging is not clarified. In the future, a study is an analysis of the factors which affect the safety of driving by the elderly with the view to applying the findings toward the development of their safety driver education.

This paper analyses the theory of philanthropy by F. P. Keppel and the historical role of the private foundation ""Carnegie Corporation of New York"" in American adult education. Keppel who is the 5th president of Carnegie Corporation suggested the national association of adult education ""American Association for Adult Education"". His idea also held the plan of reform of his cooperation. Carnegie cooperation was looked critically with American society, because the big powers of the cooperation were a threat to the powers of the states. He had to sweep away the criticisms of cooperation and be trusted in American society that the cooperation had the social mission to work for the public good. For that reason, he made his theory of philanthropy. And he decided to support for adult education for the social mission of the corporation. The examination of his theory of philanthropy is highly suggestive for investigate of idea of national association of adult education organized by private foundation.

This paper empirically examines the English learning motivation of the senior high school students who are studying English at a technical high school in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. Two measures, (1) motivation and (2) orientation, were administered to 144 Japanese technical senior high school students. The results of both the confirmatory factor analysis and the exploratory factor analysis revealed that Japanese technical senior high school students' English learning motivation and orientation were not as developed as those of Canadian learners of English as a second language. The results, however, confirmed the validity of the framework of intrinsic, extrinsic and amotivation, and of integrative and instrumental motivation, in describing Japanese technical senior high school students' motivation.

The aims of this paper are to examine what poets argued about the poetry instruction in the early Showa 20's, and to revaluate a criticism by Tatsuji Miyoshi against using poems in teaching materials. In that period, poets mainly insisted poetry instruction as emotional education, so that children could create and critique their daily lives. This idea that was inherited from the instruction of creating poems was in common with teachers. However, Tatsuji Miyoshi criticized that poems were used for poetical emotion in school. He indicated an issue of poems as teaching materials. It only influenced the standard to choose of poems to transcribe in textbooks. The standard of choice insisted by Tatsuji Miyoshi or other poets, and teachers was that the world and emotion in poems should be understood by children. And a combination of appreciating and creating poems was promoted as a method of poetry instruction. Many comments by poets were basically inherited from precedent opinions. They affirmed these opinions in Showa 20's, and then, they promoted that the poetry instruction was established as emotional education. In the trend of the age when poems were good teaching materials and more good poems should have been increased in textbooks, a criticism by Tatsuji Miyoshi was denied by many poets and teachers. Today, there are enough poems in textbooks, and the poetry instruction has been established in school education. Problems that was caused by the small amount of good poems for teaching materials are resolved today. Therefore, we should revaluate his criticism that denied the use of poetry in education.

One syllable LH-pitch in Japanese is perceived as the first tone in Chinese, but when listening to Japanese television or radio, there are cases when this one syllable LH-pitch is perceived as the second tone in Chinese. Therefore, how should the one syllable LH-pitch in Japanese be produced? In this paper I took up 500 examples of the one syllable LH-pitch out of Japanese conversations in soaps and analyzed them.

The rapid progress of advanced information technology is going to change the situation and environment which surround information education. A new government-guidelines-for-teaching for high schools was notified on March 29, 1999, and a subject of information was newly established. Furthermore, the contents of the curriculum in connection with the subject of information license were clarified in July, 2000. While it has been indefinite what subject course is needed from a viewpoint of ""information"" teacher training, the ""information"" teacher is going to be trained in large quantities. This paper discusses the subject course and its curriculum for the ""information"" teacher training in the faculty of school education.

This paper examines the recognition and realisation of illocutionary force through intonation by native speakers of English and confirms if the native speakers of English recognise and realise illocutionary force through intonation as the models from the intonation studies do. In the recognition survey, participants were asked to listen to the dialogues and to judge intentions in these dialogues. In the realisation survey, they were asked to read aloud the dialogues with the instructed intentions. The results of the recognition survey illustrated that participants recognised approximately 30 percent of the intentions through intonation and that varieties of English did not affect their judgment of intention. Illocutionary forces of ""implication, possibility"" and ""exclamation"" are recognised easier than other illocutionary force such as ""warning"". The results of the realisation survey showed that participants succeeded in realising approximately 28 percent of the dialogues corresponding to the model tone choice. Again, illoctuionary forces of ""implication, possibility"" and ""exclamation"" are realized easier than other illocutionary force such as ""warning"". Overall results show that even native speakers of English do not recognise and realise illocutionary force through intonation as the intonation studies described. However, some common features with models were observed and although being different from the models, certain tendencies can be detected from the subjects' data. Thus, the results of this survey do not mean that intonation does not contribute to illocutionary force at all, but suggest that to a certain degree intonation definitely plays a role in conveying illocutionary force.

When various opinions about history spread in the 1990s, Haruki Murakami also published Nejimakidori Chronicle on the theme of history in 1995. He wasn't going to face history as a writer until he wrote this novel. How does Murakami picture history as a contemporary writer of today in his novel? In this paper, I will consider Murakami's narrative of history in Nejimakidori Chronicle referring to other various opinions about history today. In order to clarify what Murakami's narrative of history is, I will study the meaning of ""Nejimakidori"" used as the keyword of this novel and the structure of narration of the text.

This paper aimed at considering the background why the researches on unwillingness to attend school have come to get attention. The past researches in this field were also reviewed. Because the number of school refusal students has been increase, the study of unwillingness to attend school has become more attention. The past researches have found some factors that affect unwillingness to attend school and some characteristics of these children. And, researchers have regarded unwillingness to attend school as sign of school refusal. Implications for further research were suggested as follows: (1) Unwillingness to attend school is not necessarily the indication of malajustment at adolescence. Unwillingness to attend school is followed by development in this period. Moreover, feeling at nonattendance can be useful of understanding the meaning of unwillingness to attend school at adolescence. (2) It is necessary to investigate theoretically and practically how school environment should be in which adolescences can develop satisfactory. Kawai's and Winnicott's theories are useful to understanding them. (3) Case study method is useful to investigate unwillingness to attend school.

The main purpose of this paper was to investigate mental health of teachers' who have had school refusal students in their classes. Teachers of elementary and junior high school answered questionnaire on burnout and their situations which seemed to be the factors of burnout. The main results were as follows: the burnout score of teachers who have had school refusal students was not different from one of the others. Their burnout was associated with several factors: ""role conflict"", ""role ambiguity"", ""job control"", ""work load"", and so on. The directors' support was important especially among them. In addition, it seemed to be important whether they could consider that situation as a good occasion for their growth as a teacher or not.

In learning society, the more active the universities try to play their roles, the more various their adult learners as client become. This paper aims to compare the learning styles of adult students who take the university extension programs with non-traditional graduate students. As the result of this study, we get findings as follows; Adult students entered graduate courses to achieve various goals, for example, to develop professional competencies, to receive higher degrees, and to have more knowledge and experience. But, in case of adult students who take university extension programs, learning goals are apt to converge at the similar goals defined as ""learning-oriented"", for instance, to enrich their knowledge and understanding. Adult graduate students care to take the initiative in making learning plans and practicing them. But mostly they entrust the assessment of their achievements to professors. In contrast with non-traditional graduate students, extension students prefer teacher-direction in setting learning goals, selecting contents and strategies, and deciding the pace of their studies. Additionally, they have little preference for individualized learning. They desire experimencial learning and lectures by teachers. As for the kind of teachers adult students seek, about a half of non-traditional graduate students hope for ""Enablers"", and mature students attended the university extension programs wish for the various type of teachers; ""Enablers"", ""Facilitators"" and ""Experts"". These tendencies are due to two reasons. First, in comparison with non-traditional graduate students, extension students tend not to desire ""sensitivity for learners"". Second, not a few students in the extension programs charge a teacher with ""inclusion of learning activities"". Analyzing adult students by Self-directed Learning Readiness Scale(SDLRS), their score is high on the whole. In other words, there is little difference in self-directed learning readiness between two types of adult students. However, taking

This paper offers translation of last part of L.Bruni's Oratio de Laudibus Florentinae Urbis from Latin to Japanese and a part of comparative study of this Oratio and Panathenaikus of Aristides for the main discourse.

This paper examines time use of the participants in voluntary activities. I conducted a time budget survey to the participants in voluntary activities during November 2000 through January 2001 and got 84 participants' data. Female participants spend more time on voluntary activities than male participants. Employed males devoted less time to voluntary activities. Single participants spend more time on voluntary activities than married participants. Males participate in voluntary activities on weekday night and daytime of weekend. Females participate in voluntary activities on daytime of both weekday and weekend. The effect of gender on the housework is also found in the participants in voluntary activities. Married females have long housework time and take the higher share in housework. However, the male participants in voluntary activities are engaged in housework more and disagree with the traditional view of gender role more than non participant males.

The purpose of this paper is to consider the formation of PTA. The direct ancestor of the National Congress of Parents and Teachers is the National Congress of Mothers. The National Congress of Mothers was organized by two women of Alice M. Birney and Phoebe A. Hearst in 1897. The president, Mrs. Birney declared the object of the Congress is to educate mothers at first convention. 11 years later, the Congress changed its name to the National Congress of Mothers and Parent-Teacher Associations. And more 17 years later, the Congress changed its name to National Congress of Parents and Teachers again. The question now arises : Why did the Congress need to change its name? This question drives us to examine of the parent-teacher relationship, and to relate its relationship to educating mother.

There is little extistent literature that has investigated the process involved in writing Japanese two-morpheme (kanji) compound words. One reason for this scarcity has been the difficulty in devising instruments to measure latencies for writing behaviour. To asnwere this problem, we developed software that enabled us to present auditory stimuli, to measure writing latencies, to track trajectories during the writing of kanji characters, and to assist data analysis. This software runs on the Microsoft Windows 98 Operating System with a commercially available pen-tablet. Technical details of this software will be explained in this paper.

The original textbook was edited after World War II in Okinawa. It was a textbook by mimeographing printing. It was revised several times. However, since the textbook itself hardly remains today, it is very difficult to clarify the actual condition. I investigated as much as possible. Consequently, in this paper, the following thing was mainly clarified. 1. With new textbook, many teaching materials of the old textbook were recorded and selected succeedingly. 2. New teaching materials which covered Okinawa were also contained in new textbook. 3. New textbook was edited regardless of Japanese Monbusho. 4. Since the issue date is not entered in a new textbook, it is difficult to distinguish the first edition or a reprint. 5. There is also a page which the child replaced with the pencil in a new textbook.

In 1757 the Warrington Academy founded as one of the voluntary associations which were founded in Eighteenth-Century and Nineteenth-Century in great numbers. This paper's aim is to reveal on 396 students from the variety views. Most of the students were sons of richer men (peers, gentry, marchants, bankers and professions). The students came from many parts of England, domantions and colonies and to the academy from 10 to 22 years old. The Warrington Academy offered two courses, one was the regular course for the students intended for any of learned professions for five years, other was for the students for designed for life of public business or commerce for three years. But both of students mainly left for one or two years. After the students left the academy, most of the students became busines men and professions. And some of the students went to the Universities including Oxbridge. The Warrington Academy was a place to educate young men intended for professions and designed for a life of commerce ; indeed, had produced the professions and business men ; had produced some people who had the power in their countries.