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Copyright of Bibliotheksdienst is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper investigates the role of USA in promoting of economic order (Ordoliberalism) in Germany after the second world war and further its impact on the bottom- up process of Europeanization. Moreover, the United States of America as a modern federation has become an inspiration for European federation concepts. The main hypothesis is contained in the statement that the depart from the policy of order by the USA has been disastrous for international order. The consequence of this was financial and economic crisis, which further deepened the EU and EMU disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Freiburger Zeitschrift für GeschlechterStudien (FZG) is the property of Verlag Barbara Budrich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Goal of the Study: An intent of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Acts (ACA), also know as Obama Care, was to slow the expenditure growth in the public Medicare-System by shifting the accountability for health care outcomes and costs to the provider. For this purpose, provider were allowed to form networks, which would then take accountability for a defined population - Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs). Ten years after the introduction of ACOs, this paper looks at the impact of ACOs both on quality of care and costs of care to assess if ACOs can be a model of care delivery for Germany., Methods: In a mixed-method approach, a rapid review was conducted in Health System Evidence and PubMed. This was supported with further papers identified using the snowballing-technique. After screening the abstracts, we included articles containing information on cost- and/or quality impact of US-Medicare-ACOs. The findings of the rapid review were challenged with 16 ACO-experts and stakeholder in the USA., Results: In total, we included 60 publications which incorporated 6 reports that were either conducted directly by governmental institutions or ordered by them, along with 3 previous reviews. Among these, 31 contained information on costs of care, 18 contained information on quality of care and 11 had information on both aspects. The publications show that ACOs reduced costs of of care. Cost reductions were achieved compared to historic costs, to populations not cared for in ACOs, and counterfactuals. Quality of care stayed the same or improved., Conclusion: ACOs contributed to slowing the cost growth in US Medicare without compromising quality of care. Thus, a transferal of this model of care to Germany should be considered. However, various policies have led to ACOs failing to unleash their full potential. Against this background, and against the background of stark differences between US Medicare and the German health care system, a critical reflection of the necessary policies underlying ACOs-like structures in Germany, needs to be undertaken., Competing Interests: Die Autorinnen/Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Copyright of Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Leviathan: Zeitschrift für Sozialwissenschaft (Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG) is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines the disparity in accessibility and use of mental healthcare services by immigrants and first-generation Americans compared to non-immigrants in the U.S. Topics discussed include the similarities in the disparity experienced by immigrants such as linguistic and cultural literacy and financial condition, the emergence of stigma as the most significant hindrance to mental healthcare, and the need to increase the number of available multilingual mental healthcare professionals.

When courts, scholars, and government decisionmakers debate constitutional separation of powers questions, they primarily analyze past branch practice to divine the answer. Yet, despite the long pedigree and widespread contemporary use of this method of constitutional interpretation, precisely how interpreters should look to past practice has remained surprisingly undertheorized. This Article analyzes, critiques, debunks, and ultimately resurrects the predominant method of looking to past practice in constitutional separation of powers law--the acquiescence approach. Under the acquiescence approach, past practice is deemed to be indicative of constitutional meaning if one of the branches has acted consistently and the other has "acquiesced" in that action. However, as this Article establishes, this approach relies on an embedded--but unrecognized--assumption: that branch conduct is motivated primarily by constitutional analysis. Yet, as the Article explains, this assumption is simply not categorically true. Branch conduct might be motivated by any number of nonconstitutional reasons, including ignorance, apathy, policy agreement, politics, other legal authority, or coercion. In addition, acquiescence suffers from a deep normative flaw: its very structure will tend to privilege the more active and powerful branch. After fleshing out these descriptive and normative critiques, the Article shows how they undermine the traditional justifications for acquiescence. To determine if acquiescence is worth salvaging, it explores possible alternatives to acquiescence, ultimately concluding that that the best way forward is to keep acquiescence, but change it. The Article then proposes a novel method of finding acquiescence called the "articulation or deliberation approach" that is sensitive to the problems identified above. It then explains the new approach's unique benefits and costs, and applies it to two contemporary case studies. In the process, the Article identifies a lack of rigor and consistency in how past practice has been used that has enabled interpreters to manipulate it. To combat such manipulation and promote more accurate assessments of past practice, the Article calls for more nuanced and systematic analysis of past practice under the new acquiescence approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, in a variety of high-profile cases, the Supreme Court has grappled with difficult questions as to the constitutional personhood of a variety of claimants. Of most note are the recent corporate constitutional personhood claims that the protections of the First Amendment Speech and Religion Clauses extend to corporate entities. Corporate constitutional personhood, however, is only a small slice of a broader constitutional question about who or what is entitled to claim the protection of any given constitutional right. Beyond corporations, courts are being asked to answer very real questions about a person's constitutional status: Do aliens have the right to bear arms? Do prisoners have the right to vote? Do children have a right to privacy? Yet, while commentators and the Supreme Court have examined the constitutional status of claimants independently, neither the Court nor scholars have examined the broader question of constitutional personhood. This Article examines this critical question of constitutional personhood. In doing so, this Article traverses concerns that are at once both deeply practical and at the core of constitutional theory. This Article then traces the historical and theoretical developments of constitutional personhood across three classes of claimants who have most frequently and contentiously claimed the protections of the Constitution: corporations, aliens, and felons. These case studies demonstrate the difficulty in identifying when and under what conditions a class will be vested with constitutional personhood, with the Court vacillating in its approach to determining constitutional personhood both between and within the classes. Examining these claimant classes in the aggregate, this Article demonstrates that not only is a unified framework for answering questions of constitutional personhood desirable, but it is also constitutionally required. To that end, this Article proposes a unified approach to questions of constitutional personhood, where both the purpose of the right and fit of the claimant with that right are consistently considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

American sea power and forward-deployed U.S. naval forces play a crucial role for the defense and security policy of the United States. However, indiscriminate budget cuts, a degree of rebalancing towards the Pacific, some ground-breaking changes in strategic dependencies, and a shift in political priorities could curtail the U.S. Navy's abilities to influence events at and from the sea in some areas of the world. As a consequence, other powers need to fill the geopolitical vacuum, with very broad ramifications for European navies. This essay, although skeptical towards Europe's ability to muster such efforts decisively, provides some broad policy recommendations for how to optimize German and European sea power accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ergoscience is the property of Schulz-Kirchner Verlag Gmbh and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study focuses on the life and work of the German-Jewish neurologist Dr. Ernst Jolowicz who was born in 1882. Originally from Poznan in present-day Poland, Jolowicz had gained his initial professional experience in the German Empire before serving as a neurologist at the Western Front during the First World War. After the war, he opened a private psychotherapeutic practice in Leipzig, published numerous scientific papers and was involved in the General Medical Society for Psychotherapy. In his writings, Jolowicz appeared as an undogmatic adherent of suggestive techniques and came up with his own methods for a patient-centered, psychagogic psychotherapy. In addition, he wrote numerous cultural and social scientific essays showing a wide range of interest. Shortly after the seizure of power by the National Socialists, he emigrated to Paris and supported the anti-fascist resistance in a Strasbourg radio station. After the occupation of France, Jolowicz fled to the United States in 1941 and gained a foothold there once more before he died of a heart disease in New York City in 1958., Competing Interests: Die Autorinnen/Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

This paper commemorates the careers and the scientific influence of the clinical neurologists Kurt Goldstein and Friedrich Heinrich Lewy including their forced migration in the mid-1930s. Goldstein (1878-1965) set up independent neurological departments in Frankfurt/Main and Berlin, adopting a decidedly holistic approach in medical care, research and teaching. He is therefore considered a co-founder of modern neuropsychology and neurorehabilitation. Goldstein came into the focus of the National Socialists as a Jew, socialist and adherent of psychotherapeutic methods. After a short incarceration he fled via Switzerland and Holland to the USA. Lewy (1885-1970) for his part specialized in neuropathological examinations and in 1912 quickly discovered the inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of nerve cells named after him. As head of a neurological institute in Berlin with inpatient beds, he decided to leave Germany as early as 1933 and arrived after a stopover in England in the United States one year later. The biographies of the two highly innovative neurologists illustrate that career opportunities for doctors of Jewish descent were already clearly limited during the Weimar Republic and that they had to face anti-Semitic tendencies even after their arrival in the USA., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)

Population health monitoring and reporting provides regular and up-to-date information on health outcomes and its determinants. The outputs of population health monitoring aim to inform policymakers and other stakeholders to develop fact-based decisions. Population health monitoring is located at the national, but also federal state and county level. This paper describes the legal basis for population health monitoring in the federal states' public health acts as well as current challenges and possibilities for further development from a federal state and county perspective on population health monitoring.A legal basis for population health monitoring on the federal state and county level exists for almost all federal states in Germany. The level of detail of these laws varies in terms of responsibility, periodicity of population health monitoring and reporting, content, and designated use. Population health monitoring needs to respond to challenges in the areas of population health monitoring resources, data sources, (intersectoral) reporting, and impact. Practical examples illustrate how the challenges can be handled and further development can take place.Based on its solid legal basis, being a routine task, and its close link to the living conditions of the population, population health monitoring on the federal state and county level has the possibility for cocreating public health at the grassroots level and to be a pioneer for health equity.

Aim: The paper quantifies discrepancies between date of payment and date of service provision when doing analyses in relation to date of death and also in relation to the end of a calendar year. In analyses of this type, time differences between service provision and payment can lead to both under- and overestimation of service use. We aim to capture these phenomena in claims data from different sectors (primary care, medication prescription, prescription of remedies and medical aids, hospital care)., Method: We have used pre-structured claims data from a scientific data warehouse of a large German statutory health insurance covering people that died in 2016. We investigated the discrepancies in time between date of service provision and date of payment for different outpatient and inpatient services based on data from 2015 to 2017. An exact date (dd/mm/yyyy) was only available for data covering prescriptions of remedies and medical aids. Data covering medication prescriptions were only exact to the month of payment (mm/yyyy), whereas data covering outpatient physician care were only exact to the quarter of payment (q/yyyy)., Results: For both outpatient physician care and hospital care, less than 1% had a payment date after the date of death. The share is considerably higher (28-31%) for prescriptions of remedies and medical aids. The majority of payments occurred within 3 months after death (93% for prescriptions of remedies and medical aids, 67% for primary care services). Less than 1% of outpatient physician care and about 18% of remedies had been paid after the end of the calender year 2015. Here too, the majority of payments were made within the first 3 months of 2016 (100% of prescriptions of remedies and medical aids, 65% of primary care services)., Conclusions: Discrepancies in time between date of service provision and date of payment pose a challenge and are a potential source of under-/overestimation of health service utilization when doing analyses in relation to date of death or the end of a calendar year. This needs to be taken into account when requesting the data, but also in preparing and analysing them. The primary recommendation is to ensure that services with a payment date after death are included explicitly., Competing Interests: Die Autorinnen/Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht., (Eigentümer und Copyright ©Georg Thieme Verlag KG 2019.)

The subjects of this article are field of activity of public health departments and their functionaries that were established as part of the Act to Standardize the Healthcare System (GVG) from July 3 rd , 1934 during the era of National Socialism and in the early post-war period in Thuringia and Württemberg. The objects of study are the implementation of the new paradigm of «racial and hereditary care» in public health departments defined by the Reich's Ministry of the Interior. Furthermore, this paper also examines the role of public health officers (PHO) and their discretionary powers, the impact of the war on PHO's specific activities, as well as the regional particularities in comparison to other federal states and finally, aspects of structural-, programmatic- and personnel continuity in publicly funded healthcare after the liberation in 1945., Competing Interests: Die Autorin gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Interviewing a child of a suspected abuse (physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, Munchausen-by-proxy syndrome) is subject to complex risks of suggestion and distortion. The use of a standardized interview protocol as part of the investigation can significantly increase the scope and validity of the child's report in different settings (for example, pediatrics, child welfare services, court).In this paper, the interview protocol provided by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) in its revised and complete version is presented in German and made available for free clinical use in the Appendix. The NICHD interview protocol is the most prominent and most carefully evaluated tool. It is currently considered as a reference for the assessment of child abuse. The protocol follows certain guiding principles. At the beginning of the interview, basic rules are explained to the child (e. g. telling the truth, correct the interviewer if necessary). The focus is placed on detailed exploration of critical abusive episodes. Open questions are asked instead of closed questions. A good rapport has to be established before moving to the actual interview topic.In addition to a technically correct application of the protocol, further competencies of the interviewer are essential to ensure the validity of the findings, such as: sensitive contact with the child; knowledge of the typical sources of bias and suggestion; awareness and control of personal impulses, motives and implicit assumptions; a hypothesis-led approach; and developmentally appropriate interpretation and evaluation of the child's report.

Clinical Problem: The renewed clinical interest in fat grafting for both reconstructive and aesthetic purposes prompted the American Society of Plastic Surgeons to establish a Fat Graft Task Force (AFGT) in 2009. Moreover, in 2015, the German Society of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons (DGPRÄC), in cooperation with three relevant medical societies (DDG, DGMKG, DGGG), formulated statements on the provision of strategies for patient management and to guide physicians in clinical decision making, on the basis of the scientific literature, clinical experience and current laws. The aim of this paper is to compare both guidelines in regards to recommendations on fat grafting., Methods: Recommendations of the AFGT are based on evidence available in the published literature and graded within 5 (I-V) levels of appraisal. The available literature was reviewed by the aforementioned multidisciplinary consensus panel as well and graded according to a 4 level (I-IV) appraisal - focusing on general requirements for surgical procedures, quality of care, patient safety and legal provisions., Results: For indications and practical surgical procedures, the two societies reached a unanimous consensus: Fat grafting is indicated for breast reconstruction, reconstruction of tissue deficits, and deformations caused by prior operations. Both emphasize risk groups with breast cancer (BRCA-1, BRCA-2 and family predispositions). However, in any clinical setting, results depend on the surgical procedure applied and the individual surgeon's experience. Since randomized, prospective studies are lacking and only individual case reports and clinical series or expert opinions have been published, the evidence grading does not exceed level IV to V. However, the DGPRÄC structured expert consensus panel conveys a more comprehensive and practical approach, and provides more reliable evidence to support their opinions., Summary: Both societies unanimously recommend fat grafting for appropriate indications and emphasize that there are no standard guidelines for any specific procedure. The published guidelines were developed to assist physicians in choosing optimal techniques, appropriate patient selection, and offer realistic advice on outcome and potential complications. The AFGT emphasizes the need for further research and randomized controlled studies. Overall, the DGPRÄC guidelines are more detailed, practically oriented and take into consideration current German and European Tissue Laws., Competing Interests: Interessenkonflikt: Die Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht., (Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

The Resident Assessment Instrument (RAI) is a structured and standardized instrument to improve the quality of long-term care. It is based on the Minimum Data Set (MDS) 3.0 to generate clinical data for nursing planning. Further practical applications are calculation of the costs of nursing care (using a classification of residents), measurement and transparency of nursing home quality (using quality indicators) and epidemiological surveys (using uniform data from assessments). The RAI is used nationwide in the USA, to some extent in other countries and in Germany predominantly in the context of research. The paper briefly describes the historical development of the different RAI variations (particularly with respect to the MDS), presents the central utilization options and ends with a critical discussion of possibilities and limits of the RAI.

In 19. and early 20. centuries several million emigrants from German speaking countries entered the United States of America. How migrants coped with sickness, how they preserved their health and to which ressources and institutions of help they had access is yet an academic void. Using Ego-documents--letters, autobiographic texts and diaries--of near-illiterate men this paper will analyse 'healthy lifestyles' and practices of coping with sickness and contrast them with recent research findings in the field of 'mens' health'. Thereby the recent concept of ,male health-idiots' will be challenged in historical perspective.

High dietary salt intake increases blood pressure and impairs cardiovascular health in the long-run. Therefore, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Heart Association (AHA) have argued for a target of 1500-2000mg of sodium per day (4-5 g sodium chloride daily). However, this recommendation is accompanied by a growing criticism. Recently, two papers published in the New England Journal of Medicine and a meta-analysis published in the September issue of the American Journal of Hypertension have flared up the "salt controversy". This paper presents an overview of recent study results.