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Abstract This paper reports a case study that discusses issues related to the reconstruction of kinship terminology in Proto-Tupi, based on previous work by Araújo and Storto (2002) on the Arikém and Juruna subfamilies. It also presents the remaining kin terminology of the Karitiana language (Arikém branch or subfamily) which was not discussed in the case study. Comparing Karitiana (Landin, 1989) and Juruna (Lima, 1995) kin terminology, Araújo and Storto (2002) have shown that some cognates can be found in the two languages and proposed that they reconstruct in Proto-Tupi. These authors claim that these reconstructed items indicate the following hypotheses: (1) the speakers of Proto-Tupi (4500 BP) had a Dravidian kinship system; (2) the speakers of Proto-Tupi had a kinship and naming system in which ego was equated with the paternal grandparent of the same sex as ego. Besides the 11 cognates discussed by Araújo and Storto (2002), we discuss the remaining 19 kin terms that form the Karitiana kinship system according to Landin (1989).

This paper studies the Atacama desert’s southern region and the territorial changes which ocurred between 1870-1930 in relation to water resources, focused on the modification of the level of demand due to the region’s incorporation and its mineral production. This change implied the settlement of thousands of workers and the transformation of water needs, thus turning it into an essential resource for capitalist production.

This paper analyses the spanish reformer Ramón de la Sagra’s opinion about Cuban society concerning its division into races and castes in the middle of the 19th century, a notion that is largely represented in the texts he wrote about slavery in the island. Through this, this article aims to demonstrate up to what point this author reproduced the typical racial theories of his time and how he perceived the colonial society. Cuba, 19th century, Caste, Race, Ramón de la Sagra

This paper introduces a sample of Central American literary production and a sample of spanish speaking Caribbean Islands’ poets refering to Sugar cane. A Central American production which seems less abundant than that of the Caribbean zone in spite of the fact that it begins in the 18th century with the Jesuit poet Rafael Landívar. In the 20th century, sugar cane including its labor and derived products, is represented in the texts of the “criollistas” narrators and poets. Paradoxically, while the sugar production becomes more important for agro-exportation, it “disappears” from literature which takes hold of different urban themes or those related to the political violence instead. However, in the most recent productions of Caribbean poems, an innovation appears in the treatment of this topic that, from the traditions, adapts itself to modern forms of transmission.

In this paper we analyze the collaboration and complicity existing between Chinolope’s “fulgurant bull’s-eye” and Lezama Lima’s literary fullness when he comments his friend’s photographic imagination concerning sugar mills. It’s the testimony of a splitting that will be published in 1987 under the heading Temporada en el ingenio, thus revealing opposite aspects and resistances.

This paper studies Cuba’s presence in the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) from documents reviewed in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs archive. Internal and external motivations which Cuba claimed in order to obtain the leadership of NAM are established and anti-imperialism is identified as the banner which allowed the simultaneous gathering of its identities as a non-aligned country, socialist and underdeveloped. The crisis in Afghanistan questioned this anti-imperialism, henceforth debilitating Cuban status within the Movement.

Peasants cultivating sugar cane in the valley of Izúcar, Puebla (México) have gone through different stages in their relations with Atecingo’s ingenio and the Mexican government, from subordination and conflict to negotiation, trying to obtain their production’s autonomy. From sugar market’s deregulation, they have to cope with new challenges. In this paper, we present an analysis of the peasants’ replies in regard to economic liberalisation, taking into consideration their possibilities of reproduction or social exclusion as productive agents.

This paper carries out an analysis of Apache and Chichimeca Indians’ rebellions in the north of New Spain. They were enslaved in colonial Cuba from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century. It presents a demystification of everything published on the subject till now, ending with the description of those rebellions’ development, challenging the Spanish authority in the island and its economic and social stability.

How may we report the religious diversification mainly through Pentecostalisms in Latin America by trying to construct the logics that underlie it ? The concept of religious field, elaborated by Bourdieu, permits to locate the actors in an investment logic whose stakes and challenges meet a specific interest, the mastery of the field’s reproduction by searching for symbolic and practical hegemony. Therefore, this paper doesn’t aim at describing all of the actors, but at thinking about a configuration of objective relations between positions held by diversified religious actors, relations which are determined by a main challenge which is the object of a war among competing organisations, in this case, the exercice of legitimate religious power in the region.

In this paper we carry on a reflection about how the “world” of Latin-American and Caribbean present beliefs and social-religious groups is analyzed, explained and interpreted. A new epistemological approach must recognize a hermeneutics which feeds upon the actors themselves and questions colonial paradigms. Indeed, capitalism has reconfigurated various religious modernities of which the Latin-American one is just one among others. This demands new categories to redefine concepts such as secularisation and secularity, and to reinterpret the narrow relations built in the continent between politics, culture, body, the economic aspect and the symbolic one, and the State above all.

From the beginning of his presidential mandate in 2006, Evo Morales has shown his loyalty towards a sumptous “indigenous religion”, very different from the “oppressed religion” of native Andean as identified by Liberation theologians during the 1970s. This paper questions the relevance of concepts such as “New-Indian religion” and “Andean religion” commonly used to name it. Instead of categorial attributions which label it as specific of Indian identity, we suggest to take into consideration its previous history (Indianism, Katarism…) as well as the political context in which it develops (State’s secularisation, conflicts with the Catholic church).

In Brazil, in less than three decades, the Pentecostals have become one of the main actors of national politics. Like in several other countries of Latin America, this has largely contributed to the reorganization of the religious field which was done in favor of Pentecostals. How is it possible to explain the increasing number of their congregants ? The reasons for their electoral triumphs ? Could they become a threat for democracy, as it has been often mentionned ? So many questions that this paper will try to answer.

Recounting the story of a remarkable case of runaway slaves escaping from Pará towards the Spanish territories on the second half of the 18th century, and based on documentation found in the General Archive of the Indies (Seville) and in the Arquivo Historico Ultramarino (Lisbon), this paper presents the contexts of the world of labor in the colonial Amazonia and analyses the historical conditions of coexistence between the natives and the African origin populations. The story of João da Silva and his comrade in arms Fernando de Rojas, has the virtue of gathering the diversity of actors who composed the history of border regions and also allows to discover other characters that made these same regions even richer by sheding light upon their relations, connections, choices, agreements as well as disagreements.

Father José Nicolino de Sousa is known as the founder of Oriximiná town, in Pará state. Nevertheless, he is always worshipped as a civilizing priest, omitting or ignoring his Indian ancestry and that he died among the Maroons. This paper analyses the historical facts and the memories concerning José Nicolino de Sousa, confronting the myths created about him with what historical sources reveal. The conclusion is that the settlement, which became Oriximiná, appeared long before the founding journey ascribed to the priest and that it is possible to establish a more complete historical narrative about the region, including subjects which have been ignored up to now.

Historiography considered the Portuguese colonial Amazon region as being a “land of Indians”. Scholars argued that African slavery was economically just not possible, due to the settlers’ poverty, and especially the region’s geographical isolation, which hindered the connection of this province with the main trade circuits of the Portuguese empire. However, besides the many references to Indians in the registers, colonial documentation frequently mentions Africans and Mestizos. Analysing colonial sources dealing with and produced in Portuguese Amazonia, and based on the specific economic and social dynamics of this region, this paper examines the construction of an ethnically diversified world of labour, where Indians, Africans and Mestizos were interacting in an inextricable way.

This papers deals with the “control” that Parà and Maranhão’s authorities tried to exert upon Indigenous populations in accordance with the Central Government’s rules concerning the border between the two harbor offices which was set on the Turiaçu river, as well as a larger control of populations in Turiaçu’s region between 1790 and 1830. In this vast border territory, runaway slaves, soldiers, deserters and natives knew the local geography and took advantage of the refuges provided by forests and rivers. Therefore, many of these individuals turned this region into their den where they settled in large and complex Maroon comunities.

Investigating some works of Brazilian Romanticism, designated as “pre-Modernist” Regionalism and Modernism, this paper dwells upon the parties concerned by the intellectual debates from the turning of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th, aiming to prove how part of the arguments used either by artists or critics obliterated relevant gaps in order to understand the tensions which arose from the modernization processes in progress. We discuss, then, how Brazilian literature produced modern art before reaching Modernism, conscious that this fact is frequently ignored.

Within the academic archaeology of the 20th Century, objects were only considered as sources for understanding human action. Based on recent theoretic anthropological proposals, this paper proposes a recursive archaeology, that is, to include the Classic Maya concepts as part of our analysis in order to understand things as truly protagonists of social relationships. In the Maya area, objects have different ways of being in the world which have been identified by the archeology of the Classic period: person-objects, parts of a dividual body and machines. These three ways are explored here through archaeologic contexts and epigraphic texts with the aim of approaching the construction of reality of the Classic Maya. With a multidisciplinary analysis that includes archaeology, epigraphy, history, linguistics and anthropology, a high number of examples coming from different regions in the Maya area is examined. Thus, an overall view of this phenomenon is presented.

This paper focuses on the Maya glyph [T544.501]. On one side the article offers a carefully review of the contexts where the hieroglyph appears for, from these, suggest that it may be a logogram with possible OCH ("entrance") reading. Moreover, considering the predominant appearance of this hieroglyph in contexts which relate to geopolitical groups, and beyond its phonetic value, the article also analyzes the historical dynamics that have experienced these Late Classic political groupings as narrate the texts where appears the glyph in question.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the contribution of geography teaching in Nation-state building in Peru during the Oncenio of President Augusto B. Leguía. This particular period proved to be a significant step toward centralized public schooling as well as for the circulation and appropriation in Peru of a “renewed or new geography” whose theoretical concepts and methodology had been strengthened since the end of the 19th century in Europe.

The educational effort made by the authorities in power in Peru since the Bourbon era was mainly for men but quickly drifted toward women. They received a different education, according to social and gender norms in force then. However, when accessing legitimate culture, new possibilities opened for some of them. This paper analyzes the role of education and access to a diploma and a profession in the Peruvian women’s emancipation process, particularly by studying the trajectories of teachers and midwives during the 19th century.

This paper analyzes the judicial proceedings of first instance in cases of vagrancy led by the Mayors and Judges Parochial Manizales during the first two decades of existence of this border region of Antioquia authority. The aim is to show the state attempts to control a population through sanctions, penalties and fines imposed on violators of police. Our hypothesis is to show that the summaries were prosecuted how officials attempted to correct behavior that they considered immoral and educate them in a pedagogy of work that eliminated activity and vice.

This paper analyzes the humorous rewriting of the apocalyptic discourse in Cristóbal Nonato (1987) by Carlos Fuentes. The revolutionnary utopia of the traditional apocalyptic discourse is questionned through the novel’s radical scepticism. However, Mexico’s scatological and grotesque portrait, submerged by garbage and excrements, does not prevent literature to fulfill a redemptive function in a postapocalyptic society where the end is no longer imminent but immanent (Kermode).

In Venezuela since the elaboration of the first textbooks in the nineteenth century until today, History’s teaching has been part of an important process including discussion and reflection about the contents and the adopted didactic strategies. This paper aims to review the fundamental aspects concerning the deficiencies and recurring problems in History’s teaching and to analize the tensions and conflicts brought about by study options and contents related to Venezuelan History in the textbooks, formulated and distributed by the actual Venezuelan government.

This paper studies Juan Rafael Mora’s making to turn him into a hero of the Costarican nation, because of his participation in the war against the North American filibuster William Walker (1856-1857). It shows that Mora himself started this process and analizes the memorial circumstances during which the character’s heroic attributes were forged, from 1850 till today. In each circumstance, its instigators, protagonists and the social and historical context are identified.

Abstract This article analyzes shamanic drawings based on research of two ethnographic collections gathered between 1978 and 2004 among the Wauja Indians of the Upper Xingu. The drawings present a visual interpretation of animal-spirits (the apapaatai) and their transformations, as seen by Wauja shamans in tobacco-induced trances and dreams. This article argues that drawing on paper allowed the shamans to broadly express their understanding of the many potential bodily forms the apapaatai can take, either voluntarily or involuntarily. The lack of a visual canon for visual representation of the apapaatai on paper gave the shamans the freedom to produce drawings which reflect an extraordinary diversity of singular perspectives. These singularities, when associated with the narratives of myths and dreams, potentiate the drawings as a kind of visual exegesis of Wauja cosmology. Further analysis considering material culture objects shows that the appropriation of pencil and paper by Wauja shamans channelled their creative energy towards an unexpected expansion in the conceptual boundaries of shamanic translation.

Abstract: Number agreement systems often present traces of older elements common to different languages of the same family; thus, their emergence is difficult to reconstruct. One possible origin of such systems is the grammaticalization of plural words into bound morphemes, which, as a result of a long process, develop into agreement markers and may become obligatory. Various investigations have provided evidence for this hypothesis. However, the complete process of change from a system with no number as grammatical category into a number agreement system in a single language has not been documented. This paper analyses documents covering different stages of the development of the Nheengatu language from Tupinambá in order to observe how the number agreement system emerged in modern Nheengatu. By doing so, this paper supports the idea that grammaticalization may have occurred rapidly in intense contact situations.

Abstract: This paper deals with the person indexing system of Tupi-Guarani languages. Past literature has claimed that the relative position of the arguments of a transitive verb on a supposed person hierarchy 1 > 2 > 3 determines what argument is marked on the verb and how. It is also commonly believed that the morphosyntax of individual Tupi-Guarani languages is very comparable. This paper surveys in detail the encoding of arguments on transitive verbs in 28 Tupi-Guarani languages. It shows that the prior assumptions about indexing in Tupi-Guarani languages either do not hold strongly, or need to be stated in more nuanced ways. The study also shows that these languages are not as similar morphosyntactically as is often assumed. Importantly, they display a great variation in the domain of local configurations (i.e., when the two speech act participants interact), the arguments of which are often encoded in a non-transparent manner. This leads us to reject the 1 > 2 hierarchy as operative in governing indexing in all languages of the group.

The commemorative phenomenon, the keystone of the construction of the national imaginary, has been used often in the service of integrating an official history into the collective memory. This work studies the official image of the Bolivian nation, proposed in 1925 during the celebrations of the “first centenary of the Independence,” through the elaboration of a real “monument of paper” sponsored by the government of Bautista Saavedra: Bolivia en el primer centenario de su Independencia. Following three didactic objectives (for foreigners, for natives and for posterity), we’ll show that it functioned as a performative narrative-portrait of the model of an ideal imagined nation.

This paper analyzes the poetic corpus generated in Cuba during the Napoleonic occupation of Spain. Selected poems do not represent a whole, but within the levels shown are an obvious sign of growing diversity metrics in its various manifestations, as well as Francophobia fueled by the emotional charge "patriotic" and the creative will of the residents poets in the largest of the Antilles.

In this paper we analyze the development of the social sciences during the last dictatorship, through the study of the magazine called Sociológica. Revista Argentina de Ciencias Sociales, published with subsidies from CONICET, whose first issue came out in 1978 and the last in 1984. It was led by the sociologist Roberto José Brie, who was a member of CONICET's advisory committees, a member of the Directorio in 1981 and director of an Institute of social science (ICIS). Throughout these pages, we will present the professional profile of Brie and its links with the Catholic right and anti-Communist circles; We will describe the CONICET institutes belonging to the area of social and human sciences and cases of corruption that wrapped Brie; We will mention what were the different sections of the magazine: articles, reviews and bibliographical notes, and other magazines. We will then summarize the content of 160 research projects selected Brie as part of an investigation compared internationally funded by Unesco. Finally, we briefly consider what were the principal investigators, subjects and independent academic centers that continued to develop research in the area of social sciences and who were out of Sociológica.

This article deals with the practice of rape as a war weapon in the counter-insurgent policy in Guatemala, its relation with racism and obvious discrimination in this country that lived a period of active military operations for 36 years, reaching the fiercest repression level between 1980 and 1983. Peace was signed in December 1996. This paper specifically presents the Guatemalan group “Actoras de Cambio” (Agents of change) who proposes to integrate “healing” as a restorative mechanism for rape survivors in the post-war context.

In this paper, I will assess the debates put forward by indigenous women on the struggles for the legalization or decriminalization of abortion in Argentina. More specifically, I will study the meanings related to the concepts of culture and identity. I aim to analyze the ways in which the various meanings associated with these concepts, as categories of political assertion, weave together into several standing points on indigenous women’s rights as women, and on priority markings within their political agenda.

Based on the example of the Argentinian literary field, this paper intends to explore how masculinism operates in discourses and institutional practices that have historically served the marginalization of women outside the canon. We will consider this process as an expression of the symbolic violence which includes the exclusion of women from literary citizenship.

French structuralism embodies an important theoretical code in the Argentinean ’60s and early ‘70s. Although it mainly circulated outside university, in this paper we intend to explore an early attempt at academic reception operated by Eliseo Verón through the pages of the review he published, Cuestiones de Filosofía, and also in the important courses he gave, for example Sociología Sistemática. We will ty to depict this attempt as an answer to the peculiar context of discussions regarding to the practice of social sciences in Argentina, particularly in the Department of Sociology.

This paper proposes a reflection on the distance function and its relation to the general problem of the administration of justice. It begins with a general taxonomy of different types of distance that can exist between a population and its judges, then exhumed Hispanic law tried to solve the issue of physical proximity between the Oidores and their subjects coresident (during the XVI and XVII). The purpose is to examine the regulatory treatment that the Habsburg monarchy gave the Oidores’ primary sociality for understanding the function key assigned to the distance (especially social) in the conception and execution of the colonial government during the Habsburg period.

This paper explores and analyzes the particular relationship that occurred historically among the main recruitment devices parental-real and symbolic, bridal and godfatherood habitus in a marginal and relatively isolated area characterized by strong inbreeding, in the region of Valle Grande (Jujuy Province, Argentina) during the first half of the nineteenth century. So, we implemented a strategy based on the so-called structural analysis that allows us to rebuild the interaction between individuals and discrete sets versus absence of statistics, or local memories and stories from the certifying of marriage and baptism records.

This paper is about the status of laryngeal features in Latundê, a language of the Northern Nambikwára subgroup. Data were collected in the field by the author between the years 1997-2001. The available literature on other languages of the family was also taken into consideration for the analysis. The article is organized in five sections: in the first section, information on the Nambikwára family and the segmental inventories of three languages of the family will be provided; in the second section, the phonological charts (consonants and vowels) of Latundê are presented; in the third section data that demonstrate the realization of laryngeal features in the consonants (glottalization and aspiration) and vowels (creaky voice) of Latundê can be found; considerations on laryngeal variation are provided in the fourth section; in the final section, correspondences between segments with laryngeal features in Latundê and Mamaindê, a closely related Northern Nambikwára language, will be considered. The research shows that in Latundê laryngeal features were neutralized for consonants, while for vowels, creaky voice remained contrastive. Within the Northern Nambikwára branch, the correspondence between Mamaindê and Latundê consonants seems to indicate that the latter language is the most innovative in the process of historical change.

The Mineralogical and Geological Museum of the Faculty of Sciences in Lisbon preserved until the fire of 1978 samples representing several geological units of Timor, collected willfully by agents of the colonial administration. The study of this unique collection in the mainland museums has helped to shed light on the geology of the most distant overseas Portuguese territory. The results were presented at the International Geological Congress, held in London in 1948. Most of the samples were lost in 1978, saving up however the collections sent by the governor of the province to the author of the study on the geology of Timor, former naturalist of the museum. This paper is based on scientific documentation and revisits the collections in order to contextualize its formation and composition, highlighting its role as landmark of sovereignty and the assertion of colonial science in the Portuguese Empire of the East.

This paper describes some of the resources used by speakers of Tapirapé, a language of the Tupi-Guarani family, to encode source and reliability of information. It is known that all languages possess some way to express the source of information, although not all of them express evidentiality as a grammatical category. Unlike Portuguese and other languages which employ lexical meaning to discriminate the source of information, it is evident that in Tapirapé the epistemic modality is expressed by means of particles which occupy the second slot in the sentence, and which may also express tense. In spite of the fact that tense is not a basic category in this language, and that there are no tense morphemes affixed to the verb, the expression of tense is intertwined with, and stems from, modality. Different particles which express the same stance of the speaker with regard to the uttered informational content express different types of tense. Most of the data presented here were obtained in real speech situations and collected in the Tapirapé/Karajá and Urubu Branco indigenous areas between 2002 and 2007.

After working for thirteen years at the Amazonian Jesuitic missions, the Portuguese Jacinto de Carvalho (1677-1744) sent to the Superior of his order a report on the country and on some of its native tribes' customs. This report, the main ethnographic source of early 18th Century Amazonia, is known only through a coeval Italian translation still unpublished. In this paper, the parts on ethnographic matters have been commented and translated to Portuguese.

The paper presents a description of a specific musical repertoire (Kapiwayá) and its place in the Desana clan musical-choreographic ritual universe. The survey was conducted in São Gabriel da Cachoeira, state of Amazonas, Brazil, through dialogues with the bayá (chant specialist). The text introduces aspects of the humanity creation and the human being formation through performances and rites, taking as its starting point the myth of creation of the world and the musical repertoires of this indigenous group.

With the acceptance of the methods and research program developed by Georges Cuvier for the study of fossils, Paleontology had its first Kuhnian paradigm installed. Joseph Leidy began his works under this theoretical and methodological advice and practiced, within the scope of Paleontology, what Thomas Kuhn called normal science. However, with the accumulation of data from his taxonomic works, Leidy identified some issues that could not be answered in light of the cuvierian paradigm. Only the new paradigm, the evolutionism, could answer them, and thus Leidy joined the evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin. This transition process of a naturalist trained under one guidance, and that starts working under a new, is analyzed in this paper, taking into account the peculiarities of application of the framework provided by Kuhn, in a discipline such as Paleontology. Unlike the epistemological rupture predicted by Kuhn, in the paradigm shift in Paleontology many paleontologists have continued to work guided by the old paradigm, but producing usable data by evolutionists. Leidy was one of them, but his transition went further. From 1859, gradually, he began to use relationships of ancestry and natural selection as explanations for the morphological similarities between species that have taken place along the history of life.

The units of landscape in the Cocama and Ticuna agriculture, in the upper River Solimões, are characterized by productionarrangements and management of natural resources. This paper aims to characterize these agro-ecological based practices,the landscaped results and its regional applicability. The survey was conducted in Novo Paraíso, at Bom Intento Island,and in Nova Aliança, both located in the municipality of Benjamin Constant, state of Amazonas, Brazil. The social andeconomic organization of Ticuna and Cocama Peoples is founded on kinship and communal ownership of natural resources,including spaces for gathering. Family units, despite their weak linkages with the market and its rules, have in the logicof reciprocity the motivation for the production, transmission and management of resources and factors of production.The landscapes are reconstructed by agro-ecological production derived from ethno-knowledge and correspond to theinherent processes of management and conservation of flora and fauna. This process allows the existence of compleximbrications of constantly changing landscapes in which forms of production are recreated for sufficiency and sustainability.

This paper describes the Jodï horticultural system, including belief, knowledge and practice aspects. The horticulturalpractices of the Jodï were previously characterized as ‘incipient cultivation’ but such practices were poorly described anddocumented. The antiquity of cultivation among this group is suggested by the prominence and significance of horticulturalproducts and techniques in myth and ritual. Our field observations uncovered a fairly sophisticated system of plantmanagement in swiddens, house gardens, trail gardens and natural forest gaps. An inventory of 67 cultivated plant specieswas documented, of which 36 are utilized for food, 20 for magical or medicinal purposes, and 11 for technology. The Jodïprolong the productive phase of their gardens for five years or more through successive planting-harvesting-replantingoperations. Jodï swiddens display an elaborate polycultivated appearance and they possess at least five principal crops:plantain/banana, maize, yams, sweet potato, and sweet manioc. Another distinctive feature is the extensive use of naturalgaps in the forest canopy as cultivation zones. The results of this study suggest that while Jodï horticultural practice iswell integrated with a nomadic, foraging-dependent lifestyle, nevertheless this system does not deserve to be labeled as‘incipient’ and instead is more integral than was recognized previously.

The paper presents a study on the manioc diversity in the Middle Solimões region, focusing largely on communities located in the Sustainable Development Reserves of Mamirauá and Amanã, state of Amazonas, Brazil. The study combines quantitative and ethnographic data. The analysis of survey data collected in 13 communities in the 'várzea' and in the 'terra firme' revealed the following pattern of manioc diversity: a total richness of 54 varieties, demonstrating a broad distribution of a small number of varieties and a local occurrence of the majority; an average richness of ten varieties per community; and an average of three varieties maintained per household. A temporal analysis of survey data collected at the household level illustrates the dynamic nature of this regional diversity. Over the course of five years, almost all the 55 accompanied families altered the composition of manioc varieties in their collections; however, the size of these collections showed little variation. To discuss the dynamics of diversity, we conducted qualitative research in three communities. This analysis sought to understand the social and environmental conditions with which farmers contend, patterns of manioc management, and the logic behind farmers' preferences for certain manioc varieties. The research demonstrates that maniva diversity is a result of active experimentation, and that collections of manivas maintained by farmers are dynamic and ever-changing. This dynamism is defined by a series of factors that include economic practices, environmental conditions, and the historical relationship of the regional population with manioc.

The relationship of indigenous peoples to the global market is a reality and it sets strategies of appropriation of traditional knowledge, without any rule mediating the restitution of rights that knowledge holders have, while indigenous people are asking a sui generis system for protection and equitable participation in these markets. The paper presents the results of a participatory research carried out with Ticuna communities of the south of the Colombian Amazon, in the border with Brazil and Peru, in the upper part of the Amazon River. From the knowledge about the use and management of chagra agriculture, the research analyzes how the productive chain of manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is structured. It also explains how indigenous people discuss the intellectual property rights they have on it, and how the geographical indications and the collective trademarks can help to protect traditional knowledge associated to biodiversity.

This paper proposes two approaches in the iconographic study of Che Guevara. The construction of his iconography and the uses of his memory. The stereotypical image of Che Guevara has two faces: the heroic Marxist warrior and the Christian martyr. The portrait Heroic warrior by Alberto Korda and the pictures of the corpse, by Freddy Alborta were realized in exceptional circumstances which are described by this article using an approach of cultural photographic history. The promotion and/or censure of these images shows several uses of Che memory, as symbol of Cuban revolution, of Liberation Church and souvenir of political tourism in Bolivia.

The paper contextualizes the creation of the Goeldi Museum Zoobotanical Park, in Belém, State of Pará, in 1895, considered the oldest zoo in Brazil. It features two rare historical sources on the Park, a 1897 article by the German zoologist Hermann Meerwarth (1870-1943), Scientific Assistant of Zoology and Inspector of the Goeldi Museum's Zoo between August 1895 and April 1899; and a 1901 book of the Swiss zoologist Gottfried Hagmann (1874-1946), who held the same positions between November 1899 and mid 1904. Both texts are technical reports originally published in German, were translated into Portuguese and updated in a taxonomic viewpoint. They allow not only studies on the Goeldi Museum Zoobotanical Park, as well as about zoos in general, and specific readings in the areas of history of science, environmental history, museology, architecture, environmental education and science communication.

The paper analyzes the Total Museum (Museu Integral - Musée Integral) as a core question for debate in the field of Museology, as well as the different approaches and narratives developed around this concept. Starting from the idea of Museum as phenomenon, it unveils convergences and divergences between the theoretical matrixes that found the concepts of 'total museum', 'community museum' and 'ecomuseum', and the proposals and realizations of a museum practice devoted to the social sphere. It comments the tendency to consider the Declaration of Santiago as a myth and as an ideological matrix; and proposes a revision of the role and significance of the Santiago Roundtable, as well as of the recommendations consigned in it, for the development of museum theory and practice – analyzing their consequences and applicability in the policies and goals of Museology at global level, specially in Latin America. It emphasizes the need of research and deeper analyses of the relationships between museum theory and practice in Latin America, which may update the mentioned concepts under the light of the contemporary epistème and according to the world key strategies for culture, heritage and development. Finally, it presents the concept of Inclusive Museum – theoretical matrix, synchronized with the ethics and thoughts of Museology in the present days