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Passive sentences have been traditionally analyzed in French by descriptive studies in the aim of elucidating the use of the auxiliary verbs être and se faire (Tesnière 1988; Le Goffic 1993; Riegel et coll. 1994; Le Bellec 2014). In Spanish, the formally equivalent auxiliary verbs are ser and hacerse but their use is not concurrent since hacerse is semantically restricted to express beneficial actions (e.g., Se hizo masajear la espalda, He had his back massaged). The goal of our paper is to compare –in spoken French and Spanish– the grammatical and lexical means used in the topicalization of non-volitional patients involved in unpleasant actions. Our results showed that French speakers produced 59.3% of passive sentences, whereas Spanish speakers showed a preference to conceptualize the Patient-victim as an accusative within active voice sentences (37.5%). Concerning the passive sentences produced by each group, French speakers showed an overt preference for the auxiliary se faire (78.9%), whereas in Spanish the Patient-victim's topicalization was most frequently marked by a Latin-derived prepositional object complement (58.8%). Our paper indicates that the topicalization of a Patient-victim is a distinctive typological feature between French and Spanish, and suggests the salience of passive-perspective conceptualizations in French for the semantic domain of unpleasant actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper provides an analysis of the main motivations behind the publication of a second edition, revised and expanded, of a bilingual dictionary of Christian-Orthodox, Romanian-French and French-Romanian terms, ten years after the publication of the first one. In the given paper, three types of motivations are studied: lexicographical, terminological and cultural. Lexicographical motivation focused on enriching lexical entries (both in Romanian and in French). The terminological motivation focused on finalizing the lexical adaptation in French of several Greek borrowings, and therefore, the diachronic fixing of the individualized Christian-Orthodox terminology in this language. The cultural motivation underpinned the highlighting of a cultural continuum of a Christian-Orthodox nature established in a semiotic manner (notably through translations) between the two cultures, Romanian and French, concerned by the specialized lexicographical approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of further research on the forms QUE in French and DA in Serbian, whose first results were published in "QUE vs DA. Prilog proučavanju nepromenljivih kategorija reči u francuskom i srpskom jeziku" (Nasleđe No 44) and "QUE vs DA ou Question sémantique vs question terminologique" (Jezici i kulture u vremenu i prostoru 9/1). In this paper, the authors study the use and value of the mentioned forms in correlative structures in French and Serbian. Considering that correlation is a basic characteristic of comparative and consecutive structures, our aim was to find answers, always going from French to Serbian, to following questions: 1. Does correlation work in the same way in these two languages? 2. Will the French form QUE always have the Serbian form DA as an equivalent? 3. If, on the other hand, QUE and DA are not equivalent, how do they differ? The corpus is excerpted from literary texts in French and their translations into Serbian. Relying on contrastive analysis, cognitive theory and a semantic approach, this paper shows that QUE and DA are equivalent only in consecutive correlative structures (subordinate consecutive sentence), while the French QUE has some other equivalents in comparative correlative structures in Serbian. The analysis showed certain structural and semantic similarities and differences of one type of syntactic structures which in French linguistics evade the unique classification of subordinate sentences (subordinate consecutive sentences or a special type of subordinate sentences) which is not the case in Serbian grammars in which these structures are classified in the class of subordinate adverbial sentences, i.e. consecutive sentences. Following the typologies of consecutive correlative structures determined by Charlotte Hybertie and Miloš Kovačević, the analysis showed that there is a perfect coincidence of the observed forms in both basic types by Hybertie for the French language (intensity and manner), i.e. in the first and fourth type of consecutive sentences in Serbian (according to Kovačević). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this paper is a traductological analysis of a self-retranslation, that is, of two translations of the comic book Asterix and the Banquet into Serbian (by Đorđe Dimitrijević) with the aim of testing the validity of Antoine Berman's retranslation hypothesis which states that translations that are temporally closer to the source are oriented towards the target culture, whereas translations with a greater temporal distance are oriented towards the source culture. The analysis of the corpus confirmed Berman's hypothesis considering the fact that the two analyzed translations are essentially different - in the first version, the translator used the strategy of domestication, whereas in the second version, the translator opted for foreignization and thus provided a new perspective of the work and managed to preserve the humor of the source text. Unlike the first version where free translation was the dominant procedure, the second version of the translation saw the reintroduction of parts omitted in the first version, as well as the modernization of certain elements with the aim of adapting them for the target audience by predominately using literal translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with expressing causality in French and Italian, from the syntactic and semantic point of view. The research first establishes the inventory of the most frequent means and syntactic procedures by which causality is formalized in French, and then a contrastive method is used to point out similarities and differences that exist in both languages, regarding its way of expression, particularly the structure of subordinating conjunctions. Finally, the analysis of the corpus showed that the observed structures in French usually have the equivalent structures in Italian, but also that there are some classification and structural incongruences between the two observed languages. The French conjunction parce que has two equivalents in Italian (perché and ché/che), although there are some differences regarding their use. It is the same for the French conjunction comme, that has its equivalent in Italian siccome. On the contrary, the French conjunction puisque has a whole range of equivalents in Italian: visto che, dato che, dal momento che. Although in Italian there is no coordinating causal conjunctions, the conjunction car finds its equivalent in Italian perché. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the analysis of the expression of movement in French and in Serbian from the perspective of three basic elements, the origin of movement, its term and its path. In both languages the verb plays an important part along with the prepositions in French and the preposition + case in Serbian. The origin in French is expressed by the preposition de, essentially dynamic, while in Serbian it is marked by genitive preceded by prepositions od, iz, s(a). Both languages make distinction if the term is reached or not. The movement toward the final point in French is expressed by the prepositions vers, pour, and in Serbian by dative and prepositions ka, prema. Attained final point in French is marked by the static prepositions à, sur, dans which often express the position of the object after the motion. In Serbian the accusative with the prepositions u, na indicates that the term is reached. The most salient difference between the French and the Serbian is the expression of the path: in French it is expressed by the verb and the preposition à, while in Serbian it is marked on the formal level by the accusative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper provides a discursive study upon the development of a Christian identity through the liturgical prayers of remembrance of the faithful that are part of the Eucharistic Liturgy attributed to Saint John Chrysostom, the most frequently celebrated in the Orthodox Church, throughout the liturgical year. The discursive analysis focuses on the French text of this sermon, as it was translated by Reverend Archimandrite Placide Deseille, one of the greatest contemporary French Orthodox theologians. This analysis is developed around the lexical and semantic study of phrases such as: “remembering in the Kingdom of God”, “the remembrance of God” and “to commemorate” being supported by a theological reflection, borrowed from another great Contemporary French theologian, secular this time, Jean-Claude Larchet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we develop a new method of identification of complex prepositions, in French. We include well-known semantic and morpho-syntactic tests, and introduce a few others – together, these tests make up a multi-variable grid which we believe can help identify complex prepositions. We run these tests on a list of 75 sequences, most of which are considered to be complex adpositions. We also include sequences which share the same patterns of word formation but do not have prepositional uses, in order to check the validity of our grid. Our results show that the semantic and morpho-syntactic clues used to identify complex adpositions, combined with corpus data exploration, are on the whole quite effective, but to varying degrees depending on the pattern of formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two zero prepositions are postulated for French : the lexemes (On s' est vu rue de Rivoli 'We met on Rue de Rivoli'.) et (On s' est vu jeudi 'We met Thursday'.) The paper proposes a short discussion of zero signs in world languages and a justification for the French zero prepositional lexemes, as well as the lexicographic entries for these prepositions. At the same time, special surface-syntactic relations are introduced for the description of the phrases that denote durations and distances covered: duration-circumstantial and distance-circumstantial (On a travaillé deux semaines 'We worked two weeks' or On a marché trois kilomètres 'We walked three kilometers'). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we would like to emphasize the importance of the diversity of elements that are part of the expansion of linguistic influences. We believe that linguistic factors converge with political or sociocultural ones in the evolution of languages. The history of Romanity shows us that the territories where the current official Romance languages have developed had different factors, which contributed to the diversification of vulgar Latin and the formation of new languages. Later, contacts between these languages were maintained, more or less intensive, under the influence of extralinguistic factors. We will focus on the position of French and its role in the formation of the lexicon of the main Romance languages. It is well known that any language, as a result of contacts of various kinds, receives (and provides) a certain number of words, expressions and expressions. This is the case of mutual influences between French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and Romanian. We will deal in particular with two cases, that of Spanish and Romanian. These two languages are opposed as to their position in relation to French: while Spanish is a neighboring language, with deep and uninterrupted contacts, Romanian is the most distant Roman language, but has nevertheless received many influences from French due to a Francophone tradition, in Moldova as well as in Romania. We will try to explain the circumstances and causes of these facts, using examples of loanwords from French. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The semantic analysis of complex noun phrases (NP) is usually determined by the nominal nucleus. Adjectives and determiners complement the noun by adding pieces of information or changing the size of the expanded NP. This paper emphasizes nominal constructions in French where the semantic nucleus must be reassigned to units which do not operate as a syntactic nucleus of NPs. It first discusses what has historically motivated the progressive autonomy of the adjective from the noun. The study then reviews multiple aspects of quantifying and qualifying constructions in NPs, with particular consideration of metaphors. It analyses how some boundary sub-categories, participate in the semantic governance of NP: N2 in expressive binominal noun phrases (N1N2 or N1deN2), relational adjectives in (N1AdjR) groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The semantic analysis of complex noun phrases (NP) is usually determined by the nominal nucleus. Adjectives and determiners complement the noun by adding pieces of information or changing the size of the expanded NP. This paper emphasizes nominal constructions in French where the semantic nucleus must be reassigned to units which do not operate as a syntactic nucleus of NPs. It first discusses what has historically motivated the progressive autonomy of the adjective from the noun. The study then reviews multiple aspects of quantifying and qualifying constructions in NPs, with particular consideration of metaphors. It analyses how some boundary sub-categories, participate in the semantic governance of NP: N2 in expressive binominal noun phrases (N1N2 or N1deN2), relational adjectives in (N1AdjR) groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transylvanian Giant Rabbit is a highly polyphyletic breed and has its origins in many distinct populations of rabbits: the common Romanian rabbit, the Grey Giant, the Giant Papillon and the Californian. It was created and consolidated by Petrescu-Mag et al (2009, 2014). This paper is a French version of the official standard for the judgement of the exhibition Transylvanian Giant Rabbit (Petrescu-Mag et al 2012). We respected the general rules presented by European Association of Poultry Pigeon and Rabbit Breeders (2010) and fit them to the specific characteristics of our breed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the connections between the syntactic subordination on the one hand, and what we propose to call, according to Gustave Guillaume's distinction between tongue and discourse, the ⪡ tongue subordination ⪢, which is inherently linked to the dialogical intrinsic properties of French and Spanish conditional tenses on the other hand. We first attempt to highlight how close these connections are as it regards the prototypical uses of the conditional tense in both Spanish and French; we subsequently provide an analysis of the nature of the above-mentioned connections when the conditional is used in a main clause, focusing on two French constructions unknown in Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case study on the entrance into the Romanian language of neological vocabulary (coming from Romance, especially French sources), over a long period in the 19th century, the present paper deals with the dynamics of that phenomenon in both quantitative and qualitative terms, focusing on the manner in which the words in question were adapted. The examples, drawn from the best-known pieces of prose writing by two prominent authors of the 1848-1890 period, N. Filimon and I. L. Caragiale, illustrate the degree of formal and / or semantic adaptation, the word formation mechanisms involved, as well as the relative status that such neologistic terms have gained in Romanian. The textual observations were likely to demonstrate that the neologistic terms that gained "full citizenship" in the language make up a prevalent category, no less than a number of derivational patterns (e.g., the suffix -itate < Fr. -ité, or Lat. -itatis). Other terms were preserved only in certain fixed phrases. Some meanings are rarely used today, while a number of lexical items have continued in Romanian only as obsolete terms. The cases of superficial formal adaptation (including phonetic and morphological aspects) are quite numerous. However, the most interesting part of the corpus lexical under analysis is the cases of calque (either semantic, structural, phraseological or grammatical). Sometimes, we deal with direct translation of phrases, starting from foreign models. Unlike the prose writings authored by Nicolae Filimon, I. L. Caragiale's work offers the full image of French neologisms massively entering modern Romanian; the sheer size and the linguistic-cultural implications of this lexical influence would deserve a separate study. It can be noted that Caragiale, the great Romanian classic, did not let himself be carried away by the Frenchified torrent - which is mainly shown by his often ironic attitude. Many of the cases of calque that are exemplified are words and phrases that have not been preserved in Romanian: they have proved mere lexical ephemeral lexical items - very much like many anglicisms today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The approach of insults we propose in this paper has three sections: a psychological one, since we consider insults first of all as manifestations of verbal aggressiveness; a lexico-grammatical and pragmatic section, which concerns the structures and the functioning of insults in french and in romanian and a semantic section, which allows us to reveal some cultural differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Greek writer Michel Mitsakis (1863–1916) rapidly became known for the dynamic nature of his work, but also for his most singular behavior. His text on a village idiot and on the psychiatric hospital in Corfu are major literary works. After a first hospitalization for “dementia praecox” in 1896, after that date he hardly ever wrote in his native language. On the contrary, between 1900 and 1911, he wrote several poems in French scribbled in the margins of a volume of the Iliad, or on pieces of paper which he left on journalists’ desks. These poems are of great literary importance. The implication of the psychopathological process in Michel Mitsakis’s work is also of major interest. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]