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During the last couple of decades, the countries of the world have become increasingly interconnected into a single capitalist economic system. Globalization processes have facilitated the flow of goods and services. They have also led to new forms of exclusion, inequality and “culture conflict”. This paper elaborates on the nexus between transnational organized crime networks, fundamental Islamic movements and terrorist groups in the Balkan region, and argues that these movements for social, political and economic change are bi-products of globalization. After the fall of the Soviet Union, criminal-political formations expanded drastically in the newly emerging Balkan democracies. The weak government structures, the deteriorating domestic economy and the vulnerable government institutions made the Balkan region a safe haven for war profiteers, career criminals and fundamental Islamists. This paper gives a detailed overview of the origin, nature and expansion of several politicized illicit markets in the Balkans. It further elaborates on the birth of fundamental Islamic movements after communism. The complex interrelation between globalization, wars, organized crime and fundamental Islam is at the forefront of this paper.

The aim of this paper is to study Moroccan music festivals against the existing theories on globalization, while coming up with new concepts aimed at overcoming the problems often facing experts in popular culture and media studies who feel that globalization thesis lapses into fatal gestures of leveling, reductionism, and totalitarianism, especially when it tries to account for current discussions related to the circulation of artifacts and cultural texts. The general consensus has it that modern technologies have hugely altered the meaning and revolutionized the traditional functions attached to art and cultural industries. The grotesque circulation of western cultural artifacts is justifiably judged to be many times agonizing for theorists in cultural studies, linguistics and political science, etc who want to be sure that the unequal transmissions of products across the world will not harm local cultural, linguistic and economic capital of the less dominant other. Moroccan music festivals for instance are seen to be increasingly governed by a complex whirlpool of the far-too-melodramatic implications of today’s world global connections. In view of this, this paper, which borrows from data collected during between 2010 and 2011, will examine cultural industries, music festivals in general and the Essaouira festival in particular, in relation to world flows, while holding the argument that the appropriation of western artifacts locally has always been part of a not-so-novel process of mobility of what we call world cultural nomadictates (nomadic dictates). The paper gives a detailed definition of this concept and develops other new concepts (e.g. recurents, exclusives) related to the «glocal» face of culture and art in Morocco in an attempt to find an escape route outside the impasses of the globalization/cultural imperialism theses surrounding the study of cultural industries. To drive this idea home, we will open up the discussion at hand onto existing controversies around notions of place, authenticity, urbanism, tourism and consumption.

A variety of researchers have carried out job satisfaction studies in fisheries during the last decades. Results have shown the significant role of self-actualization in the determination of job satisfaction which backs the reasoning that fishing is more than just a livelihood. This paper is based in a job satisfaction study carried out in three lobster fisheries in the Caribbean. Lobster fishing (Panulirus argus) is an important economic activity throughout the Caribbean Basin, both as a source of income and employment for the local population as well as foreign exchange for national governments. These countries differ significantly in structure of the fishery as well as governance arrangements. In this paper we wish to address the relation between these structural differences and fishers’ job satisfaction across the three countries. Results indicate fishers’ job satisfaction is significantly higher in small-scale fisheries.

Despite the increasing importance of cruise tourism worldwide, very little is known about the lives of cruise-ship employees, and how they use their free time at the ports of call. This paper presents the results of a small-scale exploratory research on the activities of cruise crew and staff members on the island of Cozumel, Mexico, an important port of call for Caribbean routes. Conducted in 2009, qualitative research for this paper included participant observation and several informal conversations and semi-structured interviews with twenty cruise-ship employees and six owners and employees of local businesses. Our conclusions confirm other authors' findings and provide fresh information on the factors that determine these individuals' choices of activities, places and company. Availability of time and money depends on each worker's place in the labor hierarchy, but choices are also influenced by cultural background. More in-depth research will be needed at the demand as well as the offer sides to complement these preliminary findings.

This paper addresses the issue of the resilience of the Tunisian tourism sector in order to analyze the reactivity of the sector to the biggest events that have affected it. This retrospective analysis provides answers to questions about the country’s behavior in the face of challenges threatening its tourism sector, the potential mobilized to address it and the limits of the resilience of a tourist destination.This paper addresses the issue of the resilience of the Tunisian tourism sector by analyzing its responsiveness to the biggest events that have impacted it. This retrospective analysis highlights the country’s behavior in the face of the challenges threatening its tourism sector, the potential mobilized to cope with it and the limits of the resilience of a tourist destination. By distinguishing the origin of crises (internal or external), we show that crises related to internal factors are more difficult to overcome. To solve the difficulties of the destination Tunisia, it appears necessary to work on the change of the classic touristic image of the country.

Recently, the EU and the Latin America and Caribbean relations have undergone new trends. These relations now particularly focus on reducing poverty, integrating the Latin American and Caribbean states in the world economy, strengthening diplomacy and the role of non-states actors in governance, and on promoting political dialogue with an interest in democracy, the rule of law and human rights. That being said, the political and legal culture, and the state of the governance in the Caribbean region raise interests in understanding how national human rights institutions (NHRIs) and the institution of the ombudsman could contribute to changing in the spirit of the UN focus on the importance of strong institutions in realizing sustainable government. While the ombudsman is vested with the mission for combatting mal administration and promoting legality, national human rights institutions are created by states to promote and protect human rights. Both are nonetheless human rights defenders, using soft strategies and actions to foster living together. Thus, how and to what extent can national human rights institutions and the institution of ombudsman contribute to a culture facilitating the rule of law and building individual capabilities within a governance focusing on the human dignity for development in the Caribbean region?The paper analyses the foundation of the political dialogue, the roles, limitations and potentiality of NHRIs and the ombudsman in strategies aiming at promoting development in the Latin American and Caribbean region. I argue that given their responsibilities and characteristics, and their natural proximity to people, those institutions can be an overwhelming resource to consider in any partnership focusing on the rule of law in promoting development, while globalization has increased inequalities and prevented the emancipation of vulnerable peoples. Consequently, those institutions are of relevance not only in political governance but also in economic governance to take into account the indivisibility and interdependence of human rights. By informing and educating people and raising awareness on human rights challenges, encouraging pluralism and consultation and fostering access to justice and other public services, those institutions involved in human rights diplomacy can contribute to a better appropriation of the complexity in realizing the rule of law. Mobilizing an interdisciplinary approach and methodology dealing with comparative public law, human rights international law, international economic law, socio-legal studies and political philosophy, and desk research and field reports, the paper sets out a couple of recommendations to foster NHRIs and ombudsman in law, diplomacy, and cooperation for development in the quest for change in the Caribbean region.

The earthquake that occurred January 12, 2010 in Haiti has changed demographic situation of the country. These demographic changes also have negative impacts on adolescent’s fertility, particularly on those living in accommodation camps. According to DHS (2012), adolescent fertility rate has very increased (66‰ in 2012; 44,35‰ in 2009). In comparison with other cities or areas of the country, adolescents living in the camps have the higher fertility’s rate (107‰). The aim of this paper is to identify social, cultural, demographic factors explaining adolescent fertility living in the camps.Data that we used in this paper come from Demographic and Health’s survey (Haiti, 2012). Moreover data analysis has been performed at two different levels: descriptive analysis and multivariate analysis and we have found that the “presence children 5 and under in household”, the “age at first sex”, the “marital status” and the “education level” are key factors in explaining adolescent fertility in accommodation camps.

This paper uses an unobserved component model to analyse the feasibility of economic and monetary union (EMU) between Haiti and Dominican Republic, two countries sharing the same island but whose history is one conflict and divergent economic prospects. In spite of these historical obstacles, is it possible to plan an economic and monetary union among these economies? The objective of this paper is to provide a framework to identify and evaluate the asymmetry degree of macroeconomic shocks within these economies in order to appreciate the viability of this project, also the nature of these potential benefits and costs. The results show the fragility of this process because of the weak economic policy convergence among these countries. The shocks disintegration stemming from our model confirm these results and suggests that at this stage, several economic criteria are not satisfied for the two countries to fully benefit from an economic and monetary union. However, the endogeneity of most of these criteria militates in favour of an agenda for progressive integration between them.

The present paper seeks to provide an assessment of the likely implications of the CARIFORUM-EU Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) on economy of Caribbean states and French Caribbean Outermost Regions (FCORs). Two models are used for that a computable general equilibrium model (GTAP model), applied to CARIFORUM countries, and a gravity model framework applied to French Caribbean Outermost Regions. The main findings from application of the computable general equilibrium model can be outlined as follows in case of full reciprocity between the partners in merchandise trade, the results show that impacts are contrasted among the economies. The effects appear positive for some countries, sectors and negative for the others. Tariff reductions will translate into a decline in government revenue and a degradation of their balance of payments. The well-being of CARIFORUM households has improved very lightly (0.04%). On the other hands, the application of the gravity model framework reveals several barriers to regional trade between French Caribbean Outermost Regions and their neighbours, particularly their strong institutional and economic links with continental France, responsible for a high labour cost and a lack of autonomy with regard to international trade. The study also highlights that French language is an obstacle to trade across the Caribbean, due to the fact it is a minority in this region, as well as absence of FCORs in main economic and trade agreements of Caribbean. Finally the paper finds that there is high degree of similarity of exports among the countries and territories in the Caribbean.

The main purpose of this paper is twofold (i) to estimate by using a neoclassical model of growth proposed by IMF, the economic and financial impact of COVID-19 in Haïti; (ii) to analyse threshold effects of government size on economic growth in this country, by using Hansen’s Threshold Auto Regressive (TAR), 1999. It uses the time series data over the period 1980-2019. In the first model, the paper finds that on account of the pandemic, the Haïti’s GDP could be reduced of 14.1% in 2020. In the second model, our results provide strong evidence for the existence of a non-linear relationship between government expenditure and economic growth. Based on these results, the paper finds that the optimal level of government expenditure that maximizes economic growth for Haïti is 14.1% of GDP against a staff level of 11.1%. They show that the state spends well below its potential growth. On the other hand, if this threshold is exceeded, the increase of the percentage ratio of state budget expenditure/GDP will have a negative impact on the speed of GDP growth. Thus, our recommendations are in favor of increasing government investment to education, health, infrastructure, environmental sectors … that are neglected up to this day in Haïti. However, these expenditures have to be limited to a level that no excess the optimal size

The purpose of this paper is (i) to evaluate by using a model of standard regression, the potential effects of COVID-19 on tourism in countries of Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS); (ii) to determine by using Hansen’s Threshold Auto Regressive model (TAR), the optimal size of tourism receipts that maximize the economic growth in this zone. In the first model, the paper finds that on account of the pandemic, the GDP of OECS’s countries could be reduced of 11.8% in 2020. In the second model, our empirical results show strong evidence of a non-linear relation between economic growth and tourism in two regimes. The regime with the degree of tourism specialization less than or equal to 25.27% (regime 1) and the regime with the degree of tourism specialization between 12.97% and 25.27% (regime 2). The optimal threshold is 25.27%. Its marginal effect is 0.17 point, “all things being equal to the otherwise”.

This paper aims to explore the complex relationships between international tourism and the production and exchange of 'nature' in tropical countries. It is based on data gathered through an ethnographic case study approach on the changing aesthetic, economic and symbolic values attached to the coral reef in the tropical island of La Réunion, Indian Ocean. The analysis of this data shows that, from the point where the collective imaginaries in the Western world associate a 'magic' value with corals, an international institutionalisation process takes place in order to protect and preserve coral reefs and make them touristically accessible. This raises important issues related to the challenges the new value of tropical nature represents for the communication and exchange systems of communities in tropical countries. The paper first explores the meanings of the spiritual and religious value Western societies attribute to coral reefs. It then discusses the institutionalisation of tropical nature by international organisations and the problem of parallel land and natural space ownership systems in La Réunion. After that, it deconstructs the mystification policy of the coral reef operated by local institutions in La Réunion and examines the meaning of protecting the coral reef as a socially embedded 'communicative action' in La Réunion.

With its opening on the world market, the city of Algiers, or El-Djezaïr, (capital of Algeria) has become an attractive destination for business tourism. Although, its coast, rich in beaches and seaside resorts, often undergoes a massive tourism that endangers its environment identity. Hence, it would be of first interest to set-up a touristic development strategy aiming the littoral safeguard. The main scope of this paper is the littoral tourism requalification in Algiers by reinterpreting the leisure and recreation facilities that existed there before 1830. Moreover, it focus on the valuation of its territorial heritage: fountains, summer residences, and mostly the natural paths that used to connect the city port to the hinterland since the earliest times.Indeed, before 1830, El-Djezaïr had its "Fahs”, a territory famous by its "djenanes": a kind of summer residences within fabulous gardens facing the sea. Often seemed like deserted museums, the "djenanes" could constitute a key opportunity coastal tourism requalification. One of the alternatives would be their reconversion into touristic structures for scientific, business, leisure and recreational tourism. The paper presents the case of “La Villa du Traité”, a commemorative place related to the capitulation of the city of Algiers in 1830. The place is proposed to become a center of ethics where national and international scientific events in Medicine could be held.

In this introductory article of the issue paper on marine resources, the authors review the issues with usage and consumption patterns, in terms of protection and governance systems. They stress their environmental significance, social but also economic for many country and coastal communities. They focus on the actions already implemented and the need to deepen knowledge in this field.

This paper provides a review of ecosystems modelling within the Caribbean using the Ecopath approach and software tools. The review is not intended to provide a direct comparison of the modelled ecosystems attributes and performance, as this would require having access to the models and the data sets used to build the models. Rather, a general comparison is made of the outputs of the models and the various authors’ descriptions of ecosystem attributes.

It is increasingly recognized that maintaining biodiversity is of fundamental importance toward sustaining human livelihoods. One of the major assets of the region identified as “Latin America and the Caribbean” (LAC) is its biological wealth; by extension, the continued biodiversity loss of the LAC region is seen as one of the world’s principal environmental problems. The marine resources of Caribbean Sea are of vital economic, ecological and social importance to the LAC region, and are under particular threat. Marine turtles play vital roles throughout the Caribbean Sea both in terms of ecological functions and human welfare. Conservation efforts in this direction can often depend on the ability to place a value on welfare changes associated with the loss of ecosystem goods and services into which biodiversity plays an integral role.Using the ecosystem service categories of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, this paper discusses from an inter-disciplinary perspective the methodologies associated with linking marine turtles, ecosystem services and human welfare. While the main economic benefit to be currently valued may stem from the eco-tourism potential surrounding turtle nesting sites, for a true picture of the environmental resources upon which this service depends, it is necessary to also identify the other provisioning, regulating and cultural services of the resource. In this way, human welfare impacts can be more truly judged, and effective resource management can be undertaken.

This study, using cointegration and causality tests, investigates the relationship among tourism development, economic expansion, and poverty reduction in Haiti. fmpirical studies have shown that the three variables are cointegrated with a long-run stable relationship among the three. At 5% level, the causality tests suggest one-way Granger causal relation between economic growth and tourism development, and between poverty reduction and tourism development. On the other hand, the paper presents arguments in support of the proposition that poverty reduction as a source of tourism development, offers a convincing case for the use of policy instruments focused to drive a tourism-based economy.

In recent years, there has been a proliferation of second home developments on attractive coastal regions of Central and South America. Based on the assumed benefits of second home tourism to regional economies, public authorities - accompanied by private investors – have capitalised on this sector as part of their tourism development strategies. This paper first examines the nature of recent second home tourism developments and then presents the socio-economic and environmental impacts of this phenomenon as experienced by local communities on the South Pacific Coast of Nicaragua. The main impacts include conflicts with local and indigenous communities over land use and ownership, seasonal and low-income employment generation, an increased burden on municipal budget to provide public infrastructure, and environmental degradation. It is argued that the second home tourism sector, strongly driven by private real estate investors, fails to generate tourism activities which are expected to sustain community development. Furthermore, this study indicates that municipalities concentrating on the second home tourism segment may deprive themselves of access to resources for more sustainable forms of tourism activities.

This paper will analyze the tourism image the municipal and state tourism offices of Guanajuato, Mexico, a World Heritage site, aim to project through their promotional materials: a small, colonial city, whose streets are shown as empty, cobble-stoned, and set in romantic light. The "city of Cervantes in the Americas" (a title bestowed by UNESCO in 2005 to honor the theatrical tradition of Cervantes plays in Guanajuato) appears to want to set forth an image of tranquility and spaciousness, while the reality is much different: Guanajuato's mainly narrow and windy streets typically bustle, plazas and gardens are full of activity, in short, the town is alive, yet its projected image lacks liveliness. Furthermore, although it is a World Heritage site, Guanajuato has thus far not used that brand to its advantage; instead, Guanajuato has recently had a variety of slogans to promote itself, seemingly at the whim of officials. Through interviews with tourism officials and a selection of collected tourism materials, I show how the city has yet to establish a “coherent” brand, and is going through various phases of place marketing at once.

This paper deals with beach quality assessment. At first, the author presents the state of the art through a conceptual and a methodological approach. Then, she applies the methodological framework she has elaborated to the beaches of the British Virgin Islands. On the basis of the results of the assessment, she discusses the environmental impacts of tourism in small tropical island.

This paper addresses the challenge of transforming Mediterranean islands into sustainable tourism areas, through the direct (or indirect) use of renewable energy projects and technologies. Through demonstration and a discussion of cases studies from studied islands, which takes into account island-specific characteristics and particularities, we assess the compatibility of renewable energy technologies (RETs) with sustainable tourism development. Conclusions emerge from this analysis which highlight prerequisites for RET-tourism compatibility; this has potential transferability to other insular territories. Developing an appreciation of the factors that can lead to sustainable tourism in islands through the use of renewable energy is a priority issue for two main reasons. Firstly, because until now scientific literature has only discussed the question of photovoltaics’ integration into tourism buildings, and secondly, because of the relatively high vulnerability to climate change impacts of islands compared to many mainland areas, according to predictions made by the United Nations and the European Union. Whilst international politics deal with the mass reduction of gaseous emissions into the atmosphere, reducing the adverse effects of climate change in the islands has become a significant component of national priorities.

This paper presents French historical sources and references about Tobago collected in the Libraries and Archives of Martinique and the record of two archaeological missions sent from Martinique to Tobago in the 1990’s. French contributions to the history of Tobago, published or not, gives light on the French speaking protestant Walloons who settled in the island during the 17th century. In addition the author shows the links between Dutch and French Huguenot families in the West Indies in spite of the French State.

This paper studies the stages of the development of the port of Marin (Martinique). In the space of a score of years, the port became one of the principal places of reception of the sailing ships in the islands of the Caribbean Sea. The new tourist and recreation uses are at the origin of a reorganization of the local economy. The rise of navigation gives a new identity to the place which resembles moreover more one tourist station open on the international one. The development of the port of Marin fits from now on in logics regional and international of the world of the sailing.

This paper critiques the structure and functionality of the 21st century nation-state through analysis of emancipatory decisions in the former Dutch Caribbean colonies of Aruba, Curaçao, and Suriname.Suriname, the most culturally Dutch of the Caribbean territories, was the first of the former colonies to secede from the Netherlands. Although Suriname achieved independence in 1975, the economy remained heavily reliant on the policies of the United States. As such, the Surinamese government prioritized the interests of NATO and struggled to reconfigure its preexisting relationship with the suzerain. This dynamic strained Surinamese relation with Latin American nations more actively resisting US imperialism and isolated Suriname politically.Aruba became a constituent country in 1986; however, this shift was not contemporaneously reflected in Curaçao. Curaçao had headed the former Colony of Curaçao and Dependencies, and independence would have weakened its influence on the other islands whose governing structure would have remained unchanged. While Aruba had the opportunity to claim equal status with Curaçao, it instead pursued emancipation. Demographically Mestizo unlike neighboring islands, Aruba was eager to distinguish itself from Curaçao, where advocacy for decolonization arose with support from regional Black Power movements. Aruba and Curaçao had a long history of human exchange with Latin American continent from the pre-Columbian period. The inhabitants, especially those of African descent excluded from citizenship on the basis of race, moved to Spanish colonies where citizenship was granted upon conversion to Roman Catholicism. The people could use religion to obtain citizenship. They had no loyalty to the European empire nor a sense of belonging to any European kingdom. What they wanted was citizenship and human rights.Around the time Suriname declared independence, European governments began to promote neo-liberal policies that advanced smaller or limited government function. The former Dutch empire was itself abandoning its role as sovereign of a nation-state. Aruba, which had witnessed Suriname’s predicament post-independence and where sense of belonging within the nation-state was historically weak, finally elected to retain within the Dutch Kingdom. To become an independent nation would have entailed severing preexisting ties with Europe and rendered the territory more vulnerable, since globalization often facilitates interference from supranational institutions and military alliances such as the EU and NATO. The trajectory of Aruba prompts questions regarding the true definition and function of the 21st century nation-state.Today, even independent nations comply with international regulations and belong to multinational free trade spheres and military alliances. Due to Dutch disinterest, Aruba and Curaçao enjoyed a greater degree of autonomy. Thus, dependent territories such as Aruba that are capable of maintaining intercontinental and supranational affiliations do not immediately necessitate full independence

The seaside tourism that is treated on this paper is one of the first forms of tourism developed in this area which is based on the opening of the town to the Atlantic which offers a magnificent beach. The municipality also benefits from a large density of hydrographic network with the ramification of bolongs bordered by mangrove favorable to excursions. Despite these potentialities, seaside tourism today faces enormous constraints linked to coastal erosion. The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of coastal erosion on tourism. The study was based on various phases of observations in the field and on surveys carried out among 292 heads of concession divided between four localities of the commune (Kafountine 69%, Abene 17%, Diannah 10%, and Diogué 4%). We also made maps on Arc Gis 9.3, after having used the GPS to take points of the different camps in the commune and Excel for the exploitation of digital data. The results show that the municipality offers a quality infrastructure offering that combines comfort and calm and that is essentially grouped on the coastal zone. The tourism sector in general and the seaside sector in particular are now facing enormous problems linked to coastal erosion, which hinders its development. The constraints associated with coastal erosion are materialized by the degradation of camps, the reduction of the beach and the degradation of the coastal vegetation. This phenomenon of coastal erosion is well known in the municipality. According to population surveys, 60% of those surveyed experience and experience coastal erosion on a daily basis. The populations of the islands, Kafountine Batara and Abene Badala are the most affected.

The paper focuses on the extent to which the media’s reporting of violent crime affects tourists’ perception of the destination. The survey showed a correlation between persons that were more exposed to negative media reports before embarking on their vacation and those that held a more negative view of their safety at the destination. Persons exposed to these reports were less affected since they exhibited less restrictive behaviour while at the destination. Visitors who had closer socio-cultural ties to the region were more exposed to negative reports and possessed a more negative view. The findings present implications for media coverage strategies and destination image management.

Governance plays an essential role in the operation and improvement of the performance of companies by properly defining their structuring to adapt to changes in the economic environment. To think that all societies could apply identical rules of governance would be disturbing, even destabilizing for a system which is otherwise generally good at always seeking greater coherence and efficiency. In discussions on governance and performance, the manager occupies a major place in the process leading to the creation of wealth. This paper focuses on studying corporate governance through a sample of 22 companies of fairly varied sizes which covers the entire economy of French Guiana.

This paper proposes to study luxury through a multidisciplinary approach, from philosophy to sociology and from psychology to economy. First of all, it is essential to identify the foundations of luxury, with the work of Veblen (conspicuous consumption), Bourdieu (distinction and habitus) and Lipovetsky (aesthetisation), and to define the contours of luxury. Luxury is part of a historical construction. It is associated with “perfection” (Karpik). Refinement, inner quest, distinction, pleasure of creativity and innovation, luxury is a combination of tangible and intangible composite. On the economic front, luxury is the economics of singularities (Karpik). The price is the main measurable indicator that helps to distinguish the luxury market.

This paper proposes a reflection on the cruise industry, the importance and scope of this industry. One of the objectives is to examine in particular the relationship between cruise lines and ports that receive cruises and excursionists. The cruise product built from the 1970s engendred a specific mass tourism. And the boat is both the means of transport and the destination. The stops have a secondary role in this logic that favors gigantism, standardization and uniformity. While gigantism known some limits, cruise products reconstructs itself spatially and innovative segments of the high-end and luxury.

This interview synthesizes artist statements collected in a series of interviews with Félie-Line Lucol conducted by Frédéric Lefrançois, with reference to the paper presented during the conference “Artistic Cartographies and Topologies” which was held on 18 December 2017, at the Campus of Fouillole, Guadeloupe, FWI, University of the French Antilles.

For Norwegians the name of our country is based on a route - "the way to the North" - and this was not a built route but using of the coast-line itself. As long as the boats and ships were the main means of travel this coastal way - "Nor-way" - was the main communication basis for most people, and for transport of goods. But even in the interior of the country, water, namely rivers and lakes were the main structures for communication. The lakes were most efficient for transport during the cold winters, by sledges on the frozen surfaces.When new means of transport took over most of the traffic, however, sea, lakes and rivers in many ways became obstacles instead of means of communication (?). This gave the government and others new challenges. In the sailing period up to the end of the eighteen hundreds, boats and harbors were the investment focus and sailors were recruited in every community from the age of 15. This meant that in a remote area at the Arctic Circle there were plenty of people who have been sailing around most of the work and could easily be hosts of visitors.This paper is mostly focusing on "how to market and develop these beautiful coastal areas to travelers using either their own cars, bikes, boats or collective transport". What types of geographical units are suited for marketing and developing such areas and how might local producers of accommodation, food & beverages, crafts, activities and arts be included in such organizations. The main focus will be on the work of organization "Kystriksvegen Reiseliv AS" that have been working with these challenges for closed to two decades. What have their successes and obstacles been and how have they been able to operate a sustainable business on a long coastal route with many car ferries, small islands, fjords and mountains and more than twenty municipalities.

When reggae emerged in the late 1960s, it came as a cultural bombshell not only to Jamaica but the whole world. Reggae has influenced societies throughout the world, contributing to the development of new counterculture movements, particularly in Europe, in the USA and Africa. Indeed, by the end of the 1960s, it participated in the birth of the skinhead movement in the UK. In the 1970s, it impacted on Western punk rock/ pop cultures and inspired the first rappers in the USA. Finally, since the late 1970s onwards, it has also influenced singers originating from Africa, Alpha Blondy, Tiken Jah Fakoly and Lucky Dube being perfect examples. Thus, my paper will examine the impact of Jamaican reggae music on the worldwide cultural universe, especially on Europe, the USA and Africa.

This paper explores the complex geopolitical relationship that exists between one of Jamaica's most notorious garrison communities, Tivoli Gardens, and the formal state. This relationship is analysed through a historical perspective of Tivoli's construction – from a low-income housing project to a fortified garrison community. The analysis highlights the growth of local criminal organizations that have been controlling the enclave, and shows the shift of power that progressively took place between this gang and the formal State who created the community in the first place.

The cruise industry in Mexico has had significant changes stemming from current global trends during the last two decades. This has been due to its favorable and strategic geographical position in the market, its warm climate and proximity to the United States. Hence there has been a major relevance towards adopting national tourism policies as well as reforming the national port system allowing the entrance of private investment infrastructure, cruise terminal management and operation. The spatial organization of cruise tourism destination ports in Mexico has been redefined in this context. That is to say, there are new home ports, new routes and ports of call that have placed the country as a world’s leading destination for cruise ship arrivals. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to examine the conditions which have led the spatio-temporal dynamics into a critical review of the new regional geography of cruise tourism in Mexico.

This paper focus on an analysis of the relationship between racism, segregation and the illicit drug trade inside three Caribbean territories known for their large share of population of Indian and African origin: Trinidad, Suriname and Guyana. Because of historical reasons, those territories have known the recent growth of a wealthy Indo-Caribbean business class. On the other hand, for similar reasons, Afro-Caribbeans today represent most of the urban poor lower class. From the 1980's Colombian cocaine trafficking affected those territories; hence a drug trafficking activities' ethnical specialization. At the bottom of the pyramid, young Afro-Caribbeans are today overwhelmingly represented amongst perpetrators of crime linked to the traffic. Progressively a racist discourse tends here to present « blacks » as more prone to crime...

From a comparative study of original that puts into perspective the experiences made ​​in Corsica and Martinique islands, this paper questions the scope of eco-tourism as an alternative to mass tourism to the French islands. Both destinations are first presented briefly review the type of developed tourism and its socio-spatial causes discussed for each of the islands, there is a societal expectation pregnant for another type of tourism. It is then shown that the position of the government in terms of alternative tourism, which remains the order of discourse, encourages local actors to pursue their own projects. However, in terms of local development, the impact of these local initiatives, scattered and disjointed, are in fact very low. These observations lead to the presentation of a conceptual model for ecotourism island territories, which seeks both to clarify the definition of ecotourism is to open the discussion on recommendations for moving towards sustainability.

About 200 students from 35 different countries stepped onboard MV Oceanic II as part of The Scholar Ship voyage in 2007. Organised by Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. (RCC) and a consortium of 10 international universities, this « Semester at Sea » offered students the possibility of touring around the world during 16 weeks, and to follow an array of courses, and to do “academic field work”. The central aim of the cruise (which took place also in 2008 but was discontinued afterwards because of a lack of funding), was to help the students to develop their intercultural competence. In this paper I examine the vision of the “intercultural” resulting from this experience using different documents (narratives, blogs, official documents, etc.). Can this type of cruise lead to intercultural encounters?

Evaluation of economic effects from sport events is necessary to pursue or not these events. This evaluation is important for enterprises that provide goods and services also for the government, because it allows them to obtain an accurate vision of the future.Today, we have a growing need of evaluation from the people involved in sport activities. Sometimes, these people ask themselves on economic and social advantages of these events.The objective of this paper is to propose for Guadeloupe a rigourous methodology that assesses the economic and social impact of Route du rhum which is a transatlantic competition between St-Malo and Pointe-a-Pitre. We use two approaches: the first of which is level-based and determines the values of both economic base multipliers and input-output multipliers by composing an input-output table of the Guadeloupe economy. The second, dynamic approach specifies from an econometric model the impact of several variables, especially those of la Route du rhum. The goal is to provide findings to stakeholders of this sport for comparison. The results of the investigation merge and show globally weak economic performance of Route du rhum, particularly a poor cost-benefit ratio, weak economic multipliers and inter-industry linkages.

This paper approaches regional identity in the Caribbean in heuristic terms that imply the paradigms of movement, mobility, flux and diverse influences that are not limited to frame of fixed parameters. Our rationale consists in going beyond the traditional observation of a sedentary space, in order to better our perception of the connexions that join the different units composing the region, and apprehend the spheres of influence or scales of inclusion that range from micro-local to global. The notions of “movement” and “mouvance” that we suggest conceptualizing here in order to apprehend our object in a dynamic way, even though linked with a transdisciplinary approach, derive their validity from the inscription in the field of Geopolitics.

The current consensus on Sustainable Tourism Development emphasizes the necessity for all tourist planning and policy making decisions to consider the impacts of tourism activity on all three dimensions of sustainability: economic efficiency referring to the capacity of an economy to be competitive, social justice aiming at the better distribution of produced welfare in the society and environmental preservation as the conservation of ecosystem’s capacity to provide humans with goods and services essential for their survival.A successful evaluation of the tourism activity presupposes the extensive examination of certain elements of the tourism product itself (expressed as characteristics of supply, demand and the organization of the tourist market), along a series of parameters related directly to the tourism products (effects), and indirectly to its implications for the destination (impacts). This paper presents a methodological framework for an integrated evaluation and monitoring of the tourism activity, in support of planners and policy makers towards both tourism and regional policy.A case study on the island of Samos in Greece is employed to demonstrate the scope of the methodology based on real data, its potential value but also its limits. The results of the study indicate that tourism remains the main developmental force in the island for over two decades without unfortunately, succeeding to deviate from the rule of decreasing tendencies, of similar mass tourism destination.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the way in which the guesthouse owners from Maramureş carry out a social and symbolic construction of their identity in the presence of the tourists during the season of fasting, reflection and preparation before the celebration of Easter, during this religious holiday and the days after that. Starting from a socio-anthropological description of the “ingredients” of this religious holiday we aim at identifying its transgressions and their meanings in the context of the rural family-type tourism. We try to understand the “how” and the “why” of the logics which are behind the instrumentalisation of certain symbols of this religious holiday in the private sphere of identification. We assume that the disobedience to certain ancestral practices associated with this religious holiday answers the guesthouse owners’ tourism marketing needs. Behind the study of the mechanisms of “putting on display” items of collective identification selected by the guesthouse owners, it is the question of identity which is the heart of our reflection.

This study was conducted in the cantons of Doufelgou prefecture in Northern Togo. On the basis of the beauty of the landscape, natural resources and semi-structured surveys, the potential ecotourism in this prefecture was evaluated. The treatment of spatial data collected helped make ecotourism map and to propose a tourist circuit. Three categories of potential have been identified: the natural potential, cultural potential and human potential. These potentialities are little valued and suffer to varying degrees various pressures which may put them at risk. This paper presents various potential and carries an analysis on socio-economic and environmental benefits of ecotourism development in this area.

On coastal areas and in islands in particular, the tourism sustainability is still at stake: whereas agriculture and tourism are competing for land, how can we think and promote the complementarities between both activities for a sustainable territorial development? This paper deals with this question. For instance, a grid of indicators for the complementarities between farming systems and tourism is set as a tool for local development. The results of a survey lead in the Mediterranean island of Corsica in 2010 are used to discuss the scope of such a grid.

The tourism competitiveness is an important concept today. The most studies investigate this theme from different ways. However, there are few studies about empirical link between tourism and competitiveness. This paper, thus attempts to examine the empirical relationship between these two variables. It uses the cointegration and error correction model (ECM) in a bivariate context as a precondition to apply Granger causality tests. This procedure was carried out in the case of French West Indies’s tourism industry during 1990-2010. The results show that there is a long-term relationship between tourism and competitiveness. In addition, Granger causality tests reveal no one-directional or bi-directional impact in the case of tourism receipts and GDP. Therefore, tourism-led growth hypothesis (TLG) cannot be inferred for French West Indies’s economy as a major concern of destination managers.

By adopting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in the United Nations in 2000, the international community has made poverty reduction a top priority on the global political agenda. In doing this, the international community has put poverty reduction in the media spotlight, which has also made it more difficult to challenge. Yet who would decently oppose the reduction of global poverty?If we want to target the poor in policy implementation, it is first necessary to be able to recognize them. But these people are defined by international institutions based on a universal poverty threshold established at less than $1 - $2 per day. Poverty depends on a multitude of geographic, cultural, sociological, psychological and other criteria. As such, it cannot be reduced merely to a question of daily monetary wealth.This reductionist approach to poverty leads to adopt categorizations which are sometimes arbitrary and stigmatizing because they label people who do not necessarily consider themselves poverty-stricken. This can result in policy which targets the wrong people, and in some cases contributes to a transition from poverty to misery.In this paper we propose a deconstruction of the utilitarian approach to poverty and wealth on which most “poverty reduction” policies are based. This deconstruction allows us not only to emphasize the diversity of types of poverty, but also to reinforce the objective of "reducing poverty" within power relations in regards to the significance of poverty and the concepts of wealth that can legitimize that power.

Based on a stylized model of a two-sector economy frequented by tourists, this paper argues that the tourism-poverty link may be understood in a reverse causality; from poverty to tourism. This "reverse" understanding is based on two elements: Tourism necessarily presents a choice for residents: what part(s) of the local product should tourists be allowed access to? When the flow of tourism is constrained, the willingness of local residents to accommodate tourists is more heavily influenced by quality of life.

While one of the poorest regions of Peru, the Andean south is a national tourist destination and the site of the archaeological sanctuary and one of the most popular sites in the world, Machu Picchu. The boom of tourism development in the 1990s quickly transformed the Cuzco region to an ecotourism and cultural tourism destination. This paper presents the development of tourism in the region in general, as well as the effects for some communities as they are integrated into the international tourism system through the development of the Inca Trail, a four-day hike which leads to Machu Picchu. Men in the peasant communities in the Andean highlands surrounding Ollantaytambo are asked to carry the equipment needed by foreign hikers during the ascent. These people represent an available and affordable workforce, physically capable of carrying heavy weight at high altitudes. Today, the Daniel Estrada Federation of Carriers is composed of 6200 carriers from different communities in the valley. Mainly Quechua, these marginalized rural populations survive in an arid environment; their education often does not exceed the primary level; the villages lack drinking water, sewage services, electricity, telephones, and access to health services; and the houses are made ​​of adobe. Given the vulnerability of these populations, the integration of a system offering new revenue opportunities proved desirable, in spite of the deplorable employment conditions.

This paper analyses some challenges facing tourism development in Madagascar. Relying on a heterodox political economy approach, our analysis seeks to better understand dialectical relationship between tourism development objectives, the fight against poverty and the natural resources conservation, particularly in the case of Andohahela National Park in Tolagnaro region (South-eastern Madagascar). The underlying issues that characterize Madagascar suggest for are newed analytical framework based on political economy to clarify perceptions related to economic, social and environmental problems. This process contributes to clarify the several ambiguities of tourism based conservation strategies and seeks to better understand implementation setback.