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Résumé La traduction française du DSM-5 sera publiée (Elsevier) en juin 2015. Cette communication résume l’historique des traductions françaises des DSM depuis le DSM-III en 1980. Nous sommes restés fidèles aux principes antérieurement retenus, à savoir traduire plutôt qu’adapter et respecter – sauf exceptions – le style de la version originale, avec ses répétitions systématiques. De nombreux exemples sont donnés des choix que nous avons effectués. La seconde partie concerne l’utilisation des quelque 65 outils psychométriques recommandés par les auteurs, en libre accès gratuit sur Internet, pour la plupart non traduits et non validés, pour lesquels les règles méthodologiques d’adaptation et de validation ne pourront pas être respectées. The French translation of DSM-5 will be published by Elsevier Masson in June 2015. This paper summarizes the historical background of the French translations of DSM since 1980 (DSM-III). The translation team has remained true to the principles of previous translations, namely choosing scientific accuracy rather than literary adaptation, and respecting the unique style of the Handbook, with its systematic repetition of phrases and expressions referring to diagnoses. There were very few real problems of translation. Some terms, however, have been the subject of various translation proposals. Other terms have been translated differently depending on context, reflecting the fact that most English and French words are polysemic rather than univocal. Many examples are given of the choices we have made. The second part of the paper is about the emerging measures recommended in DSM-5 section III. These tools (more than 65 questionnaires, inventories or rating scales) can be accessed freely online. Their use is recommended to “enhance the clinical decision-making process, with level 1 cross-cutting self/informant related measures that serves as a review of systems across mental disorders, and level two disorder-specific severity measures”. Most of these assessment measures are not validated in French. The methodology for validating translated inventories or rating scales has been well known since the early sixties. And International guidelines have been recently published in this field. These validation studies are long, difficult and costly. They implicate a tremendous amount of work that will not be achieved for the tools recommended in the DSM-5. The Manual makes no reference to these problems. The validity in uncontrolled conditions of psychometric tools posted on the Internet has to be studied. The equivalence of administering an online version of rating scales or personality tests was assessed in several papers with contradictory results. These results need to be confirmed in the general population and in representative clinical samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Connu internationalement pour sa découverte des neuroleptiques, Jean Delay (1907–1987) a aussi consacré une partie importante de ses travaux à la mémoire. Sa thèse de médecine sur les astéréognosies, où il a étudié les troubles de la reconnaissance par le toucher, est prolongée quelques années plus tard par sa thèse de philosophie, sous la direction de Pierre Janet, sur les dissolutions de la mémoire. Dans cette thèse, il propose une distinction entre les amnésies neurologiques et psychiatriques, en s’appuyant sur le concept de mémoire sociale forgé par Maurice Halbwachs. Cette question de la mémoire connaît un nouveau développement dans son œuvre littéraire avec la publication des quatre tomes d’ Avant mémoire . Dans ces ouvrages de sociobiographie, Jean Delay met en récit la vie de ses ancêtres maternels du Paris des Valois à celui de Napoléon III, en exhumant des documents d’archives et des actes notariés. Cette œuvre a été mise en parallèle avec celle de Marguerite Yourcenar dont Jean Delay fut le parrain silencieux à l’Académie française. Le cheminement personnel et psychologique de Jean Delay apparaît en filigrane au long de cet article. Known worldwide as the discover of neuroleptics, Jean Delay (1907–1987) dedicaded an important part of his work to memory. First his medical thesis entitled astereognosies is focused on the touch disorders. This work has been followed by a thesis of philosophy under the leadership of Pierre Janet, about memory disorders. Jean Delay proposed a classification of neurological and psychiatric memory disorders taking heed to Maurice Halbwachs’ work on collective memory. And the end of his life, as a writer, Jean Delay led an ambitious project. Thanks to his researches in French national Archives, he published in four volumes the history of his maternal ancestors from XVIth to XIXth century. This work has several connections with two of Marguerite Yourcenar's books: Dear Departed: A Memoir and How Many Years: A Memoir. Jean Delay supported the election of Marguerite Yourcenar at L’Académie française, the first woman to be elected at the prestigious French institution. Psychological traits of Jean Delay are also drawn in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Objectifs Cet article propose une étude des rapports entre l’histoire et la psychiatrie, en abordant la psychiatrie dans son histoire et en analysant les enjeux épistémologiques, cliniques et méthodologiques qui les traversent. Méthode Trois points sont envisagés : les rapports entre l’évolution des idées et des pratiques psychiatriques et le contexte historique depuis le début du 19 e siècle à nos jours ; les relations entre l’épistémologie de la psychiatrie et celle de l’histoire ; enfin l’utilisation du récit dans le soin psychiatrique notamment institutionnel. Résultats L’étude de son histoire montre qu’à l’opposé du reste de la médecine, la psychiatrie n’évolue pas selon une logique d’accroissement des connaissances. Elle accompagne les transformations sociales et l’histoire des idées, et est subordonnée à ses avancées libérales et à ses reflux autoritaires. Discussion Pour le moment, la psychiatrie a plus à gagner d’un rapprochement avec les sciences humaines qu’avec la médecine et la neurobiologie. En suivant l’épistémologie de Paul Veyne, plusieurs points communs peuvent être identifiés : la psychiatrie et l’histoire sont l’une et l’autre basées sur l’événement singulier et non sur l’établissement de lois. La causalité en psychiatrie comme en histoire est « rétrodictive ». Les diagnostics sont des abstractions, des catégories, des hypothèses provisoires, qui ne peuvent prétendre à la valeur de fait comparable à la lésion en médecine. Conclusions La psychiatrie comme l’histoire se fondent sur les principes de la narratologie, tels qu’ils ont été établis par Paul Ricœur. La narratologie forme le point commun de toute intervention de type psychothérapeutique et elle constitue notamment les fondements de la psychothérapie institutionnelle. La clinique est inséparable de cette mise en récit partagée entre soignant et soigné, support à la fois du plaisir de penser et véhicule de la consolation des pertes. Objective This paper aimed to study the relationships between history and psychiatry, approaching psychiatry within its history and analysing the epistemological, clinical and methodological challenges involved. Method History and psychiatry have strong relationships. Three points are considered: the relationships between the evolution of psychiatric ideas and practice and the historical context from the beginning of the 19th century to the present day, the relationships between historical epistemology and the epistemology of psychiatry, both based on single events and not on the founding of laws, and the use of narrative in psychiatric and especially institutional care. Results The study of this history shows that, unlike the rest of medicine, psychiatry does not evolve according to a logic of increasing knowledge. Psychiatry accompanies social change and the history of ideas, and is subject to liberal advances and authoritarian withdrawals. Discussion At present, psychiatry has more to gain from a rapprochement with the social sciences than with medicine and neurobiology. According to Paul Veyne's epistemology, several points in common can be identified: psychiatry and history are both based on singular events and not on the edification of laws. Causality in psychiatry as in history is “retrodictive”. Diagnoses are mere abstractions, categories, provisional hypotheses, which cannot claim to possess the value of scientific fact held by a lesion in medicine. Conclusion Psychiatry, like history, is based on narrative principles, as expounded by Paul Ricoeur. Narrative is what all psychotherapeutic interventions have in common and in particular it underpins institutional psychotherapy. Clinical practice is inseparable from the narrative shared by caregivers and receivers, which carries with it both the pleasure of thought and consolation for loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Objectifs Nous visons ici à rendre compte de la place occupée par la confusion mentale au cours de l’histoire de la psychiatrie en France. Méthode À partir des observations de Pinel, Esquirol, Georget et à partir surtout des travaux de Delasiauve (1851), nous retraçons l’histoire confuse de la confusion mentale. Nous confrontons et articulons ensemble les textes et traités de la psychiatrie classique avec certains travaux contemporains (Minkowski, Ey, etc.). Résultats L’on constate que la « confusion mentale » fut repérée très tôt cliniquement mais que son nom et sa distinction des autres types d’aliénations ne virent réellement le jour qu’en 1851 sous la plume de Delasiauve, avant d’être mise entre parenthèses quelques temps suite aux travaux de Baillarger. Sa place dans la nosographie a été mouvante, et il semble qu’une distinction entre « état » confusionnel et « structure », soit essentielle. Discussion L’histoire de la psychiatrie nous apprend que les états de confusion mentale (égarement, incohérence, pensée embrouillée, désorientation, etc.) se retrouvent dans diverses affections ou pathologies ; l’apport psychanalytique enseigne qu’une distinction entre « état » et « structure » permet de se repérer dans la pratique. Conclusion On conclut qu’il est bien difficile de parler de La confusion mentale, au singulier, comme syndrome ou entité clinique à part entière, et que les seules manifestations symptomatiques ne peuvent suffire à établir un diagnostic différentiel. Objectives This paper endeavours to trace the complex history of “mental confusion” in order to determine its place in psychiatric nosography in France. Methodology From the first clinical observations (Pinel, Esquirol, Georget, Delasiauve, etc.), we followed the confused history of mental confusion. To do this we confronted numerous writings in classic psychiatry with contemporary research (psychiatric and psychoanalytical). Results The history of psychiatry tells us that states of confusion (distraction, incoherent and confused thought, disorientation, etc.) can be found in many complaints or pathologies. The contribution of the psychoanalytic view is that the distinction between “state” and “structure” can guide us in our clinical practice. Discussion We note that mental confusion was observed at an early date but it was named and differentiated from other types of alienation only with the writings of Delasiauve (1851), before being neglected for some time following the work by Baillarger. Its place in psychiatric nosography was variable. It appears that a distinction between “state” of confusion and a clinical “structure” characterised by confusion is essential. Conclusion We conclude that it is difficult to treat mental confusion as a single, specific syndrome or as a single clinical entity, nor can symptomatic manifestations alone suffice to establish a differential diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper we consider the body in terms of a psychogenetical construction of the psyche. We adopt the approach of a thought experiment, developing a heuristic model of an inaugural psyche using elements drawn from philosophy of the body and developmental psychology. This model rejects the notion of the body as a given, suggesting how it might be progressively built up by the psychological work of associating perceptions, affect, and impressions of action. Berkeley inaugurated constructivist developmental psychology by theorizing how objects were constructed based on associations of perceptions. This paper argues that the body can be constructed in a similar manner. While the constructivist psychology of Piaget shows how space results from a psychological and cognitive construction, the thought experiment presented here develops a similar construction for the body. This model of the psyche presupposes a minimal number of capacities: the ability to feel sensory impressions, affect, and impressions of action, the capacity of intrinsic motivation, and the capacities to orient the attention and to associate. These capacities, working upon the fluxes of impressions, lead to the emergence of a body construction, in three different ways, as detailed in the paper. This thought experiment also suggests a way to think about the various impacts of a disability on the construction of the body. This work is situated in the wider context of a dialogue between philosophy of mind, psychology and psychiatry, as was the case for the elaboration of such concepts as “own body”, “bodily schema” or “enaction” (Maine de Biran, Merleau-Ponty, Wallon, Piaget, Schilder, Varela, Gallagher, etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: French penal juvenile justice maintains specific relation with psychiatry and psychopathology. The minority excuse on which it is based leads to a paradigm of relations between justice and psychiatry that is very different from the one established for adult penal system; in the latter, this relation is built on forensic psychiatric approaches opposing treatment to sanction and judicial logic to psychiatric logic. The French juvenile justice system differs from this point of view because it states that juvenile delinquents are always more or less irresponsible; the judicial responses to their delinquent acting have to give priority to education on repression. This leads this system to give a central role to the appraisal of the juvenile delinquents’ personality, that is to say to their psychic functioning; any judicial response has then to give a central space to educational and protective concerns assuming that there are no delinquent conducts that are not the expression of an educational and a psychic difficulty. Then the logic behind this assumption is not as much nosographical as it is psychopathological (with reference to a phenomenological or psychodynamic theory); the most important is not then the disorder diagnostic label but a comprehensive perspective addressing the subject''s psychic functioning pattern. This strong integration of judicial and clinical approaches is then one of the most characteristic specificity of the French juvenile justice system. It deeply influences the way the educational agencies, depending of this system, carry out their task. After an epidemiological approach of the population followed by these agencies, this paper will describe the most frequent psychopathological mechanisms that are found in those who are the most difficult to attend, because of the importance of their acting and their reluctance to tolerate the institutional responses given to them. Two main theoretical axes are proposed to explain these mechanisms: the deprivation theory due to Winnicott and dominant in the English school, and the narcisico-objectal theory due to P. Jeammet, currently central in the French school. We will show that these two theoretical approaches are less opposed than complementary because they both state that external reality has a major influence on the psychic functioning of the concerned subjects. Examining the laws on which is grounded the penal juvenile justice (mainly the 2nd February 1945 order) and the interpretations given to this order since its enactment, the paper describes the practical way used to integrate protection and sanction. It shows that the attempt to abandon this close integration undermine the possibilities to establish network collaborative approaches of difficult adolescents. It then advocates for an increasing attention to this integration around approaches basing clinical approaches on educational activities designed to mediate the relation between the young delinquent and the educational staff, importing in the judicial educational context the well-known principles of milieu therapy in adolescent psychiatry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Résumé Objectif La rencontre clinique avec les formes psychotiques de la souffrance humaine en institution psychiatrique confronte à différentes formes de désorganisations psychiques passagères. Les sentiments d’étrangeté, les bizarreries, les angoisses psychotiques engendrent un mélange de sensations et d’affects parfois difficilement représentables et supportables pour les soignants. Notre objectif sera, dans cet article, d’étudier en particulier les manifestations de ce type appartenant au champ de l’atmosphère dans ses rapports aux processus de symbolisation. Méthode Nous proposons tout d’abord d’étudier l’atmosphère de l’atmosphère, à savoir ce qui l’entoure, l’enveloppe et la définit dans le champ des arts et des sciences. Nous étudierons alors de quelle manière cette notion fut utilisée dans le domaine de la santé et du soin avant de nous tourner vers quelques références issues de la phénoménologie. C’est ensuite par le biais essentiellement de la théorie psychanalytique et de quelques vignettes cliniques que nous analyserons de manière plus détaillée les différentes formes de symbolisation associées aux processus atmosphériques. Résultats L’atmosphère apparaît comme un concept riche et fécond sur le plan théorico-clinique qui recoupe et étend certaines notions qui lui sont relativement proches comme celles de climat et d’ambiance. Discussion Il existe une atmosphère nécessaire à la symbolisation, une atmosphère de symbolisation, qui permettra l’émergence des processus de symbolisation de l’atmosphère. Ceux-ci prennent une forme particulière et exacerbée auprès des patients souffrant de troubles psychotiques lors de l’émergence de réminiscences psychotiques. Conclusion Il est possible de se représenter l’informe de l’atmosphère comme l’une des formes d’expression les plus archaïques qui soit, au plus près des premières enveloppes de la psyché du registre du souffle. La sensibilité du clinicien à cette notion et ses implications sur la dynamique transférentielle, en particulier auprès de patients psychotiques, permettra l’émergence et le travail de formes archaïques de souffrance par le biais de ce que nous avons proposé d’appeler les signifiants atmosphériques. Objective The clinical encounter with psychotic forms of human suffering in psychiatric institutions exposes the clinician to various types of temporary mental disorganizations. Strange feelings, bizarre deviations and psychotic anxieties generate a mixture of feelings and emotions sometimes difficult to represent and hardly bearable for the caregivers. Our aim in this paper is to study this kind of feeling in the perspective of the atmosphere and its association with symbolization processes. Method We first propose to study the “atmosphere of the atmosphere”, i.e. what surrounds it, the defining envelope, with several examples from the arts and sciences. We also study how this concept has been used in the domains of health, care and phenomenology. It is then mainly from the viewpoint of psychoanalytical theory, using a few clinical cases, that we go on to analyze the relationship between symbolization and atmospheric processes in more detail. Results The atmosphere appears as a rich and fruitful notion from both theoretical and clinical points of view. It meets and extends several notions that are relatively close, such as climate and ambience. Discussion There is a specific atmosphere essential for symbolization, enabling the emergence of processes of symbolization of the atmosphere, which in psychotic patients are expressed in an amplified manner during the emergence of psychotic reminiscences. Conclusion The “shapelessness” of the atmosphere can be considered as one of the most archaic forms of expression of psychic reality, close to the first envelopes of the psyche and breath. The sensitivity of the clinician to this concept and its implications in the dynamics of transference and counter-transference, especially with psychotic patients, enables the emergence and the expression of early, traumatic experiences through what we propose to call “atmospheric signifiers”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé L’apprentissage de la psychiatrie pour l’étudiant en médecine est l’occasion d’appréhender le patient en tant qu’individu réagissant à sa maladie en fonction de son histoire personnelle, ses antécédents, ses traits de personnalité et son contexte socio-culturel. Pourtant les notions de psychopathologie qui pourront lui être transmises lui paraissent bien souvent inaccessibles et inutilisables. La psychologie de la santé permettrait au contraire de fournir à l’étudiant en médecine un socle de connaissances psychologiques facilement transférables dans le reste du champ médical. Cet article propose une base de connaissances minimales en psychologie de la santé. Les représentations de la maladie, déterminantes majeures de la mise en place de stratégies d’ajustement à la maladie et de comportements de santé, seront présentées dans une première partie, pour ensuite détailler dans une deuxième partie les mécanismes de mise en place de ces stratégies et comportements. Une fiche synthétique regroupant l’ensemble des concepts développés sera proposée. When a medical student is learning psychiatric, he has the opportunity to understand the patient as an individual that reacts to his illness according to his personal history, backgrounds, personality traits and socio-cultural context. Yet, the concepts of psychopathology that can be transmitted to him seem often unreachable and unusable to him. Health psychology would instead provide the medical student with an easily psychological knowledge base transferable in the rest of the medical field. This paper proposes a minimal knowledge of health psychology. In the first part, the representations of the disease, the major determinants of the development of health behaviors and coping strategies to illness, will be presented. In the second part, the mechanisms of implementation of these strategies and behaviors will be presented. A synthetic support card containing all the proposed concepts will be proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objectives: Telemedicine grows differently among the different specialties. Tele-psychiatry, one of the earliest applications of telemedicine, is struggling to find its full place in patient care, and is often seen only as a geographical distances stopgap. The main objective of this paper is to summarize the stakes of this new practice and to put some answers to the question of its place in our current practices. Materials and methods: Literature review focused on patient satisfaction and comparison with the practice of face-to-face. Review of international recommendations on the practice of tele-psychiatry. Reminder of its ethical, professional and legal framework in France. Results: The use of video-consultation appears to improve access to care, may serve to promote patient education, to avoid unnecessary travel to the patient or therapist. Patient satisfaction appears identical to the face-to-face practice. Conclusions: Tele-psychiatry, used and disclosed appropriately, can greatly contribute to improve care in numerous fields: consultation-liaison psychiatry, accessibility to overspecialised consultations, continuing education of physicians. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The delirium of schizophrenia is marked in psychiatry as one of the most radically deviant forms of thought. It is also very often apprehended based on the analysis of verbal productions (scales, tests, experiments) and the speech of patients. Should we consider that insanity means a complete loss of logicality or rationality? Does assuming it help to understand schizophrenia? In this paper, we shall defend the reverse. From a discussion on the principle of charity, we address the question of rationality and logicality of schizophrenics and their understanding in a general philosophical perspective. We then present a work, based on this assumption of logicality, on the formalization of schizophrenic conversations. Some conversational “failures” are clearly typical of the pathology, and their theoretical account raises the question of their localization: shall one locate the breaks either at a logico-semantic, or at a pragmatic and interactional level? The analysis leads us to admit the two answers as reflecting two possible views on the conversation disease: the external or third person perspective, i.e., that of the “normal” subject, and the internal or first person perspective, specific to the schizophrenic. The formal analysis is conducted within the framework of Segmented Discourse Representation Theory of Asher & Lascarides, whose principles are briefly outlined in the article. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper''s main goal is to present the European Federation of Psychiatric Trainees. This organization, which gathers 28 European countries, continues to expand its borders and increase its skills. We will also talk about the latest news about EFPT through the presentation of its 19th annual Forum held in Prague in June 2011. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The concepts of remission and recovery applied to schizophrenia refer to different processes of the positive evolution of the trouble: A psychiatric one and the other one more psychological. In this paper, we aim to better understand and characterize the links between these two continuums of evolution. Our qualitative study is based on the narratives of two subjects suffering from schizophrenia, presenting different clinical profiles according to the criteria of the symptomatic and functional remission. We recorded with the consent of both subjects a semi-structured interview built around three topics: The history of the disease, the lived-experience of the disease and the projection onto the future. Considering the recovery process, our results highlight a different attitude toward the disease between the two patients. The psychological evolution appears relatively independent of the psychiatric criterion of the symptomatic remission. Taking into consideration our qualitative analysis, the recognition of the disease and the integration of its lived-experience to the personality can be conceived as stages of the process of the “recovery of the self” (Davidson, 2008). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper deals with the question of child abuse in xixth century, as it is practically and theoretically considered by forensic medicine and psychiatry. Two exemplary cases are first evoked, as related by par François Leuret (1836) and Adolphe Toulmouche (1838). Then is examined in details the founding text by Ambroise Tardieu (1860), devoted to child abuse and mistreatment. Is recalled the development of the abused child theme in the second half of xixth century, and the building of a child protection system, leading to the 1898 french law. It is shown how the anthropological psychiatric theories (Lombroso, Dupré) fail to explain the child abuse phenomenon. On the other hand, the works of Richard von Krafft-Ebing are fruitful, although they lead to sexualise the problem. Is briefly evoked the new configuration of the problem in xxth century, with “child abuse and neglect” (CAN). Is finally sketched an assessment of xixth century: success of practical forensic medicalization of child abuse, but failure on the side of psychiatric theories concerning the psychopathology of mistreaters. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this comparative paper, the author has studied similarities and differences between the personalities and works of two of Roussillon''s sons: Valentin Magnan and Henri Ey who dominated French psychiatry and whose influence was international during 19th and 20th centuries. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper was initially presented during the scientific workshop of the French society for child and adolescent psychiatry and allied professions (SFPEADA), devoted to psychomotricity and its current bonds with child and adolescent psychiatry (Paris, September 29, 2005). The authors are a child and adolescent psychiatrist, using daily psychoanalytical psychotherapies in a universitary public hospital and two psychomotricians, who work in a child and adolescent public department, in a private activity and in a specialized institute (therapeutic, educational and teaching institute or ITEP). They present here the results of their clinical practices, exchanges and thoughts about a complex and discussed subject, which touches in more than one way with the bases of our clinical and therapeutic practices with children and adolescents: how do we choose the differential indications between psychotherapies and psychomotor therapies? [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The recent evolution of the public health system has led to a drastic decrease in the capacity of public psychiatric hospitals to receive patients. As patients can benefit from new drugs with better efficacy and higher safety, it has become possible for those who once were banished from the general population because of their symptoms, to live and to be accepted again in the city. But at the same time, the stress of social rehabilitation, precariousness of shelter and drug abuse behaviour contribute to constant relapses. Remission periods become shorter. Consequently the psychiatrists attend to a new phenomenon: A great number of patients are hospitalised for short periods, and return back to the hospital a few days after their exit. This phenomenon is called the revolving door syndrome. Our intervention aims to describe it and all its components and to estimate its reality in 2006. This paper is the result of a team work and the same crue as been working ten years ago on this subject, concerning the same topics. Inpatients with mental disease have specific and complex needs concerning their health but also concerning their material conditions for survival. The paradox is that solutions do exist and follow up is systematically proposed. However hospitalization seems to be the only solution that some patients can accept. Thus, the main question seems to be relative to the methods of follow-up. The patients do not always find the social and occupational support that the hospital provides. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Although less applied, the Henri Ey''s thinking is well-known in Romania. The translations of Ey''s works (“The Consciousness” and “Psychiatric Studies”) into Romanian, as well as the writings of the Professor Pamfil, who was one of the Ey''s students, contributed to propagate his theories. The paper''s author considers the organodynamic conceptualization as a premise on his own conception of the rehabilitation of the psychiatric patient, as described in his Textbook of psychiatry, published in Bucharest in 1997. The author suggests that the Ey''s main idea was the concept of normality. That represents a fundamental idea in the psychiatry, as well as in a social field. The original contribution of Henri Ey is the theory of the mind dominated by the structures of the ego (reality reflection, self-consciousness and identity). Therefore, Ey unifies the psychoanalysis, the psycho-organic theory and psychogenetics. Henri Ey was a real anthropologist. He elevated the psychiatry to a theoretical initiation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Who was Frantz Fanon? A political activist, a writer. But Fanon was also an important clinician. The article concerns the accent this aspect of its work and gives as objective to highlight the clinical part of the work of Fanon. His links to the institutional psychotherapy and also its papers on the war traumatism will be analyzed. And also will be envisaged the contradictory connectionsof Fanon to the psychoanalysis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper''s main goal is to present the European Federation for all psychiatric Trainees. This organization is now twelve years old, and links psychiatric trainees from over twenty countries across Europe, whose delegates meet once a year at the annual forum. It represents over 12000 trainees. Through a description of the EFPT''s twelfth forum, we will introduce its main goals and means, as well as the achievements it has made so far. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Three stages (with quite different characteristics) can be distinguished in Spanish psychopathology throughout the 20th Century: 1) From the beginning of the Century to the Civil War (1900-1939). 2) Franco’s period (1939-1975). 3) The democratic stage (the last quarter of the Century). Spanish psychiatrists before the XXth Century were basically under the influence of French theories. These were replaced by the hegemony of German psychiatry that was also replaced, in the last decades, by Anglo-Saxon influence. Spanish psychopathologists have not been very original, but some of them (Sanchi´s Banu´s, Lo´pez Ibor, Llopis, Valenciano, or Castilla del Pino) reached personal theoretical contributions that deserve to be remembered. This paper studies the main influences that Spanish psychopathology has received, from neurohistology and German descriptive psychopathology, through psychoanalysis, phenomenology and existential analysis, to anti-psychiatry, biological psychiatry and current atheoretical quantitative psychiatry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The following paper aims at finding and analyzing the objective conditions and the subjective processes which lead people to choose studying psychiatry. The authors have used the testimonies of 29 French psychiatrists who had been invited by the review Psychiatrie Internationale and who had been asked the question: “Why have you chosen to study psychiatry?” These texts were compiled and published in 1993 and have undergone content analysis. The results show that in order to explain this choice of studies, it is necessary to consider objective factors (social background, level of achievement during internship, etc.), contingent elements (encounters with professors and/or patients), and more subjective processes which make the choice of this medical specialization an answer to each person''s problems. Furthermore, the specificities of this original corpus show the importance of socio-historical conditions under which the choice of studies is done and invite us to reconsider the issue through the current context. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Résumé L’auteur péruvien de cette communication, membre associé international de la Société médico-psychologique, nous fait découvrir un médecin français qui, après avoir commencé à exercer dans notre pays à la fin de l’Empire, est parti pour l’Amérique du Sud où, au cours de voyages dans plusieurs des pays qui luttaient pour leur indépendance, il a fait découvrir aux médecins qui y exerçaient les nouveautés qui étaient apparues dans notre pays au début du xix e siècle, en médecine et notamment en médecine mentale. Après son retour en France, il a publié à Paris des ouvrages sur les cultures qu’il avait connues en Amérique du Sud et aussi en Afrique du Nord où il a aussi voyagé. The Peruvian author of this communication is a member as a foreigner of the SMP. He is presenting us a French doctor who exercised in our country at the end of the Empire era, and then left for South America. During his voyage in several of it's countries, where people were fighting for their independence, he showed local doctors the advances of medicine in the early xix th century in different fields such as mental illnesses. After he came back to France, he published in Paris several papers on the different cultures he discovered in South America as well as in North Africa where he had also travelled to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]