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The article discusses the publication of various edition of the book "Fleurs du Mal" by Charles Baudelaire first published in 1857 ant then in 1861 is a collection of poems that deals with themes related to decadence and eroticism. Topics include it importance in symbolist and modernist movements and literary criticism of the poems.

This study seeks to assess the extent to which die digital book market is structuring independently from the print edition market by comparing the pricing of 559 digital and print French and American bestsellers during 2011. Two pricing methods are distinguished: "homothetic pricing," where the digital pricing is a reflection of the print pricing, and "heterothetic pricing," where the digital price is set according to new rules. The French and American markets do not have the same propensity to overcome the pricing practices in the print book market: While the French market's e-book structure is mirroring that of the print book industry, die American market tends to be more independent. This can be explained by die significant structural, legal, and institutional differences between the publishing industries of both countries. In addition, some factors favor die "heterothetic" pricing method: the number of pages and the type of book influence the degree of differentiation between print and digital prices of the same title [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Les aliments industriels destinés aux nourrissons (4–12 mois) et enfants en bas âge (1–3ans) (en dehors des laits infantiles et des céréales), dénommés aussi aliments pour bébés, se distinguent des aliments industriels non spécifiques conçus pour les adultes et des aliments courants par des critères stricts de composition et de sécurité sanitaire définis par la réglementation française et européenne. Évaluée en France à 89 666 tonnes en 2011 l’offre commerciale pour ces denrées vise à répondre à tous les besoins alimentaires des jeunes enfants : produits laitiers, denrées salées et sucrées, adaptés à l’âge (composition, texture, portions). Les aliments pour bébés ne représentent qu’une part modérée des apports alimentaires des 4–36 mois. Exprimés en pourcentage de l’apport énergétique total, ils constituent en moyenne 7 % de la consommation à 4–5 mois, 28 % à 6–7 mois, 27 % à 8–11 mois, 17 % à 12–17 mois, 11 % à 18–24 mois. Vingt-quatre pour cent des parents n’en donnent jamais à leur enfant, 13 % 1 à 3j/semaine et 63 % 4 à 7j/semaine. Même chez les gros consommateurs, les aliments pour bébés ont peu d’effets sur la qualité nutritionnelle du régime. Cependant, leur emploi retarde et diminue l’utilisation des aliments industriels non spécifiques, ce qui peut contribuer à réduire les risques nutritionnels et toxicologiques liés à la consommation de ces denrées chez les jeunes enfants. Si ces produits sont bien adaptés aux nourrissons et enfants en bas âge, ils doivent rester des aliments de sevrage et de complément à l’alimentation familiale ű faite maison Ƈ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive axillary sweating is a frequent reason for seeking consultation in aesthetic medicine. Botulic toxin therapies have been used for years for this condition. A microwave-based treatment (MiraDry®) has been used in France since 2011. We present the case of a patient who developed complications following such a treatment for excessive axillary sweating, namely dermal detachment, subcutaneous collections, dermal thickening, retractile scars responsible for pain and limitation of axillary amplitudes. These complications mimic the natural evolution of deep axillary burns. In this paper, we propose a management method for patients with this type of complication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the 27th edition of the Oncology Nursing Meetings (RIO), scheduled for March 16, 2024, at the new venue, Palais des congrès, porte Maillot, in Paris. The program, curated by the scientific and organizational committee (CSO), will revolve around current themes conducive to learning, featuring diverse formats for exchanges and sharing, including round tables, calls for papers and posters, symposiums, etc.

Through three examples coming from long-term studies of population dynamics in France, intra and inter-urban, this paper shows that the introduction of some "a-historical" ontologies was required to implement quantitative analyses of spatial evolutions. However, we demonstrate that these ontologies are far from being neutral, and that they do not dissolve the specificity of the sources we used, but on the contrary, they constitute situated knowledge. Beyond these criticisms, the authors tend to argue that the process of construction and dialogue established around ontology is very beneficial to research, that it is a foundation for an interdisciplinary, shared and sustainable Science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During World War II in France some poets considered themselves to have a significant social role and became porte-paroles of the oppressed. They took part in hand-to-hand fight, but also with a pencil in hand, raising their voices to declare their faith in freedom and show that their patriotic verses could become a deadly weapon against the Nazi occupation and the suffering of the people. The poets therefore became messengers of peace and hope, and the fighters memorized their poems or distributed them legally or secretly. But it's possible to look at things from a different angle: there were a number of poets who refused any literary engagement, as was the case with the former Surrealists, then there were poets engaged on the side of the Collaboration, and there were those who refused to or even they couldn't publish their works under the Occupation for various reasons: material, moral or other. This paper deals with this topic, which is in fact very large and complex, taking into account the limitations of the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the theme of identity in the poetic work of one of the founding fathers of Afro-Caribbean letters Léon-Gontran Damas (1912-1978), whose works are still better known in English-speaking or Portuguese-speaking countries than in metropolitan France. Starting from the first cry of black revolt in poetry against the French presence in the overseas territories (Pigments, 1937), we will try to explain the originality of this multifaceted writer whose positions taken against the assimilationist policies of the French Republic and the disastrous consequences of the colonial enterprise have long irrigated the thought of Creole authors (Tirolien, Fanon, Glissant, Depestre) in their fight for a better consideration of the cultural and linguistic specificities of the French Antilles. In addition, the paper pays homage to his extraordinary literary work as well as his struggle for the freedom and the dignity of the colored people worldwide. What is more, the rise in power of racist and discriminatory attacks and the extremization of the discourse of many Western politicians prove that the author's literary work has never been so topical since it still constitutes a bulwark against the resurrection of European colonial thought and its imperialist excesses. After all, Damas' anti-racism invites us to fiercely resist a logic of scapegoating minorities in multicultural societies, especially in formerly colonizing and slaving countries where the followers of the exploitation of man by man occupy the center front of the media scene and whose hate speech against socially disadvantaged classes seriously undermine living together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islamophobic work with an Islamophile hero? Michel Houellebecq seems to play on the opposition games in Submission, a work that foresees both political and social tension between secular and Islamized France, in the context of the presidential elections in 2022. Behind the macroscopic conflicts, the author portrays a hero, a professor of literature, who tries to find religious enlightenment by following in the footsteps of Huysmans. As he fails, he can only submit to Islamic rule. What does an Islamic regime in France symbolize in this novel? What does the hero's failure to God and his submission to Islam mean? Is there still a place for belief in our time? In this paper, we will try to answer these questions by clarifying the political but especially religious and literary stakes of this novel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a systematic comparison of language inclusiveness standards established in France and Quebec by governmental agents. This comparison enables to put into perspective the widely shared idea that Quebec is far more advanced than France on this issue. On the contrary, the comparison reveals great similarities in state standards concerning the use of inclusive language. Differences do exist, but not so much in the substance of the norms as in the interactions between the institutions that enact them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the Vichy Regime, beginning in July 1940, the whole school system, from preschool to university, had a great responsibility in the decline of patriotism justifying the rapid defeat in the face of the German armed forces. As Marshal Petain pointed out in his 20 June 1940 speech: "Since the Victory, a spirit of pleasure prevailed over the spirit of sacrifice. People claimed more than they served. Efforts were saved, and people nowadays have been living in despair." The national Revolution the Regime brought about had to help revive the true values of the Nation, founding its activities on Work, Family and Homeland. Therefore, the "undesirables" (Jews, Freemasons, Communists, ...) had to be rejected from the school system and the dissemination of national values had to prevail. As Serge Jeanneret, one of the Marshal's trustees, noted: "Making the Revolution without Schools is as useful as a sand building" (extracted from Serge Jeanneret, La vérité sur les instituteurs [The Truth about Teachers], Paris, Flammarion, 1941, p. 173). From that point of view, all the educational ministers belonging to the Vichy Regime tried to reform the school system – its organisation, its programmes and staff – in order to train a "newman", even if they sometimes fed projects launched during the interwar period. The Communist teachers and the Freemasons were expelled from schools because the 13 August 1940 Law prohibited them from working in the civil service. Registration as not belonging to secret societies was required of the educational staff. The first Jewish status (3 October 1940), then the second (2 June 1941), excluded Jews from the school system. The Act proclaimed on 21 June 1941 introduced a numerus clausus for the Jews (3%) in universities. The 8 September 1940 Act closed teacher training schools for primary staff, which were replaced by a new training organisation. The competitive examination laureates were integrated into secondary schools, passed the baccalaureate and, for one year, they attended a vocational training institute and had to undergo four different practical trainings. They had a three-month period at the vocational institute, a three-month training period in primary schools, a three-month training period in an agricultural education school or a technical school and, for women, a three-month training period in a housecraft centre, and one month's training in a regional sport centre. The Vichy Regime and the Germans also forbade certain schoolbooks. Consequently, they modified the programmes to assert the stronger continuity of French History with Ancient times. This enabled a reduction of the revolutionary and Republican impact and promoted French geography and homeland. Pupils were invited to love their local and national fatherland. That sense of belonging could induce them to remain attached to their home. The veneration of the leader, the morals for duty and sacrifice, the symbol of eternal femininity serving the family were reasserted in the educational culture. At the same time, the Vichy Regime struggled with secularism and supported private schools, giving numerous grants to Catholic schools thanks to the Law of 2 November 1941. The Minister Jacques Chevalier, with the 6 December 1940 Act, restored duties to God in civic and moral instruction programmes for primary schools (those duties had been suppressed in 1923). The Ripert Act on 15 October 1940 allowed the local education city office to award grants to poor pupils who attended private schools. The Jacques Chevalier Act on 6 January 1941 allowed cities to finance equipment charges and operational costs concerning the private schools (and especially lighting, heating and lunchrooms). The 6 January 1941 Law, by welcoming God in schools and asserting that religious instruction could exceptionally be delivered by a priest in educational buildings, modified one fundamental pillar of the French Republican School. With the 10 March 1941 Law, Jérôme Carcopino, faced with such a great number of opponents, demanded that religious instruction became optional and was studied off school premises. he Vichy Regime also reformed school organisation. Jérôme Carcopino launched the main transformations with the 15 August 1941 Act. Higher Primary Schools became modern secondary schools and were linked to secondary education in the hope of weakening them. At the same time, the selection process was reinforced. Primary schooling was divided into two cycles. The first included a preparatory class (for children aged 6–7 years), an elementary class (7–9-year-olds) and a middle class (from 9- to 11-year-olds). At the end of the first cycle, a diploma for preparatory primary studies was created and prescribed as compulsory if pupils intended to go further in public schooling (i.e. additional classes, primary or secondary high schools); but pupils who succeeded in the scholarship examination were exempted from the diploma. The second cycle (three years from age 11 to age 14) ended with the Primary Certificate. In secondary education, Jérôme Carcopino increased selection and, according to the 15 August 1941 Decree, the principle of free access was suppressed for pupils older than 14 years of age. This multidimensional reform had to face two major obstacles that considerably reduced its implementation. First, the war years were not favourable to educational change – the country was partly and afterwards totally occupied after November 1942. German troops occupied a majority of schools. Shortages were numerous and many teachers were imprisoned in Germany. Labour requisitioning progressively affected the older pupils, mainly student and fresh teachers. The Vichy Regime, after the succession principle failed – the principle was established on 22 June 1942 and proposed that one prisoner came back to France and was traded for three skilled workers sent to Germany – decided, according to the 4 September 1942 Law, to organise forced conscription for male workers (from 18 to 50 years old) and for unmarried women (from 21 to 35 years old). The constraint was then accentuated with the 16 February 1943 Law implementing Mandatory Work Service – Service du Travail Obligatoire STO – for young adults (aged 20–21 and 22-year-old men). All these young men had to be registered and the process made people-requisitioning easier. Therefore, they could definitely be sent to Germany. Second, there was a sort of revolt by the educational staff, who were deeply attached to the Republican values and the Jules Ferry conception of school. Indeed, they strove to reduce the scope of the legislation, rejecting the political choices of the Vichy Regime and also collaboration. If teachers, students and older pupils joined the collaborator parties, most of them remained prudent and followed as little as possible the Vichy Regime's instructions. They commemorated forbidden celebrations and listened to BBC radio. A minority joined the Resistance fighters and got involved in the dissemination of tracts and of clandestine papers. They also committed to information networks, escape organisations or fights against the occupiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the French defeat in May-June 1940, Japan invaded Indochina, a French colony. Then, many women and men decided to create some circuits to resist this occupation. Their mission dealt with the Japanese soldiers in the peninsula, with whom Admiral Decoux's General Government wanted to maintain a modus vivendi in the name of Vichy. The time constraints were different for these groups than for their metropolitan counterparts: they kept on fighting until their destruction on 9 March 1945 and the Japanese overthrow of the peninsula. Although Vichy's implication in Indochina is well known, the anti-Japanese resistance groups from this region and their participation in the Allied victory in and out of mainland France have not been studied recently. This paper intends to focus on the dynamics of these circuits' interventions during their fight in Indochina. How did they maintain contact with Free French Forces despite their geographical isolation? What was their implication in the final victory against the Japanese forces? As with the war itself, Resistance was an international phenomenon which was not limited to European borders but spread throughout the world through contacts with the Allied secret services. This paper will study the construction and materiality of these contacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper hypothesizes that young people sociolects in sensitive urban cities in contemporary France require a global and multidisciplinary approach to be understood because of their complexity. Based on two linguistic corpora, the article first sets up a general multidisciplinary theoretical framework designed to understand the social environment of the young people in question and then, in a second part, more specifically focused on a sociolinguistic study of the nonstandard varieties of French those young people speak, it attempts to show that those sociolects are emblematic of the social interactions at work in these minority spaces. Both corpora presented are part of an identity construction and of a collective social memory, rooted in sensitive urban cities. They reflect life in segregated cities and in particular the presence of migrant communities. They contribute to the establishment of a process of patrimonialization characterized by otherness, based on a community solidarity and an original form of memory that express a collective experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Support to professional development and even to professionalization of workers, such as teachers, trainers, nurses, social workers, leaders, etc., is currently raising researcher's interest especially in Education Sciences. Nevertheless, little research has been conducted on non-graduates young people's accompaniment while many programs have been developed, especially in France, to support their professional integration. The purpose of this paper is to examine the links between trainers' accompanying logic and the conscious awareness of competencies of young people without qualifications. This study highlights how support practices are organized by trainers to help young people in precarious situations to become aware of their competencies by encouraging their reflexivity, their autonomy and their interactions with the others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, subject-matter teachers are commonplace in post-elementary schools. Teachers' specialisation appears as a key characteristic of secondary schools as opposed to the polyvalence of primary school teachers. Historians have already studied the long process of teachers' specialisation, which started, in France as in Prussia (for example), at the beginning of the nineteenth century and developed alongside secondary school modernisation. Those works have usually focused on professional aspects: the structuration of professional groups thanks to the unification of training and recruiting processes, the organisation of teachers within subject-matter associations etc. However, they have not paid much attention to the resistance opposed by other forms of pedagogical organisation, as if polyvalence were were just a backward anomaly, a backward anomaly, doomed to disappear. This paper seeks to shed new light on this question using a comparison between the different forms of post-elementary schooling that existed at the same time in France between the last third of the nineteenth century and the middle of the twentieth, when the slow growth of post-elementary schooling was mainly due to the success of subaltern institutions. In those institutions, dedicated to technical education, girls' secondary education, or upper-lower classes' education ("primaire supérieur", "secondaire special"), different kinds of polyvalence or bivalence were experienced in the classrooms. At the same time, specialisation was triumphing in classical secondary education. Why, how and to what extent did specialisation eventually impose itself in these different institutions? To address this question, two types of material are used. On the one hand, the question is studied on a national level, analysing both the legislation and the controversies it arouses in pedagogical and professional reviews. On the other hand, these views and theories are confronted with a prosopography of post-elementary school teachers in one department, Eure-et-Loir, which offers several forms of post-elementary institutions. This question is addressed focusing on literary disciplines (philosophy, French, Latin, Greek, modern languages and history and geography). By narrowing the scope, the intellectual and cultural stakes of the various pedagogical organisations that were implemented or advocated may more easily be grasped. The first part of the article examines the most common (though relatively untested) hypothesis: there was just one strategy for those who advocated the promotion of subaltern types of post-elementary schooling as part of a democratisation process, and this strategy was reproducing the model of the elite institution, secondary classical education, including its pedagogical organisation, starting with subject-matter teachers. The chronology of the changes, the content of the debates, as well as a comparative inquiry into teachers' remuneration induces us to discard this hypothesis as insufficient if not irrelevant. For girls' secondary education, a trade-off may be observed between equalisation (of salaries, rights etc.) and pedagogical alignment. For the other institutions, there was no lack of advocates for the specificity of the pedagogy or of the institution; however, specialisation was usually considered a process that could ameliorate the quality of teaching in these institutions without renouncing its specificity. In fact, in the period under study, the louder advocates for less specialised teachers came from secondary classical education itself: the specialisation process as well as the fragmentation of the class schedule had pedagogic inconveniences, abundantly noticed and commented on by subject-matter teachers themselves. In the second part, these critics and the two main alternatives suggested by the teachers are examined. The first is linked with the Progressive Education movement ("Education nouvelle" in French). The École des Roches, a private institution, tested an original organisation that combined the tradition of the humanities with the modern characteristic of "Éducation nouvelle": there was only one teacher for history, geography, French, Latin and Greek. The teacher was thus enabled to practise a pedagogy of interest, as advocated by Ovide Decroly. The second alternative was advocated by some modern language teachers: if modern language teachers could teach French as well as a modern language, this pedagogic organisation could give strong unity to the until then defective "modern" curriculum (without Latin). The third part turns towards the effective organisation of post-elementary schools in Eure-et-Loir. To what extent were these alternative conceptions of pedagogical organisation implemented? The analysis of individual records of teachers suggests several results. First of all, in small institutions – be they classical secondary institutions like "collèges" or modern ones like "écoles primaires supérieures" – specialisation of services was a luxury that most teachers could not afford. Most of the time, they had to teach several subjects, even if they had been trained for just one. However, polyvalence was not used as an opportunity to make connections between the subjects. Class schedules rarely enabled teachers to use polyvalence as a way to teach several subjects to the same pupils. More often, polyvalence was used by the administration as an expedient that some teachers explicitly tried to escape, for example by asking for a move to a bigger institution. This mundane reality of small institutions invites us to pay renewed attention to teacher training and its regulation during the same period. At the end of the nineteenth century, teachers' specialisation had been inextricably linked with the modernisation of universities through the specialisation of the "licence de lettres" in 1880. When this model proved to be partially irrelevant for a significant proportion of post-elementary schools, how did universities react? Were universities fit for something other than training specialised teachers? The answer is yes. The curriculum organisation of the licence opened up several possibilities for training polyvalent teachers. This perspective was still looming at the end of the 1930s. The curricula of the different post-elementary settings analysed in this article shared the same characteristics: they worked as "serial codes" not as "integrated codes", to quote Basil Bernstein. Therefore the specialisation, bivalence or polyvalence of the teachers did not have much influence, in itself, on the degree of integration of the curriculum. From this perspective, specialisation could probably guarantee better teaching of the subject matters. However, polyvalent teachers were better suited to small schools than specialist ones. Considering demographic and geographic constraints, there was a clear trade-off between specialisation of teachers and separation of publics. In small cities, it was necessary either to mix the pupils to specialise the teachers, or to accept some kind of polyvalence to keep different types of students separated; the debate was still open during the 1930s. School massification, coeducation and the baby-boom era rapidly settled the matter for small cities after the Second World War, giving way to an effective specialisation of teachers. But the question remained open, until the end of the 1970s, for rural settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a method of designing and analyzing information systems for digital humanities. To illustrate this method, we present web applications dedicated to the collective enrichment of knowledge by the experimentation of the reflexivity and the comparative analysis of the interpretations harvested. The information system that we developed as part of an action research aims to enhance the photographic reports of the presidencies of the French Republic in free access on the site of the french National Archives. We show how the digitization of documents and their availability can be analyzed in terms of document metamorphosis and hybridization of data. Then, we explain how these transformations of information can be automatized to obtain an intensive information culture and a standard consumption of documents. Finally, we present a system of collective enrichment of knowledge to show how to stimulate the interpretation and make interoperable the expression of a point of view while quantifying its complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: En France, les assurés sociaux de la CPAM ont droit à un examen périodique de santé (EPS) réalisé au centre d'examen de santé. Il est orienté vers la prévention, quelles que soient les maladies préexistantes de l'assuré, la lutte contre la précarité et les inégalités d'accès aux soins. Les médecins généralistes (MG) estiment intervenir fréquemment en matière de prévention. Aux termes d'une enquête quantitative transversale descriptive observationnelle par questionnaire papier anonyme, réalisée de février à mai 2018, auprès de 240 MG libéraux de la Loire, les MG semblent favorables à un EPS adapté à une population qui leur semble devoir être ciblée différemment. Une meilleure collaboration entre MG et centres d'examens de santé préalablement et au décours de l'EPS pourrait être envisagée. In France, social security contributors are entitled to a periodic health examination (PHE) carried out at the health examination center (HEC). The PHE is oriented towards prevention whatever pre-existing illnesses, the fight against precariousness and inequalities in access to care. General practitioners (GPs) consider that they frequently intervene in the field of prevention. According to a quantitative cross-sectional descriptive observational survey by anonymous paper questionnaire, conducted from February to May 2018, among 240 liberal GPs in the Loire district, GPs seem to favour a PHE adapted to a population that they feel should be targeted differently. It would be interesting to better understand this point of view. Better collaboration between MG and HEC before and during the PHE could be envisaged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological Solidarity: a new concept for integrated management of National Parks and territories. Our paper analyses the conceptual basis of the concept of ecological solidarity, a core feature of the 2006 law reforming National Park policy in France. Based on lessons learnt from the original 1960 policy, we show the multidimensional nature of ecological solidarity and how it is based on the recognition of the natural spatial interdependence among natural organisms and their physical environment. This sets the scene for a new vision of nature conservation. Ecological solidarity offers a pragmatic compromise between ecocentric and anthropocentric ethics. We designed a typology of ecological solidarities that integrates the diverse functional aspects of the organization and dynamics of biodiversity at different spatial and temporal scales. This typology departs from the previous model of central and buffer zones and sets protected areas within their wider social and ecological contexts. We outline how this gives sense to the elaboration of ecological networks and to the integrated management of cultural landscapes. Its efficient integration into land plarming and conservation management strategies will require, however, the collective exploration by local communities and stakeholders of the diverse facets of ecological solidarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distance and dissension that characterized the relations between the internal and external resistance movements have had a deep and lasting impact on memories of the Second World War. For decades, the French 'maquis' played a central role in maintaining this dichotomy between the two Resistances. There were nonetheless links between them. The British, American and French archives reveal that some of the Free French worked tirelessly to support the internal Resistance and its maquis. Their negotiations on behalf of the internal Resistance during summit meetings are well known. This paper addresses a lower level of the hierarchy, examining how the Free French in charge of liaisons with the internal Resistance fulfilled their task. Therefore, the networks between Free France, the French maquis and the Allies are the focus of this study. By investigating the identities of those involved in this cooperation, it sheds light on the connections and solidarity which were built among the French maquis, London and Algiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses how the "digitizing" of the press transforms the writing of news in France, through the case of a recent trial, the "Carlton affair" in February 2015. The example chosen is that of Le Monde, which dedicates a blog to legal affairs that is overseen by an experienced journalist who also covers the same questions for the print version of the paper. How does the author take advantage of this double space of publication? Which kind of writing is the freer and the more literary or sophisticated? It appears that web newswriting does not give much importance to the dialog with the reader, but is rather an opportunity to try out ways of telling the story before giving it to the print version. In court journalism the print press still commands the greater prestige and gets more editorial support, whereas blogs or other digital content are used to compensate for the lack of space in the daily press. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 2001 to 2005 some 1360 experts involved in the MA provided a report for policy makers based on their scientific assessment. Since the publication of MA in 2005, the rarely used concept of "ecosystem service" (ES) was thus promoted to a central position in the analysis and formulation of environmental issues. In France, however, this concept appeared later. Our paper contributes to understanding French indifference regarding the concept of ES before the publication of the MA. Whatever their academic or research status or discipline (ecology, biology, economics...), French scientists were not involved in the MA. Yet, some years before the MA they were highly mobilized in the Global Biodiversity Assessment (1993-1995), the previous international assessment of biodiversity. To explain this lack of interest for the MA and ES concept, our paper analyzes the role of the Ministry of Research and Ministry of Environment and shows a structural cleavage between the world of research on the one hand and the world of politics on the other. In addition, the survey showed that the professional culture of French scientists and their strategic interests do not encourage them to actively invest in international assessments such as MA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2007, the French government organized a series of meetings dealing with environment and sustainable development problematics under the title ⪡ Grenelle de l'Environnement ⪢. The conclusions of these meetings were introduced in a new law published in August 2009 (Law N° 2009-967) known as "Grenelle 1". Article 1 requires that the State designs a so-called Sustainable Development National Strategy (SDNS) structured around 9 targets. Target 1 consists in fighting against climate change. The SDNS is used as a basis for the involvement of public and private agencies in this perspective. The struggle against climate change and implementation of sustainable development principles within the agency framework raises a number of practical questions: how are adaptive methods and tools to be developed to help the agency reach a new balance given the environmental, economic and social risks induced by these broad targets? Are there any standards of reference and if not can an innovative approach be developed to support decision-making in situations of uncertainty? How can a management dashboard be developed for a proportional allocation of resources adapted to the various stakeholders and decision levels within the agency? How does one compare actions that can have different impacts in different sub-systems and with different time frameworks? Following a brief historical review of the origin of the challenges of sustainable development and climate change in the introduction part of the paper, we discuss the methodological approach selected and the investigator's intervention program in the first part of the paper. In the second part, we address practical issues for an agency facing the challenges of sustainable development and climate change. To this end we relate the experience of designing a sustainable development framework within a public agency using an organizational approach and a multiple criteria decision aid methodology. Finally, we discuss the decision-makers' choices and the lessons learned by implementing an innovative approach which we set up to face these new challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the case of a village named Lacroix, located in a commune mixte of French East Algeria--La Calle--where many European settlers abandoned their land a few years after obtaining it. In the early 1920s, most of the first settlers put their land up for rent or sale to native people, because they were attracted by Tunisia, the border of which was just next to the village. In the 1950s, only five French families were still living in Lacroix. This movement can be considered as a sort of decolonization, even if this concept must be handled with care. Those migrations were very usual throughout the country at that time, but the case of Lacroix is a good example of a colonization area being recovered by the natives. The analysis of this long and complex process shows how the French authorities tried to retain land, creating inventive strategies for over 20 years. The process was very difficult, however, and finally failed, especially because of the conflicts between the local administration and central authorities. Moreover, the General Government showed no interest in this rural part of the colony, located at the Tunisian border. This case also raises the issue of the influence of local politicians, who managed to be heard over the administrator of the village or the settlers themselves. Finally, this paper discusses the objections that colonization had to face to be efficient while French Algeria was nearing its centennial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, based on a Franco-British workshop, presents definitions, experiences, governance and public participation methods, referring to responsible innovation processes in which the issue of interdisciplinarity plays a central role. The paper describes the advances and limitations of the policy instruments used in different countries for the social management of situations where innovation moves faster than knowledge of its effects. The author's conclusion is that the question of responsible innovation relates in actual fact to that of the trajectory of innovation, which in fine is the concern of citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participation has become a consensual objective. It has been inscribed in different international and national regulatory texts — Rio Summit, Aarhus Convention, French 1995 Environmental Law — and generates a mass of academic work. Nonetheless, existing scientific literature deals little with the categories of "public" involved in the different modes of participation. This paper is based upon the assertion that improved participation requires greater in-depth definition of the targeted public. On the basis of empirical work dealing with social contestation about windfarms, the paper examines the different participating characters and their related spaces as perceived by public and private actors engaged in the development of wind energy production: the diversely defined neighbour — the neighbour as owner, the "oversensitive" neighbour; the (rarely mentioned) citizen; and the emerging local inhabitant. The promises and dangers of this emerging character are discussed: could there be a place in participation for the local inhabitant as a geographical human being — one whose experience of the environment matters, conceived as including both socio-political and sensitive dimensions —, in the current context where primacy is given to private spaces and where a new model of citizenship is created, based no longer on associative forms of interaction but on the right to be left alone and on the right to exclude (Mitchell, 2005)? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In 2007, a daily temperature series, which has been collected from 1885 to 1967 at the Marseilles tide recorder, was published here. Upon the available information provided by the data managing office, they were considered as sea-surface temperatures. Unfortunately they were not but air temperature inside the building. In the present paper, the authors correct this error by studying the true seawater temperature series which had been dug out after the publication of the precedent paper. The study of this slightly shorter series (1895–1956) leads to close conclusions. Along these 61 years, the warming trend of the surface seawater rises to +1.6°C, to +1.3°C if only January to May and December are selected and +2.2°C during the June to November period. In the first half part of the series (1895–1925), the average value of each month distributions (except January) and annual minimal (except 1956) are significantly lower than along the second (1925–1956). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on an interdisciplinary analysis associating sociology and biology, this paper studies the social discourses and practices concerning mosquitoes and mosquito pest management in France. The qualitative and quantitative sociological field studies involved two areas, the Rhone river delta and the French alpine valleys. Recalling the anthropocentric heritage of our western societies, our paper shows an evolution, linked to recent social changes, towards more biocentric references, a fact that is noticeable in discourses and attitudes toward mosquitoes. Rather than a radical switch, processes of cohabitation and hybridizing may be observed, combining popular and scientific knowledge, environmental, medical and social issues. The first part of this paper highlights the social and biological relationships between the insect and its habitat, i.e., wetlands. The second part focuses on the forms of articulation between anthropocentrism and biocentrism, especially through the dualism pest/useful insect. The third and last part analyses how the "taxonomic arrangements" between anthropocentrism and biocentrism have triggered an evolution of French public policies regarding mosquito pest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The paper analyses a list of thirty-four Poles, listeners to the mineralogy lectures given by R.-J. Haüy at MNHN in Paris. These students played an important role in the history of Polish Earth Sciences (S. Staszic and F. Drzewiński), but also in other scientific fields (J. Markowski, I. Abłamowicz, F. Drzewiński, M.A. Pawłowicz, J.K. Skrodzki, E.K. Nowicki), and even in political and cultural life of Poland (A. Downarowicz, J. Weyssenhoff, S. Plater, J. Bieliński, F. Potocki). This paper presents later relations between R.-J. Haüy and his Polish students. A possibility of the Poles'' attendance to mineralogy lectures given at other Parisian scientific institutions, like the ‘École des mines’ and the ‘College de France’, is also discussed. To cite this article: R. Tarkowski, P. Daszkiewicz, C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

From the 1974 "Berg letter" to the petitions « Défendons la recherche » and « Ouvrons la recherche » in 2003, biologists have often alerted -- and been challenged in -- the public arena regarding the risks and stakes of genetic engineering. The paper first compares the scientists' public commitment on GMOs in the 1970's and in recent years. Around 1975, a short-lasting GM controversy arose from the mobilization of young committed biologists. In sharp contrast to this proactive commitment, most of the seven petitions signed by scientists after 1996 were rather reactive and instigated by destructions of GM field trials. These results a re discussed in the wider context of change in the scientists' public commitment since 1968. Among the 3217 signatories of these petitions, a correlation is shown between disciplinary affiliation and public opinion expressed on GM crops. The paper finally shows how the trajectory of the French GM controversy in public arenas has co-evolved with the competition between three epistemic cultures (molecular biology, population biology and farming systems agronomy) in framing GMO risks and biosafety, [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In a context in which France is closing its borders to job-seeking immigrants and adopting a dissuasive asylum policy, asylum-seekers are viewed with increasing suspicion by the institutions in charge of delivering refugee status. Refugee status has become a rare commodity, and asylum seekers must intensify their efforts to convince institutions of the truth of their allegations. In this context, knowledge (or “know-how”) of psychoclinicians is mobilized by the refugees and their lawyers during the legal process. This paper seeks to understand, on the one hand, the reason why and the ways psychoclinicians are more and more implicated in this legal space and, on the other hand, the political, professional and ethical issues debated within medical NGOs in France concerning this new role and the different ways in which these professionals attempt to resolve them. This paper is based on an ethnographic field study of several months inside several French medical NGOs that offers psychological services to asylum seekers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

One hundred years after its publication, Émile Durkheim's later sociology of religion continues to exert an enormous inluence on religious studies. Indeed, the impact of The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life has been so pervasive that sociology lost sight of most of the other work done by the L'Année sociologique team in the sociology of religion. The contributions of the collaborators have been really important. This holds true especially for Henri Hubert and Marcel Mauss who played a leading role within the Durkheim-school, particularly with respect to the study of religion. In our paper we would like to show that Hubert and Mauss preigured several of the crucial arguments of Durkheim's later sociology of religion (such as the equation of society and the sacred). In the conclusion, we present Mauss' own evaluation of their collective work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at how a given text, Carlo Goldoni's comedy Un curioso accidente, has been translated, received and used in different adaptations in France, Germany and Denmark. In France and Germany the comedy is met with great interest already in the 18th century, mostly through very different adaptations (in France by François Roger and in Germany by Johann Christian Bock) used with considerable success on stage, less for the actual translations. Later the comedy was forgotten in those two countries. In the rest of Europe, the comedy is not translated till the 19th century ; in Denmark it is discovered about 1850, not least because Johanne Louise Heiberg, leading actress at the Royal Theatre, is enchanted by the female lead character Giannina. At the end of the century the play is restaged, but now - in agreement with the general spirit of the time - in much more realistic productions by William Bloch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the adoption of the EU Water Framework Directive in 2000, all European waters are to achieve good ecological status by 2015. The strengthening of water policies involves an increased number of river basin management plans and even of river restoration projects at the local scale. In France the Environment Ministry is promoting a dam removal policy aimed at restoring the ecological continuity of rivers. This policy concerns medium dams and small weirs which were associated with mills. A part of these, however, continue to be used to produce electricity. Simultaneously, river and valley landscapes are drawing new attention involving multiple expectations linked to the valorization of river amenities, which can be at variance with the environmental issue. At local scale, observed conflicts illustrate local water governance difficulties. From the example of river restoration projects which we studied in northwestern France this paper attempts to throw light on different ways and goals of water management. If the regulated river is obsolete, how are rivers to evolve between ecological issues - "wild rivers" - and social objectives - "living rivers" -? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents my contribution to an interdisciplinary study of large landowners in the Camargue initiated by the Tour du Valat Research Centre for the conservation of Mediterranean wetlands. As repositories of a rich natural environment these landowners are the main target of conservation policies in this protected area. To find solutions to halt the loss and degradation of natural habitats, my study aimed initially to assess the gap between the representations and management of biodiversity by the landowners and the type of management advocated by the conservation actors in the Camargue Regional Park. This led to identifying a conflict between the private landowners and public actors of nature conservation regarding the control of the Park, with a resulting serious handicap for an efficient integrated management. In analyzing the conflict, there emerged three profiles of landowner relationship with their land: those who consider it as an economic investment, those who consider it as a farming inheritance, and those who view it essentially as a place for leisure. In conclusion the study showed that despite conflicting positions, a discussion is possible, however, between ecologists and conservation managers on the one hand and some land owners on the other, who for different reasons view their heritage as common heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regarded as a solar myth or as an avatar of the medieval legend of Saint Trophime, historically identified with Gilles de Rais or with Guillaume de Flavy, Perrault's Bluebeard, 'the sexually ambiguous' hero (Mothe), has been simultaneously psychoanalyzed, absolved from his crimes and deemed to be a victim of his wives, but above all he has constantly been transformed by scholars into a good excuse to talk about something else, sometimes even altering the original meaning of the tale. In this paper we propose to show how Perrault was able to intimately blend together, without dissonance or strain, two traditional literary genres: the conte licencieux and the gnomic tale, thus creating a little literary miracle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the extreme South of Massif Central, the Montagne Noire proves to be more and more attractive for amateur speleologists of original speleothems. This is due both to its geological history, to the specific litholohy of karstic rocks and to an important karstification in relation with profuse precipitations. Pits (Cabrespine) and caves are particularly well developed and lauded for their famous aragonite speleotems. Less known, because less touristic, the Pearls Cave is worthy of note as well: it has been selected to belong to the 18 cavities that could be registered on the World Natural Heritage UNESCO list. Indeed, the abundance and the rare beauty of the cave pearls and other curious morphologies confer to it an exceptional interest. The goal of this paper is to give a glimpse of this subterranean world so strange and magnificent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract. The regionalization of public policy is one of the most remarkable transformations European states have undergone since the 1970s. Through an examination of this particular development, the article explores theories of interregional competition in two very different cases: education policy in France, a decentralized unitary state where regional governments are entrusted with limited policy competences in this field, and Germany, a federal state where regions have exclusive responsibility over secondary education. The paper shows that, in both cases, interregional competition lends itself neither to a race to the bottom nor a race to the top, but rather to a race to the middle. Regional governments aim, in fact, to demonstrate that they adopt similar policies to other regions so as to avoid being blamed by both the electorate and the central state. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: His qualities as a clinician and the publication in 1909 of his book, written with his mentor Paul Sérieux, “Reasoning madnesses. Misinterpretative delusional states”, brought Joseph Capgras considerable fame and in the 1930s his ward in Sainte-Anne Hospital in Paris was particularly sought after (one of his residents was Henri Ellenberger who regarded him as his favourite teacher). Howewer, if the name of Capgras is known all over the world, it is because of his description in 1923 of the “syndrome d’illusion des sosies” which now bears his name. Although the isolation of the “Capgras''s syndrome” can be understood according to the initial model represented by the “Misinterpretative delusional states”, Capgras attached far more importance to psychogenesis and phenomena which were, in his opinion, neurologically defective in appearance only. An honourable man in his time, enemy of all dogmatism, Joseph Capgras published many papers on erotomania and showed himself to be a determined adversary of the ideas defended by his famous colleague Clérambault. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Recent studies by Escapad-OFDT show (in France) that the daily consumption and the regular consumption of cannabis have been decreasing in adolescents since 2001. To a large proportion of them, smoking represents a means of integration, which is favoured by the trivialization of these two products. This paper proposes to review the different ways the cannabis is used with a view to identifying pieces of evidence of seriousness in the consumption. It will try to consider the clinical situations a non-addictologist somatologist can (and must) be aware of and through which he may ask questions to the young person concerning his consumption. Once the usage is identified, we will intend to help the practitioner best direct his patient or take into account a potential addiction to the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, we present two sites with evidences of ephemeral occupations dating to the Chatelperronian: Labeko Koba IX and Ekain X. In both levels carnivore presence is abundant. For this reason the interactions between humans, carnivores and herbivores are investigated from a taphonomic point of view in order to clarify the origin of faunal accumulation. Lithic industry is also analyzed from different perspectives: raw material acquisition, fabrication system, typology and use. These data have been used to characterize lithic provisioning strategies and to precise the range of activities performed in the site. The combination of thaponomic and industrial data suggest that both sites served as hunting camps. Starting from this interpretation we can assess the territory management strategies practiced during the Chatelperronian and the implication of this in the understanding of the Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition and the replacement of Neanderthal populations in eastern Cantabrian region and Sud-Ouest of France. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Context: Family practice is changing dramatically and especially in the educational field. The purpose of this study is to assess the evolution of practical dissertations in primary care submitted at the teaching hospital in Angers between two periods with a ten-year interval (1997-99 and 2007-09). Material and methods: In a retrospective and comparative study, information was collected on students, thesis directors and jury, dissertation form (type of study, methods for collecting data, number of pages, article form), contents (topic and thematic trends) as well as eventual publications in scientific journals. Results: A statistically significant increase was observed in the number of general practitioners acting as thesis directors between period 1 and 2: 9% to 46% (p < 0,001). Family-practice dissertations accounted for 23% in period 1 and 58% in period 2 (p < 0,001). The study also indicates a decrease in clinical case reports based on data collected from case files as opposed to best practice studies carried out through questionnaires and interviews. Dissertations were published as scientific papers in 51% of cases in period 2 and 4% in period 1 (p < 0.001). Publications listed in Medline total 6.3% in period 1 and 14% in period 2 (p = 0.04). Conclusion: The study highlights major changes in practical theses in primary care both in terms of form and subject with research reflecting the comprehensive aspect of primary care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Tayacian was first recognized early in the 20th century by the French archaeologist Denis Peyrony at the site of La Micoque, located in the Department of the Dordogne in SW France. Not long afterwards, later excavations at another site 80 km to the northwest, in the Charente, yielded an even larger assemblage of this type, which was more fully documented by the excavator. It was for this reason that this latter site, Fontéchevade, ultimately become the reference site for the Tayacian. Based on recent excavations at this site by the present authors, however, there are multiple lines of evidence that, taken together, strongly suggest that assemblage present in this cave is largely of natural, rather than anthropogenic, origin. This paper presents these results in the context of the history of the Tayacian and the cave of Fontéchevade itself. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

L'article s'attache au renouveau des conflits sociaux que l'on observe en France à partir des années 1990, dont l'épisode le plus marquant sera les grèves de novembre-décembre 1995 qui, parce qu'elles se terminent a priori sur un succès (le retrait de la réforme des fonds spéciaux de retraite), contribue à ré-enchanter l'engagement et à réorganiser l'espace des mouvements sociaux. Centré sur la question sociale portée par les mouvements de 'sans' (sans emploi, sans logis, sans papiers) et de jeunes syndicats radicalisés (les SUD et la Confédération paysanne), le retour de la critique débouche à la charnière du siècle sur la nouvelle cause de l'altermondialisme. Contre l'interprétation d'une radicale nouveauté de ces mouvements, l'article montre combien ils se caractérisent par l'hybridation des cultures militantes, en raison notamment de l'importance en leur sein des militants multipositionnés et des contraintes d'échelles auxquelles ils font face. Il nuance également le caractère 'global' des mobilisations altermondialistes en relevant les conditions de possibilité mais aussi d'épuisement du passage au registre transnational. The article focuses on the renewal of social conflict seen in France since the 1990s, the most notable episode of which is surely the strikes of November–December 1995 which, because they ended on what can be taken for a success (the withdrawal of the reform of public pensions), helped to reinvigorate commitment and reorganise the social movement landscape. Centring on the social questioning posed by the movements of the 'sans' (those without a job, a home or residence papers) and by young, radicalised trade unionists (of the SUD unions and the Confédération paysanne), the renewed criticism opens, at the turn of the century, onto the new cause of counter-globalisation. Disagreeing with those who argue for the radical newness of these movements, the article shows how much they are characterised by the hybridisation of militant cultures, notably because so many of their activists belong to multiple organisations and because of the constraints of scale that they face. The article also questions the extent of the 'global' character of counter-globalisation movements by examining the conditions that enable the move to a transnational register or render it no longer effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper proposes to define the main characteristics of the burials and the evolution of funeral behaviours during the Neolithic times, between about 5500 and 2300/2200 B.C., in the present territory of Aquitaine. For the moment, no burial was found for early Neolithic. During the middle Neolithic, about 4500 B.C., appear the first megalithic graves, passage graves (Angoumoisin type) and barrow cists, as well as burial caves. Late Neolithic, between 3700 and 2300/2200 B.C. is the great period of megalithic graves. Single quadrangular dolmen (Caussenard type) were built in Dordogne and in the Entre-deux-Mers in Gironde, gallery graves, the “allées d’Aquitaine” as to the “allées girondines” extended in the centre of the Aquitaine country while in the western Pyrénées the single quadrangular dolmen increased. In return, caves and rock shelter were, it seems to me, less prized by the people during the end of Neolithic times to leave the dead. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The radionuclides 26Al and 10Be in situ produced in quartz near the ground surface by secondary cosmic rays can be used for dating the sediment burial. This paper introduces the principles, preconditions and limitations of the recently established dating method. In China its first trial application is to the site of Peking man. The weighted mean of six significant results of samples from layers 7–10 is 770±80 ka. This date provides strong support to an earlier and longer human presence at the site than once estimated. This method has also been applied for the first time to two Lower Paleolithic sites in the Cher Valley, central France, Lunery “la Terre-des-Sablons” and Brinay “la Noira”. The preliminary results attribute ages of 750±240 and 730±210 ka to the two sites, largely consistent with the previous age estimates based on geological and geomorphological studies and on ESR dating. With its well-founded basis in physics, its independence from other dating methods and its timescale filling a “blank period” in radioisotopic dating, the 26Al/10Be burial dating will be widely applied and contribute substantially to the establishment of a reliable timescale for the earliest human occurrence and evolution in China and in Europe. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Population around the French nuclear power plant sites: a key-parameter for crisis management and safety economics. This paper undertakes an analysis of population around the French nuclear power plant sites, tackles the problem of evacuation planning and provides a glimpse into ongoing research at the Laboratory of Nuclear Safety Economics of the IRSN, about the cost assessment of a nuclear accident and long-term land contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga arrived in France with the Malagasy delegation to the Colonial Exposition of 1931. The founder of the Association des Étudiants d'origine malgache (1934) and of the Mouvement démocratique pour la Rénovation de Madagascar (1946), he was a physician and a biologist, and he joined the Centre national de la Recherche Scientiique (CNRS) as a senior researcher, pursuing his scientific career and his nationalistic involvement in the postwar Paris of the 1950s. He was the first ambassador of the Malagasy Republic to France, for 13 years, before he returned to settle permanently in Madagascar in 1975. The transversality of his life course can be interpreted along several lines: chronologic straddling of this diasporic projection with political independence, loyalty to an aristocratic ethos with a progressive rallying to a republican conception of citizenship, and imperial circulation of knowledge attested to by the foundation of the Institut malgache de Recherches appliquées in 1957. Moreover, the paper points out the heuristic significance of the memorialization of his part as the nation's father, standing up for the hypothesis of a retrospective enlightening of the state's transmission continuum, within an ideological and institutional framework that was constantly being negotiated with the former colonial power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]