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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present how to model moral sensitivity and emotions in organizational setting by using the SocLab formal framework. SocLab is a platform for the modelling, simulation and analysis of cooperation relationships within social organizations – and more generally Systems of Organized Action. Design/methodology/approach – Simulation results, including an interesting tendency for a Free Rider model, will be given. Considering that actors’ decision-making processes are not just driven by instrumental interest, the SocLab learning simulation algorithm has been extended to represent moral sensitivity, making actors trying to prevent bad emotions and feel good ones. Findings – Some simulation results about actors’ collaboration and emotions in a Free Rider model were presented. A noteworthy tendency is that actors’ unconditional collaboration, which occurs when their moral sensitivity reaches its highest value, is not so good since it exempts other actors from collaboration (they take advantage from the unconditional collaboration), while values of moral sensitivity somewhat below the highest value (between 0.7 and 0.9) still induces collaboration from others. Originality/value – The research and results presented in this paper have not been presented in other papers or workshops. The presented quantitative definition of emotions (determining indexes of emotions) is different to previous approaches – for instance, to Ortony, Clore and Collins (OCC) qualitative descriptions and to logical descriptions. Similarly, simulation of morality in organizations is a new research field, which has received scarce attention up to now.

National audience; Research contributions to improve interactive systems reliability as, for now, mainly focused towards fault occurrence prevention by removing software bugs at development time. However, Interactive Systems complexity is so high that whatever efforts are deployed at development time, faults and failures occur at operation time. Root causes of such failures may be due to transient hardware faults or (when systems are used in high atmosphere) may be so called "natural faults" triggered by alpha particles in processors or neutrons from cosmic radiations. This paper proposes an exhaustive identification of faults to be handled in order to improve interactive systems reliability. As currently no research has been carried out in the field of interactive systems to detect and remove natural faults, this paper proposes a software architecture providing fault-tolerant mechanisms dedicated to interactive systems. More precisely, the paper how such architecture addresses the various component of interactive applications namely widgets, user application and window manager. These concepts are demonstrated through a case study from the domain of interactive cockpits of large civil aircrafts. \; La recherche pour améliorer la fiabilité des systèmes interactifs s’est, pour l’instant, principalement dirigée vers la prévention d’introduction de fautes par la suppression des bugs lors du développement. Cependant, la complexité des systèmes interactifs est telle que, quels que soient ces efforts, des défaillances apparaissent lors de leur utilisation. Les causes de telles défaillances peuvent être dues à des pannes matérielles intermittentes ou (quand ces systèmes sont utilisés en haute altitude (avions, véhicules spatiaux …) être déclenchées par des fautes naturelles dues aux particules alpha dans les processeurs ou aux neutrons issus des radiations cosmiques. Cet article propose l’identification exhaustive des problématiques se posant pour améliorer la fiabilité des systèmes interactifs en prenant en compte à la fois les erreurs faites dans les phases de développement et les fautes qui peuvent se produire lors de leur utilisation. Du fait qu’aucune recherche n’a été menée à ce jour pour détecter et éliminer les fautes naturelles, l’article propose aussi une architecture logicielle pour intégrer des mécanismes de tolérance aux fautes dans les systèmes interactifs. L’article présente en particulier comment cette architecture couvre les différents composants d’un système interactif incluant les widgets, le gestionnaire de fenêtres et l’application interactive. Ces concepts sont mis en œuvre sur une application interactive de cockpits d’avions civils.

Within the last two decades, text messaging by means of SMS has become a central tool of communication around the globe. The use of more than one language for composing a message is wide spread, but, to this day, is relatively underrepresented in research. This paper presents an analysis of the plurilingual nature of SMS communication in Switzerland with the limelight on the forms and functions of code-switching within a set of 345 messages, base language of which is French. Results show that SMS users regularly exhibit code-switching even if they are not members of a bilingual speech community. Code-switching most frequently consists of inserts, i.e. embeddings of single items or combinations of items within a message composed in another language, and this typically involves (only) a limited range of routinized expressions. While English is the most frequently used language for code-switching, German, Swiss German, Spanish and Italian are also recurrent, the latter two being particularly associated with terms of endearment. Code-switching regularly highlights the expression of actions that have a strong interpersonal (phatic) focus, such as greetings, good-byes or thanks. It elucidates the expressive character of the messages, and is also associated with the expression of affection. The specificity of the plurilingual SMS repertoire is discussed in the paper's conclusion.

National audience; In real world scenarios, the formation of consensus is an self-organisation process by which actors have to make a joint assessment about a target subject being it a decision making problem or the formation of a collective opinion. In social simulation, models of opinion dynamics tackle the opinion formation phenomena. These models try to make an assessment, for instance, of the ideal conditions that lead an interacting group of agents to opinion consensus, polarisation or fragmentation. In this paper, we investigate the role of social relation structure in opinion dynamics using an interaction model of relative agreement. We present an agent-based model that defines social relations as multiple concomitant social networks and apply our model to an opinion dynamics model with bounded confidence. We discuss the influence of complex social network topologies where actors interact in multiple relations simultaneously. The paper builds on previous work about social space design with multiple contexts and context switching, to determine the influence of such complex social structures in a process such as opinion formation.

International audience; Several separate displays are used by Air Traffic Controllers, such as radar view, flight lists view or paper strips. In order to link the information between these views and keep focus on a subset of flights, controllers are required to do visual operations (eye gaze, analysis of visual properties etc.). This process can be disruptive when traffic increases and when visualizations display large amounts of objects. In this paper we propose the use of animated transitions to replace the visual paths controllers take. We discuss this technique and show results of a predictive evaluation that suggests an improvement in users' performance.

National audience; In the last few years, many works have been done in order to ensure interoperability between applications. Enterprise applications integration and the opening of information systems towards integrated access have been the main motivation for the interest around systems interoperability. In this Paper, an MDA based approach for interoperability is proposed. The MDA is an approach for systems development, which increases the power of models in that work. It provides a means for using models for better understanding, designing, constructing, deploying, operating, maintaining and modifying systems. The three primary goals of MDA are portability, interoperability and reusability. In this paper we apply the MDA as a formal base that supports our approach for interoperability between different information systems

cote interne IRCAM: Rioux01a; None / None; National audience; This paper presents two exploratory experiments aimed at establishing a lexicon suitable for the description of the sound quality of flue organ pipes. A lexicon of reference was established by an expert organ-builder commenting several voicing steps performed on a flue pipe. This lexicon was then extended, the purpose being primarily to enhance communication between and among organ builders, acousticians and musicians. In the first experiment a qualitative analysis was made of data collected from a listening test in which a number of specialists on organ performance, music theory, history and building took part. The 40 participants made ratings and gave comments to ten recordings of pipe sounds through the voicing process. By comparing an analysis of participants’ comments with a primary list of descriptors defined by an organ builder, an attempt is made to extend this primary list to a more standard lexicon. A temporary classification of these descriptors is proposed and is reviewed in a companion paper oriented towards a quantitative analysis of this type of data. In a second experiment, a dimensional analysis of data collected from a semantic differential test based upon the descriptors found in Experiment 1. From a quantitative analysis the initial "qualitative" categorisation is reviewed and enhanced. By inspecting the factor structure of the descriptors, groups of related descriptors were formed and suitable prototypes of each group were proposed. We then show how, from original data extracted from free comments, a detailed classification of descriptors can be made.

This paper puts forward a new methodology to characterize and compare the examination practice of patent offices. The methodology codifies public information into a typology of chronological key ex...

In this paper, we develop a new method of identification of complex prepositions, in French. We include well-known semantic and morpho-syntactic tests, and introduce a few others – together, these tests make up a multi-variable grid which we believe can help identify complex prepositions. We run these tests on a list of 75 sequences, most of which are considered to be complex adpositions. We also include sequences which share the same patterns of word formation but do not have prepositional uses, in order to check the validity of our grid. Our results show that the semantic and morpho-syntactic clues used to identify complex adpositions, combined with corpus data exploration, are on the whole quite effective, but to varying degrees depending on the pattern of formation.

International audience; Decreasing electricity consumption is a major challenge of our society. Eco-feedback methods allow users to get information about their electricity consumption to reduce it. However it is still difficult to determine what are the actions that impact the consumption in practice. In this paper we suggest to apply a What if approach to eco-feedback in a household context. We deploy the Activelec system in personal housings, which allows to apply virtual modifications in appliances usage and to evaluate the savings realized. The results of our experimentation show that participants appreciated the interaction method based on the What if. It allowed them to find and to evaluate efficient modifications in their appliances usage, and several have been applied in practice by the participants. This experimentation shows that the What if paradigm is a potential way for eco-feedback technologies.; Réduire la consommation d’électricité est un enjeu majeur de notre société. Les méthodes eco-feedback permettent aux utilisateurs d’obtenir un retour sur leur consommation d’électricité afin de la diminuer. Toutefois, il est toujours difficile de déterminer concrètement quelles actions impactent la consommation. Dans cet article, nous proposons d’appliquer une méthode What if à l’eco-feedback en contexte domestique. Nous déployons le système Activelec dans des logements personnels, qui permet d’appliquer des changements virtuels dans l’utilisation des appareils et d’évaluer les économies réalisées. Les résultats de notre expérimentation montrent que les participants ont apprécié la méthode d’interaction basée sur le What if. Celle-ci leur a permis de trouver et d’évaluer des modifications efficaces dans l’utilisation de leurs appareils, et certaines ont été appliquées en pratique par les participants. Cette expérimentation montre que le paradigme What if est une piste potentielle pour les technologies eco-feedback.

International audience; In desktop 3D modeling applications, object manipulation relies on the use of standard transformation widgets. However, these widgets are less efficient on touchscreens due to the low accuracy of touch inputs, and also to the fingertip occlusion issue. In this paper, we propose two unimanual constrained manipulation techniques on TabletPCs. Based on finger identification, our techniques map the index, middle and ring fingers of the dominant hand to the X, Y and Z axes of the coordinate system. After registering the axis-fingers mapping on the screen, users can perform different chording gestures to trigger axis-, plane-constrained or uniform manipulations. We have conducted a user study to examine the learnability and usability of the proposed gestures. The results indicate that these gestures can be memorized quickly after a short training period. Users found some gestures to be easy to use and comfortable while others require additional investigations. These findings permits to give recommendations for designing a unimanual constrained manipulation technique that can be used efficiently in a 3D modeling application on TabletPCs.; Dans les applications de modélisation 3D sur PC, la manipulation avec contraintes d'objets repose sur l’utilisation des widgets de transformation 3D. Cependant, ces widgets sont moins efficaces pour une utilisation sur des écrans tactiles en raison de la faible précision des dispositifs d’entrée et des problèmes d'occultation. Dans ce papier, deux nouvelles techniques uni-manuelles de manipulation 3D sur TabletPC sont proposées. Basées sur l’identification des doigts, nos deux techniques associent l'index, le majeur et l'annulaire de la main dominante aux axes x, y et z du système de coordonnées. Après l’enregistrement de cette association axe-doigts, les utilisateurs peuvent effectuer différents gestes d’accords pour des manipulations avec contraintes sur les axes, sur les plans et des manipulations uniformes. Nous avons mené une étude préliminaire pour examiner l'apprenabilité et l’utilisabilité des gestes proposées. Les résultats indiquent que ces derniers peuvent être mémorisés rapidement. Certains gestes ont été jugés confortables et faciles à utiliser par les utilisateurs alors que d’autres nécessitent davantage d’investigations. Ces résultats permettent de donner des recommandations quant à la conception d’une technique uni-manuelle de manipulation avec contraintes qui peut être utilisée efficacement pour la modélisation 3D sur TabletPC.

Traduction française de l'article "Self-­‐Archiving with Ease in an Institutional Repository: Microinteractions and the User Experience" publié dans la revue Information Technology and libraries, septembre 2015; Details matter, especially when they can influence whether users engage with a new digital initiative that relies heavily on their support. During the recent development of MacEwan University’s institutional repository, the librarians leading the project wantedto ensure the site would offer users an easy and effective way to deposit their works, inturn helping to ensure the repository’s long-­‐term viability. The following paper discusses their approach to user-­‐testing, applying Dan Saffer’s framework of Microinteractions to how faculty members experienced the repository’s self-­‐archiving functionality. It outlines the steps taken to test and refine the self-­‐archiving process,shedding light on how others may apply the concept of microinteractions to better understand a website’s utility and the overall user experience that it delivers.; Chaque détail compte, particulièrement quand il peut influencer l'investissement des usagers envers une nouvelle initiative numérique qui se base beaucoup sur leur soutien. L'Université MacEwan (Edmonton, Canada) a récemment lancé son archive institutionnelle (Ro@M), les bibliothécaires qui menaient le projet ont souhaité s'assurer que le site offrait un moyen facile et efficace de déposer des documents et ainsi assurer la viabilité de l'application sur le long terme. Cet article présente leur approche des tests d'utilisabilité en mettant en pratique le cadre des microinteractions de Dan Saffer. Il souligne les étapes suivies pour les tests et précise la procédure d'auto-archivage, mettant en lumière comment d'autres peuvent appliquer le concept de microinteractions pour mieux comprendre l'utilité et l'expérience utilisateur prodiguées par un site web.

National audience; In this paper, we propose SuperVision, a novel interaction technique for controlling distant connect objects in smart-home. Users point an object with their remote control to visualize its state, and select its functionalities. To achieve this goal, 1) we present a novel remote control augmented with a video-projector and a slider; 2) we introduce a visualization allowing users to see through the walls in order to control objects in the line of sight as well as objects in another rooms; 3) we describe applications relying on this interaction technique; Dans ce papier, nous proposons SuperVision, une nouvelle technique d’interaction pour contrôler à distance les "objets connectés" d'une maison intelligente. Les utilisateurs pointent en direction d’un objet à l’aide d’une télécommande pour visualiser son état et sélectionner ses fonctionnalités. Pour ce faire : 1) nous présentons une nouvelle télécommande qui est augmentée d’un pico-projecteur et d’une glissière ; 2) nous introduisons une visualisation permettant à l’utilisateur de "voir" à travers les murs afin de pouvoir contrôler de la même manière les objets visibles et ceux qui ne sont pas dans son champ de vision ; 3) nous décrivons des applications reposant sur cette technique d’interaction.

International audience; Evolution in the context of use requires evolutions in the user interfaces even when they are currently used by operators. User Centered Development promotes reactive answers to this kind of evolutions either by software evolutions through iterative development approaches or at runtime by providing additional information to the operators such as contextual help for instance. This paper proposes a model-based approach to support proactive management of context of use evolutions. By proactive management we mean mechanisms in place to plan and implement evolutions and adaptations of the entire user interface (including behaviour) in a generic way. The approach proposed handles both concentration and distribution of user interfaces requiring both fusion of information into a single UI or fission of information into several ones. This generic model-based approach is exemplified on a safety critical system from space domain. It presents how the new user interfaces can be generated at runtime to provide a new user interface gathering in a single place all the information required to perform the task. These user interfaces have to be generated at runtime as new procedures (i.e. sequences of operations to be executed in a semi-autonomous way) can be defined by operators at any time in order to react to adverse events and to keep the space system in operation. Such contextual, activity-related user interfaces complement the original user interfaces designed for operating the command and control system. The resulting user interface thus corresponds to a distribution of user interfaces in a focus+context way improving usability by increasing both efficiency and effectiveness.

International audience; This paper describes the first step of a research project with the aim of predicting students' performance during an online curriculum on a LMS and keeping them from falling behind. Our research project aims to use data mining, machine learning and artificial intelligence methods for monitoring students in e-learning trainings. This project takes the shape of a partnership between computer science / artificial intelligence researchers and an IT firm specialized in e-learning software. We wish to create a system that will gather and process all data related to a particular e-learning course. To make monitoring easier, we will provide reliable statistics, behaviour groups and predicted results as a basis for an intelligent virtual tutor using the mentioned methods. This system will be described in this article. In this step of the project, we are clustering students by mining Moodle log data. A first objective is to define relevant clustering features. We will describe and evaluate our proposal. A second objective is to determine if our students show different learning behaviours. We will experiment whether there is an overall ideal number of clusters and whether the clusters show mostly qualitative or quantitative differences. Experiments in clustering were carried out using real data obtained from various courses dispensed by a partner institute using a Moodle platform. We have compared several classic clustering algorithms on several group of students using our defined features and analysed the meaning of the clusters they produced.

In this paper, we demonstrate how textual analysis and network analysis are complementary in displaying various groups from a bibliographic data bank, then in building the corresponding networks of co-publication. The Alceste software and Pajek, used on the same ‘‘set’’ of data including 5,000 references, allowed us to objectify the existence of various epistemic communities, as well as the links within and between communities related to the issue of ‘‘measurement’’ in education.

International audience; In order to address the large variety of channel coding options specified in existing and future digital communication standards, there is an increasing need for flexible solutions. Recently proposed flexible solutions in this context generally presents a significant area overhead and/or throughput reduction compared to dedicated implementations. This is particularly true while adopting an instruction-set programmable processors, including the recent trend toward the use of Application Specific Instruction-set Processors (ASIP). In this paper we illustrate how the application of adequate algorithmic and architecture level optimization techniques on an ASIP for turbo decoding can make it even an attractive and efficient solution in terms of area and throughput. The proposed architecture integrates two ASIP components supporting binary/duo-binary turbo codes and combines several optimization techniques regarding pipeline structure, trellis compression (Radix4), and memory organization. The logic synthesis results yield an overall area of 1.5mm 2 using 90nm CMOS technology. Payload throughputs of up to 115.5Mbps in both double binary Turbo codes (DBTC) and single binary (SBTC) are achievable at 520MHz. The demonstrated results constitute a promising trade-off solution between throughput and occupied area comparing with existing implementations.

This paper deals with the presentation of different multi-user detectors in the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) context. The challenge is always to optimize the compromise between performance and complexity. Compared with the solution commonly used today, the rake detector, successive interference cancellation (SIC) detector has better performance despite its higher complexity. Our innovative solution proposes joining detector and channel turbo decoder to get a significant gain in terms of performance. Furthermore, when detection and decoding are implemented in a single function, complexity does not increase much.

149-152; International audience; Current window managers are based on the use of overlapping windows, which implies the notion of a window's depth. In order to facilitate the management of windows in desktop environments, recent work has explored their grouping into layers of non-overlapping windows. In this note, we investigate the effect of three visual depth cues on the perception of the depth of such layers: luminosity, blurring and shadow. The paper reports on a controlled experiment that indicates that luminosity helps users to assess the number of layers while blurring and shadow have no effect.

National audience; Wiki systems have evolved in two different ways : semantic wikis and peer to peer wikis. Semantic wikis integrate the semantic web technologies in order to improve their structure, the search and the navigation between pages. Peer-to-peer wikis offer a support for massive collaboration, off-line editing mode and an ad-hoc collaboration. The main challenge in designing a peer-to-peer semantic wiki combining both approaches is the merge of wiki pages embedding semantic annotations. Merging algorithms used in peer-to-peer wiki systems have been designed for linear text. They do not handle semantic data. In this paper, we present SWooki the first peer-to-peer semantic wiki. SWooki combines the advantages of both semantic wikis and peer-to-peer wikis. We detail SWooki approach and its merging algorithm, we insist on its characteristics and its functionalities. We conclude by presenting its architecture and its implementation.

Collective awareness has been advocated as critical to the successful introduction and use of groupware systems and therefore in supporting virtual collaboration. To date, however, no study has attempted to develop a scale for measuring the awareness levels in the context of virtual teams. In this paper, we report on the development of a measurement scale that captures the degree of collective awareness in virtual teams. The instrument measures two dimensions of awareness: activity awareness and social awareness. We follow a rigorous empirical scale development process to create a bidimensional measurement scale that exhibits satisfactory levels of reliability and validity. The classic indicators of validation confirm the inclusive nature of collective awareness based on the two dimensions suggested. The instrument should prove useful to virtual teams as it provides an aggregate measure of the degree of their awareness. This instrument equally facilitates an evaluation of interactive systems' user-friendliness, based on their ability to maintain user awareness.

International audience; This paper presents the Mixed Graphs software architecture of the MAGGLITE post-WIMP toolkit. This model extends and refines the scene graph architecture by describing interactions with another structure: interaction graphs. Graphs are dynamically combined at runtime, thanks to specific communication components named Interaction Access Points. This adaptable and modular approach for describing interactive graphics is gainful for prototyping, implementing and using alternative input devices and/or interaction techniques.; Cet article présente le modèle d'architecture logicielle des Graphes Combinés qui a servi de base à l'implémentation de la boîte à outils post-WIMP MAGGLITE. Ce modèle étend et affine l'architecture graphique des graphes de scène en décrivant l'interaction séparément avec des graphes d'interaction. Les graphes sont combinés dynamiquement à l'exécution de l'application, grâce à des modules de communication spécifiques : les Points d'Accès aux Interactions. Il s'en suit une description flexible et modulaire des graphismes et des interactions, avantageuse du point de vue du prototypage, de l'implémentation et de l'utilisation de périphériques d'entrée et de techniques d'interaction non standard.

Non coherent differential systems for UWB transmission is a very attractive solution from a practical point of view. In this paper we propose a new multiple access frame differential direct sequence (DS) UWB system. We propose to use different number of frames for each user with the same bit period. Noise and multiaccess interference terms are significantly reduced. Receiver structure has a very low complexity. It's composed of a delay line, a multiplier, an integrator and a comparator to zero. In addition to that, acquisition time is periodic and integration window is fixed in the proposed scheme. Simulation results and theoretical expressions show a good performance in multiple access transmission

International audience; Twenty years after the general adoption of overlapping windows and the desktop metaphor, modern window systems differ mainly in minor details. While a number of innovative window management techniques have been proposed, few of them have been evaluated and fewer have made their way into real systems. In this paper, we present Metisse, a fully functional window system specifically created to facilitate the design, the implementation and the evaluation of innovative window management techniques.

International audience; The quantity and diversity of digital information we produce, receive and download on a daily basis is now incompatible with the available tools for managing it. In this paper, we pre- sent a new approach to familiar data management that aims at taking advantage of the episodic memory of the user. We de- scribe some of our ongoing work that aims at providing inter- active systems with a long-term memory that would allow users to easily retrieve a particular data or context.; La quantité et la diversité des données informatiques que nous produisons, recevons ou téléchargeons quotidiennement sont aujourd'hui incompatibles avec les outils mis à notre dis- position pour les gérer. Dans cet article, nous présentons une nouvelle approche de la gestion de ces données familières qui vise à tirer parti de la mémoire épisodique de l'utilisateur. Nous décrivons un certain nombre de nos travaux en cours qui visent à doter les systèmes interactifs d'une mémoire à long terme facilement exploitable par l'utilisateur pour re- trouver une donnée ou un contexte d'utilisation particuliers.

National audience; In this paper, we propose an object oriented model for describing a mobile user's context inside a Web-based groupware system. These systems are confronted to the growing use of mobile devices, such as laptops, PDAs or cellular phones, which requires special context-aware capabilities. Our model formalizes the context notion, decoupling context and system information, which consequently reduces the system development complexity. We consider the context as a set of basic elements that identify the circumstances in which the user is accessing the system. These elements include elements related to physical aspects (the user's location and device), as well as those related to the cooperative process in which the user is involved (group, role, activities, etc.).

If projects are usually dichotomised between qualitative and quantitative research, the aims of this paper is to underline the role of computer assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS). The literature on CAQDAS expresses both hopes and fears and CAQDAS are just another tool. This article underlines that software may lead to a deep understanding of a specific organization and can also contribute to enrich qualitative analysis process and reduce the ideologic gap between quantitative and qualitative methods.

cote interne IRCAM: Chemillier04c; None / None; National audience; This paper shows how to generate jazz chord sequences incrementally using Steedman's grammar by taking advantage of some formal properties. We point out the specific role played by particular chord sequences called "cadential sequences". By precompiling them, one could improve the implementation of Steedman's grammar in a real-time system for improvisation, and make it more reactive to the inputs of the user

National audience; This paper describes the use of adjacency matrices for the visualization of co-activity graphs such as social networks. We describe their use for analysing and un- derstanding constraint-oriented programs. We show that the use of adjacency matrices for the visualization of the variables vs. constraints graph makes it possible to visualize how the problem was modeled and to compare the activity in various regions of the graph while the problem is being solved.; Cet article décrit l'utilisation de matrices d'adjacence pour la visualisation de graphes de co-activité tels que les graphes d'interaction au sein de communautés. Nous décrivons leur utilisation pour la compréhension et l'analyse de programmes par contraintes. Nous montrons que l'usage de matrices d'adjacence pour vi- sualiser le graphe variables-contraintes du problème étudié permet de voir la modélisation du problème et de comparer l'activité dans diverses parties du graphe au fil de la résolution.