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The paper presents aspects of the scientific production of three 'ilustrados' who worked in South America: José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva (1763-1838), José Hipólito Unanúe (1755-1833), and Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga (1771-1848). These naturalists, whose trajectories, territories and beliefs were different, built their particular version of Nature in America and contributed with their scientific work to the construction of American geohistory. They were chosen in this research by criteria of territorial dispersion and by different approaches about specific aspects of Earth Sciences – themes that up to now have not received full attention among Latin-American historians of sciences. This paper contends that these personalities built their own knowledge about 'temperament' (climate) and territories, and also used their scientific knowledge to implement political agenda for their respectives countries that were being conformed.

This paper analyses relations among FEDEDAM, Eureka Comitee and AFADEM during the 80s as a training space for memories of enforced disappearances. We examine from primary sources, some written some oral, the organisations’ trajectories and spots of memories’ production and circulation. We assert that within the common work concerning denunciation and search for justice, narrarives were made up as well as transnational memorial practices shared by parents’ organizations in Mexico and through the Latin American network issued by the federation.

This paper aims to study the historical experience of evil in Venezuela. From the history of the present time and the regimes of historicity, we inquire about the pernicious nature of the political and ideological mechanisms that, instituted by Chavismo, seek the subordination of the other, especially of those who oppose and resist it. Memory, testimonies and documentation thus allow us to show the institutionalization of violence and the use of evil as a political instrument.

This paper examines the history of Mexico’s native memory concept. To achieve this, three memorial phases are rebuilt : first, the emergence of the colonial past’s review as a historical trauma ; next, how the native Latin-American and Mexican movements have taken ownership of this past’s meaning in order to define their identity as “ancestral victims” ; and finally, the phase of such recognition within the new cultural plurality’s rhetoric.

This paper analyzes the origin, development and decline of Mixteca Alta’s agroecological and food system from the end of pre-Hispanic period till capitalism’s introduction, in the context of the Great acceleration which appeared indirectly in this region during the middle of the 20th century, when new roads were opened allowing local populations’emigration towards towns and industrial centers, that lead to the almost complete disapperance of sustainable “solares” (vegetable gardens) and the rapid expansion of food practices different from local diets.

In this article we analyze the historical and sociopolitical context under which the First Universal Races Congress (1911) took place, and also address the main issues debated in the conference by anthropologists, sociologists and social activists from different countries. We highlight the contributions of the physicians and anthropologists João Baptista de Lacerda (1846-1915) and Edgard Roquette-Pinto (1884-1954), who traveled to London as official representatives of the Brazilian government, and discuss some of the papers presented by leading authorities in the field of anthropology and the race studies. The papers presented at the conference were published in a volume edited by the English sociologist Gustav Spiller.

In this paper, I examine Chapter VII of "The Origin of Species" (Instinct), in which Charles Darwin applies evolutionary theory by natural selection to the instinct domain and lays the foundations of a biological analysis of behavior. Darwin intended to show the possibility of gradual evolution in the case of complex behaviors such as brood parasitism in cuckoos, slave-making habits in ants and geometrical cell building in honey bees. Darwin attributed functional value to behavioral characters, used the comparision of related species' behavior as a way to infer evolutionary stages, gave cost-and-benefit and optimization processes a role as selection criteria, took into account aspects of behavioral competition and manipulation and gave a group selection approach to the question of sterile castes of eusocial insects. More than results and solutions, Darwin offered, in his chapter about Instinct, a paradigm for the analysis of species typical behaviors, a true starting point for modern approaches such as ethology and behavioral ecology.In this paper, I examine Chapter VII of "The Origin of Species" (Instinct), in which Charles Darwin applies evolutionary theory by natural selection to the instinct domain and lays the foundations of a biological analysis of behavior. Darwin intended to show the possibility of gradual evolution in the case of complex behaviors such as brood parasitism in cuckoos, slave-making habits in ants and geometrical cell building in honey bees. Darwin attributed functional value to behavioral characters, used the comparision of related species' behavior as a way to infer evolutionary stages, gave cost-and-benefit and optimization processes a role as selection criteria, took into account aspects of behavioral competition and manipulation and gave a group selection approach to the question of sterile castes of eusocial insects. More than results and solutions, Darwin offered, in his chapter about Instinct, a paradigm for the analysis of species typical behaviors, a true starting point for modern approaches such as ethology and behavioral ecology.

The paper studies the bankruptcy of the Alternative Producers Association (APA) in Ouro Preto do Oeste, State of Rondônia, Brazil, by identifying the relations between the territory actors and analyzing their own interpretive frame. After a brief history of the Integrated Colonization Project (PIC) in Ouro Preto do Oeste, we describe the social origin of the settlers, their political culture and social capital as well as the logic of the institutions engaged in the projects' management. The relations between the different institutional actors are presented as a connection of multilevel social-ecological systems (local, regional, national and international). The paper intends to show the discrepancy between the mere economic logic of the supporting institutions and the APA producers' aspirations. Our conclusion is that the bankruptcy may have been caused by two interconnected factors: the lack of trust of APA's farmers towards agricultural support agencies (Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira, Agência de Defesa Sanitária Agrosilvopastoril do Estado de Rondônia, Empresa de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural) and the failure of the State and the Municipality to act in the multi-level network above mentioned, which could have been a mediator amongst the different aspirations. Finally, our paper discusses the notion of 'failure' associated to bankruptcy.

Este trabajo aporta una mirada alterna sobre la modificación cefálica artificial entre los mayas, concretamente utilizando las observaciones de los cronistas que aún la vieron en la época Colonial. Sin querer, ellas nos comunican motivaciones íntimamente vinculadas con el rol que una vez tuvo la costumbre cefálica dentro de la cosmovisión y la ritualidad cotidiana de los mayas prehispánicos; así, estos testimonios constituyen puntos de partida invaluables para comprender los motivos culturales profundos que el modelado cefálico satisfacía originalmente. Por último, contrastamos y discutimos la información de las fuentes conjuntamente con el registro craneológico en siete series coloniales del territorio cultural maya. Los resultados confirman que el modelado cefálico pronto pierde vigencia en los centros urbanos con mayor presencia europea al mismo tiempo que se observa su pervivencia en los espacios rurales y selváticos más aislados, como los paraderos remotos de la selva lacandona.This paper contributes an alternative view on artificial head shaping practices among the Maya, which we examine through the lens of those European chroniclers who still witnessed it as a living practice during the colonial era. Unwillingly, these sources testify longstanding cultural motivations for the ancient tradition of modifying infants' vaults, which appear intimately tied to prehispanic Maya worldviews and daily ritual practices. The recognition of these motives provides a valuable point of departure for understanding the deeply embedded cultural roles this head practice once played. The last part of the paper compares and discusses the information provided by the colonial sources jointly with the results obtained from a study of seven colonial skeletal series from the Maya area. Our results confirm that Maya head modeling quickly dwindled within the urban spheres, where the European dominion was most immediate, while surviving over the centuries in the rural hinterlands and the forest refuges, like those of the historical Lacandons.

This paper deals with memory’s sense and memorial politics that have arisen in Mexico during the Andrés Manuel López Obrador's administration since 2018. Based on the concept of memorial regime, we shall see that one of the actual politics’s singularities is the foundation of a public culture of repentance and the establishing of memory institutions which concern Colonial Era’s memory as well as Mexican national history.

This paper deals with semantic variations and monumental representations of San Martín among Argentinian state’s liturgies between the 19th century and today in order to analyze the relationship between changing institutional contexts and political as well as intellectual operations revolving around a fixed radication in national imagination and public uses of his image established by state elites and social groups which strengthened the political and cultural fight in contemporary Argentina.

In 2021 the activities and speeches which celebrated the bicentenaries of Latin American independences were complemented in certain countries by a strong radicalisation. This paper explains why this process took place in 2021 and proposes what should be done to prevent historiographical accounts from promoting exclusion nationalism favouring instead the creation of plural and inclusive societies.

This paper investigates the meanings given by the racial classification in several Brazilian census. It proposes a convergent analysis of the social-political conventions established for the research (1872, 1890, 1940) or omission (1920) of the racial item of the surveys in different historical moments and the emergency of the technical community of statisticians in the midst of changing in paradigm census. As a method, it assumes a circularity between the social system of racial classification, the interpretations chapters on national identity hired to introduce the census – “O povo brasileiro e sua evolução” by Oliveira Vianna (1920), and “A cultura brasileira” by Fernando de Azevedo (1940) – and the role played by the technical requirements in the taken positions of the statisticians. The article analyzes the reports written by the census committees and organizers at the verbal level, in order to compare the arguments presented to the informations and crossings obtained in the matrix level. It takes the 1940 census as a turning point in the statistical activity because it reveals the structural conflict between the policy function primarily reserved for statistics and the consecration of the technical competence. Accordingly, this paper addresses the gradual release of statistical ideology from the political propaganda on the color.

This paper tries to demonstrate that the documentary Montaña de luz (Guillermo Centeno, 2005), which praises the great achievements of the Cuban program of international medical aid, is representative of the ICAIC's tradition of propaganda cinema. The paper also tries to demonstrate that this movie, which insists on solidarity with developing countries, is paradoxically pervaded by a colonial imaginary.

The paper presents three contributions of the Swiss zoologist Emil August Goeldi (1859-1917) to Amazonian archaeology and ethnology published between 1900 and 1906, in German, when Goeldi was the director of Paraense Museum, in Belém, Brazil. The first paper is a scientific divulgation article about the Cunani pottery, discovered in 1895 in the north of the Amapá state, Brazil. The second paper deals with archaeological artifacts found in the mouth of Amazon River, an important area for this kind of research, including the pottery found in Maracá, in the Amapá state, and in the Marajó Island, in Pará State, plus the lithic statues from the Lower Amazon. The third paper describes the use of lithic axes by the Baikiri Indians. These contributions show Goeldi’s interest in the study of material culture and data compilation for the improvement of the knowledge about the Amazonian ethnolinguistics stems, proposing an ingenious union of intellectual resources provided by ethnology, archaeology and linguistics at that time.

Abstract This paper addresses one of the open issues in the reconstruction of Proto-Tupi-Guarani (PTG) segmental phonology: The status of the *k -*kʲ opposition. We argue that the contrast is artifactual and that the presumed evidence in favor of PTG *kʲ can be considered as secondary developments of PTG *k in Kayabí, Guarayu, Kagwahiva, Tenetehára, Kamayurá, and Ka’apor. We establish additional facts regarding the structure of PTG and the historical phonology of TG languages, also showing that this finding eliminates the need for an unmotivated split in Pre-PTG history, a problematic feature of current reconstructions of the Proto-Tupian consonant system.

In this paper, we understand that the process of migration, beyond geographic change, also implies cultural change. The aim of the paper therefore, is to verify which cultural traces remain and/or are redefined by the migrants in the city and which meaning they possess in their daily life. The methodological path includes fieldwork and direct observations, interviews and telling of life stories. As a research instrument, I use the stories of the migrants as an understanding of the relations and processes described and collected. The migrants in study make frequent use of reciprocity relations as the social principle that strengthens the mutual aid and solidarity in the work of fishing, in emotional difficulties, as well as in the ceremonial use of medicinal plants in the treatment of several kinds of minor illnesses such as fever and cold.

This paper tries to analyze touristic activity practices and its impacts on coastal fishermen communities of Pará State, presenting the theories of collective action as a viable perspective to the effectivation of sustainable tourism. The paper begins by making considerations on the theorical approach on collective action, sustainable development and sustainable tourism. After that, a general perspective on current changes on haliêuticas societies are presented, mainly in which way tourism has been implemented on these areas, and which way the collective action can become an effective tool to the touristic praxis compromised with the local integrated development.

The search for the place from which the poem in mother tongue can be pronounced, blends with the search for the country not yet found. Poems by several authors between 2013 and 2019 protest against this absence. This paper raises questions about this place and the language traits observed during its poetical enunciation. Through their writings, poets propose a historical experience of revolt. I shall examine Vinagre: uma antología de poetas neobarrocos (2013), poems by Lu Menezes (2016) and Tatiana Pequeno (2019), texts that have managed to give an answer through their own poetical language to the street’s social protest shoutings.

Throughout the second half of the twentieth century, Central American poetry was characterised by accompanying and promoting social movements that sought to transform repressive and exclusion political systems. At the end of the armed conflicts in the region (Peace Accords in El Salvador, 1994 and Guatemala, 1996) and the beginning of what critics call the “post-war” period, poetry seems to have lost its breath of social protest. In this paper, we intend to study the current poetic discourses (1990-2020) in Guatemala and El Salvador which, through different options from those expressed in the 1960s-1990s, are inscribed in the ideological struggles to prevent the expression of local and global political and economic power.

In this paper we present a detailed reading of the poetic exercice submitted by the Mexican writer Fernando del Paso in his novel Noticias del Imperio (1987). This exercice is set in chapter XVI.1 called “Adiós Mamá Carlota” and based upon the account of the gardener Sedano, a peripheral character. We shall only study the functions and scopes of the gardener’s discourse whose allegation, according to us, implicitly reveals two sorts of readings which we have categorized as: performative and historical.

In 1985 during the period called “democratic transition”, in the Argentinian province of Tucumán begins the publishing of a comic book called Pucará. Pucará adopted then a specific position to justify its inscription in the history of Argentinian comics, read and reinterpreted in a nationalistic and military key. This paper aims to replace it in its context and to tackle the concept of “tradition” of the so called “national comics”.

Nearly 50 years after the release of Mafalda’s first edition in France, it is worth considering whether French readers today perceive its political dimension. This paper presents some thoughts about traces of historical context and manifestations of political compromise in this classic comic strip, created by Quino and initially published in the Argentinian press between 1964 and 1973. It pays special attention to the amount of impact it created among the readers depending upon certain translations and publishing options.

Abstract In the Jê languages standard negators tend to take a post-verbal position. This paper asks why this should be the case and therefore discusses earlier accounts relating Jê standard negators to either negative verbs or privative postpositions. We argue that these accounts do not have to exclude each other. In particular, we propose that an existential negator can be reanalyzed as a privative one. We also argue that if the origin of the standard negator is a verb with the meaning ‘finish’, we may be dealing with a scenario that is similar to the ‘Negative Existential Cycle’. In both, the existential negator denies the existence of a state of affairs and then turns into a standard negator. But whereas in the Negative Existential Cycle the non-existence of a state of affairs is modelled on the non-existence of an object, in the ‘new’ scenario the non-existence of a state of affairs derives from the fact that a process or event has come to an end.

Abstract The paper approaches the subject of using a multimedia documentation corpus on indigenous language and culture in a broader perspective: its promotion via an exhibition – and by means of this making research stored in a digital archive available to a general public and encouraging a debate between representatives of the majority society and of the speech community itself. The exhibition “Os Caxinauás – autonomia e contato” (Belém, 2018) described here is the result of a collaborative project between linguists, an artist and members of the Cashinahua (Huni Kuin) community.

During the last couple of decades, the countries of the world have become increasingly interconnected into a single capitalist economic system. Globalization processes have facilitated the flow of goods and services. They have also led to new forms of exclusion, inequality and “culture conflict”. This paper elaborates on the nexus between transnational organized crime networks, fundamental Islamic movements and terrorist groups in the Balkan region, and argues that these movements for social, political and economic change are bi-products of globalization. After the fall of the Soviet Union, criminal-political formations expanded drastically in the newly emerging Balkan democracies. The weak government structures, the deteriorating domestic economy and the vulnerable government institutions made the Balkan region a safe haven for war profiteers, career criminals and fundamental Islamists. This paper gives a detailed overview of the origin, nature and expansion of several politicized illicit markets in the Balkans. It further elaborates on the birth of fundamental Islamic movements after communism. The complex interrelation between globalization, wars, organized crime and fundamental Islam is at the forefront of this paper.

The aim of this paper is to study Moroccan music festivals against the existing theories on globalization, while coming up with new concepts aimed at overcoming the problems often facing experts in popular culture and media studies who feel that globalization thesis lapses into fatal gestures of leveling, reductionism, and totalitarianism, especially when it tries to account for current discussions related to the circulation of artifacts and cultural texts. The general consensus has it that modern technologies have hugely altered the meaning and revolutionized the traditional functions attached to art and cultural industries. The grotesque circulation of western cultural artifacts is justifiably judged to be many times agonizing for theorists in cultural studies, linguistics and political science, etc who want to be sure that the unequal transmissions of products across the world will not harm local cultural, linguistic and economic capital of the less dominant other. Moroccan music festivals for instance are seen to be increasingly governed by a complex whirlpool of the far-too-melodramatic implications of today’s world global connections. In view of this, this paper, which borrows from data collected during between 2010 and 2011, will examine cultural industries, music festivals in general and the Essaouira festival in particular, in relation to world flows, while holding the argument that the appropriation of western artifacts locally has always been part of a not-so-novel process of mobility of what we call world cultural nomadictates (nomadic dictates). The paper gives a detailed definition of this concept and develops other new concepts (e.g. recurents, exclusives) related to the «glocal» face of culture and art in Morocco in an attempt to find an escape route outside the impasses of the globalization/cultural imperialism theses surrounding the study of cultural industries. To drive this idea home, we will open up the discussion at hand onto existing controversies around notions of place, authenticity, urbanism, tourism and consumption.

A variety of researchers have carried out job satisfaction studies in fisheries during the last decades. Results have shown the significant role of self-actualization in the determination of job satisfaction which backs the reasoning that fishing is more than just a livelihood. This paper is based in a job satisfaction study carried out in three lobster fisheries in the Caribbean. Lobster fishing (Panulirus argus) is an important economic activity throughout the Caribbean Basin, both as a source of income and employment for the local population as well as foreign exchange for national governments. These countries differ significantly in structure of the fishery as well as governance arrangements. In this paper we wish to address the relation between these structural differences and fishers’ job satisfaction across the three countries. Results indicate fishers’ job satisfaction is significantly higher in small-scale fisheries.

The subject of this paper is the contemporary process of reconstruction – rather than simply construction – of the Guatemalan nation-state. The paper focuses on the unifying role played by the education system within the new Guatemalan national project and will show how schools today still contribute to establishing a sense of national identity. Since the 1996 Peace Agreements there has been a redefinition of the Guatemalan national identity, giving it a multi-ethnic and multicultural dimension, and it has been the role of schools to convey that identity. An analysis of the centrepiece of the education reform initiated in 2005 – the CNB with its syllabuses and methods for primary school – will illustrate how important the school system is in the national reconstruction project. This paper will first show what features of the nation school is supposed to teach. In a second part, we will have a look at the new approach to didactics the new ideology entailed. Lastly, we will mention the possible obstacles to the implementation of such a sweeping reform which lacks adequate means and for which people are not totally prepared.

This paper studies the work of Brazilian writers Lourenço Mutarelli and Marçal Aquino to consider issues related to text and image. The selected works are O grifo de Abdera (“Abdere’s griffin”, 2015), and O Invasor (“The Trespasser”, 2002). To analyze the complexity of these novels we mainly rely on the typology of intersemiotic transposition proposed by Leo H. Hoek and the concept of novelization introduced by Jan Baetens. We also mention the research of Vera Lúcia Follain de Figueiredo, in order to replace the dialogue between literature and cinema in the Brazilian context.

Climate change poses a double threat to Latin America, both to agricultural production and to the exploitation of its main comparative advantage ; fossil resources. This paper’s aim is to tackle the technological convergence/divergence in Latin America between the hydrocarbon and agrifood value chains in a context of energy transition. This theoretical work is based on existing literature.

This paper focuses on the armed conflicts in Central America in the late 70s and 80s, as they relate to the so-called “turn to the left”, which began with Hugo Chávez in 1999. It suggests a reading based on the economic and political history of Venezuela, taking into consideration its development strategy of using oil revenues to break tax dependency from oil. It is in fact the story of a mainly pragmatic nationalism with a social democratic orientation that completes a virtuous circle by the oil industry nationalization in 1976, only to find itself trapped in the limitations of its conflicting strategy; and, with the turn of the century, leading the country into the hands of a successful convergence operation between the traditional authoritarianism of military lodges and the totalitarianism of Soviet-cuban inspiration.

This paper’s main purpose is to present a brief analysis of transformations that have taken place in the hydrocarbon production circuit in Brazil, especially after the discovery of large reserves in the Pre-salt. It also seeks to identify how this important event has opened different horizons for an energy transition in Brazil. Finally, it examines the effects provoked by the political crisis around 2010 and the reemergence of neoliberal policies with Bolsonaro’s government upon the dynamics of hydrocarbon circuit and energy transition.

This paper, based upon historical sociology, deals with the building of a national memory through the ephemeris established in the Asunción nomenclature during recent history (1942-2007), and achieved via three historical steps (military nationalism-Stroessner Era-transition). This dates contribute to complete the construction of the official national memory. Nation is remembered through thirty-one street names : seventeen refer to war events, six to religious ones, five to events dealing with foundations or “births” and three represent civic nature.

This paper aims to analyse actors and meanings that, either from civil society or from the State, were displayed around the possible memories of the Stroessner-Era. It studies the memory conflicts in the social dynamics through the commemorations of the fall of the stronist regime on February 2nd and 3rd (1989). During this period of thirty years, four historical cycles were established and concluded that there is a shift from the discourse of “national reconciliation” to one whose main line is the demand for justice regarding human rights’ violation.

This paper tries to understand how bilingual poetry considers relations between languages in Paraguay. In the first part, we shall introduce bilingualism’s issues and their consequences in bilingual poetry’s forms. In the second part, we shall focus on poetical discourse as dialogue’s support and developper of tensions between both languages. Finally, we shall analyze how the problematization of these linguistic relationships allows intercultural expresions that explore an anthropological and poetical thought.

This paper examines Paz Encina’s work in the re-elaboration of historical memory concerning the State repression in Paraguay, based upon her researches in the Terror Archive. From her own treatment of these data, this artist developped an audio-visual creation mode particularly determined by sound, and above all the human voice and its presence effects in relation to missing bodies.

This paper explores three Mexican fiction feature films internationally released in 2011: Miss Bala, Days of grace and El Infierno. The movies propose three different criminality’s representations related to drug trafficking. Therefore, we try to draw various archetypes of the drug dealer’s body in films. How do filmmakers depict their character, their physical appearance and metamorphosis and their integration into a group? To what extent are these accusing portraits? Do they contribute to maintain the attraction towards this figure, fictional as well as real?

Next to mass-medias’ diffusion of drug trafficking culture, as well as published journalistic investigations about the cartels, some authors of chronicles, novelists and storytellers looked for – and found – literary expressions that go beyond fascination and horror denunciation. The non-fiction novel Campos de amapola. Antes de esto by Lolita Bosch takes a clear and firm position against violence. Los trabajos del reino by Yuri Herrera bets upon fable’s poetry; Señor de Señores by Miguel Tapia parodies the Leviticus to evoke chastisement discourse. This paper deals with esthetic effects and eventual ethic interrogation of these works.

This paper aims to define the material and cultural practices of the independent Latin American publishers of the 21st century, a phenomenon that has recently captured the Academy’s attention, from the categories of literary theory and criticism, in dialogue with the sociology of culture. Thus, we will focus on the Argentinian case to delimit a series of concepts that explain the literary, political and social values of independent publishers: anachronism, aura, community, bibliodiversity, decolonial materialism, gatekeeper.

In this paper, I present one of my focus of research dealing with remote government as part of the Hispanic Monarchy: analyzing Philippines’ case, I try to identify the mechanisms of connections between different parts of the “empire” and the options followed – or rather the trial-and-error methods – to establish a Castilian dominion in Asia. One aspect of this issue lies in the role of religious institutions within the government, specially the bishop’s and diocese’s role, while in Asia relations with the Portuguese were still at odds. I study the geopolitical implications of the creation of Manila’s diocese, and how the bishopric was an adjustement variable in the search for a good government in the Philippines. I also try to explain Domingo de Salazar’s appointment as first bishop of the Philippines, a Dominican friar, defender of the Indians, who turned out to be a real statesman.

Abstract This paper describes the behavior of the anaphoric element ta- in Karitiana (Arikém branch, Tupian family) showing that it is a third person anaphor which must be bound (c-commanded and coindexed) by an antecedent in the same sentence. ta- may occur as a possessor clitic attached to a nominal, or as a subject or object clitic attached to a verb. We show with elicited and spontaneous data that the Karitiana anaphor is subject oriented when occurring in embedded environments, being able to refer to the subject of the matrix clause or to the subject of an embedded clause in cases of multiple embedding. We analyze this lexical item as a medium-distance anaphor, following the definition of Reuland and Koster (1991). Logophoric uses of the ta- anaphor are also exemplified and briefly discussed.

Abstract References to landscape and places are central in traditional narratives by speakers of Dâw (Naduhup, Brazilian Amazon). This emphasis on spatial reference is primarily established through locative adverbial clauses that are often repeated throughout the discourse. Their function is to relate an event to a place, establish reference to locative information mentioned earlier in discourse, and provide cohesion when pre-posed to the main clause. In this syntactic position, they act as bridges connecting sentences and paragraphs by referring to antecedent context. Locative adverbial clauses in clause-initial position are interesting in Dâw because they can occur as exact replicas of a locative adverbial clause that was postposed to the main clause of the antecedent sentence. This strategy has been described in the literature as tail-head linkage. Its central function is to maintain coherence among participants and events along subsequent sentences in discourse and to ensure that the interlocutor is able to track the numerous locations mentioned in the narrative. This paper explores the functional and formal properties of tail-head linkage by focusing on locative adverbial clauses in Dâw, and contributes to the understanding of how processes of subordination can be responsible for tracking spatial information in the discourse of Dâw speakers.

This paper aims to analyze how Latin-American travel novels deconstruct the ideology of European stories that legitimize a certain speech about peripheral countries. In order to do so, we propose to follow César Aira’s (1993) discussions about the stages of construction of the exotic through literature. It can be seen that self-fiction is a strategy, since it promotes a kind of anarchitextuality, an anarchy in the genre’s « architextuality » (Génette, 1982), breaking the testimony pact, truth’s factual discourse and the narrative’s linearity.

In the first pages of Tristes Tropiques, Lévi-Strauss dismisses the enterprise which he decides to adopt: narrate the story of his exploration voyage and his ethnographic quest in Amazonian territories. The western tradition places at the origin of this literary range some Greek authors, with Herodotus in the first place. How can the connection between Herodotus and Lévi-Strauss be established? Why does the problem of voyage haunt Lévi-Strauss right away? What kind of echo, different, does this concept find along the first Greek prose work that has been preserved? Lévi-Strauss’s brief paper, « Herodotus in the sea of China » (1987), reveals, though it seems only a mere note, the extent of the anthropologist’s debt towards his Hellenic predecessor.

The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the written culture was winning recognition within the traditional personal mediation made by small-town actors in the resolution of conflicts. Therefore, we will analyze a gazette created by lawyers interested in spreading legal and administrative knowledge to actors of small cities and towns, as well as to support rural communities in the handling of procedures and administrative forms to achieve success in their agrarian affairs.

Abstract This paper provides a structural and historical overview of the kinship of a group of Tupi-Guarani-speaking hunter-gatherers, the Ache (Guayaki) of eastern Paraguay. I begin by considering the distinguishing features of Ache kin terminology, describing its characteristic tension between the dimensions of generation and crossness, before considering arguments for historical transformations offered for similar cases in lowland South America. The Ache case shows that the “Hawaiianization” of terms in ego’s generation does not necessarily entail an inward-looking endogamy, as some anthropologists (Dole, 1969; Wagley, 1977) have argued. By describing the network of Ache foraging bands as a residence-based form of kin organization, I show that “Hawaiianization” is not only perfectly compatible with the creation of alliances over considerable distances (Asch, 1998; Ives, 1998; Hornborg, 1998), but that “Hawaiianization” and distant marriage actually work together in the production of band alliances. At various points I highlight semantic, ethnographic, and historical data which, despite lying outside the scope of the phylogenetic analysis undertaken in other contributions to this issue, may nonetheless bear on some of its claims.

Abstract This paper reports a case study that discusses issues related to the reconstruction of kinship terminology in Proto-Tupi, based on previous work by Araújo and Storto (2002) on the Arikém and Juruna subfamilies. It also presents the remaining kin terminology of the Karitiana language (Arikém branch or subfamily) which was not discussed in the case study. Comparing Karitiana (Landin, 1989) and Juruna (Lima, 1995) kin terminology, Araújo and Storto (2002) have shown that some cognates can be found in the two languages and proposed that they reconstruct in Proto-Tupi. These authors claim that these reconstructed items indicate the following hypotheses: (1) the speakers of Proto-Tupi (4500 BP) had a Dravidian kinship system; (2) the speakers of Proto-Tupi had a kinship and naming system in which ego was equated with the paternal grandparent of the same sex as ego. Besides the 11 cognates discussed by Araújo and Storto (2002), we discuss the remaining 19 kin terms that form the Karitiana kinship system according to Landin (1989).

This paper studies the Atacama desert’s southern region and the territorial changes which ocurred between 1870-1930 in relation to water resources, focused on the modification of the level of demand due to the region’s incorporation and its mineral production. This change implied the settlement of thousands of workers and the transformation of water needs, thus turning it into an essential resource for capitalist production.

This paper analyses the spanish reformer Ramón de la Sagra’s opinion about Cuban society concerning its division into races and castes in the middle of the 19th century, a notion that is largely represented in the texts he wrote about slavery in the island. Through this, this article aims to demonstrate up to what point this author reproduced the typical racial theories of his time and how he perceived the colonial society. Cuba, 19th century, Caste, Race, Ramón de la Sagra