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This article addresses the importance of research and development (R&D) collaboration for environmental adaptation in the Swedish pulp and paper industry. It reviews the collaborative efforts initiated during the first half of the twentieth century, and investigates in particular how these efforts were influenced by the advent of modern environmental legislation in the late 1960s. We find that during the early period the underlying motives for environmental R&D collaboration were related to the presence of local resistance to pollution, over time turning into increased requirements from tightening environmental regulation. When the Swedish Environmental Protection Act was implemented in 1969, the long-lasting tradition of collaborative R&D activities facilitated the development and the adaptation of cleaner technologies in the sector. The article concludes that in the case of the Swedish pulp and paper industry, the significant environmental improvements witnessed during the 1960s and onwards can only be fully comprehended by acknowledging the role of the industry-wide collaborative activities in R&D. The positive outcomes of this collaboration were in turn reinforced by an environmental regulation system, which facilitated long-term investments in environmental R&D and, in contrast to their Finnish and American counterparts, encouraged internal process changes in the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The paper examines the effect of the sharp reallocation of business R&D expenditure from experimental research to applied research, since the global financial crisis, on the productivity of the South African national system of innovation (NSI). Business R&D expenditure declined sharply, without reversal, which suggests structural change. The paper applies linear regression models to data on trademarks and patents obtained from the World Intellectual Property Office and business R&D expenditure obtained from the Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa, for the period 2004-2018. The paper finds that reallocation of R&D expenditure from experimental to applied research had detrimental effects on the productivity of the NSI. Counterfactually, reallocation of R&D spending from experimental research to basic research had positive effects on innovation performance. The paper also establishes structural change in the innovation-business R&D spending regime. Policymakers, through tax incentives and nudging, should incentivise reallocation of business R&D spending towards basic research, while adjusting downwards the allocation to experimental and applied research until they reach their optimal levels. Discovery of structural change in the innovation-business R&D expenditure regime, the identification of sub-optimality in business R&D spending allocation, and identifying distorted incentive structures, all bring new knowledge to scholarship on the national system of innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional innovation policy, and related research, are being pressurized to transform by today's grand societal challenges. Our paper acknowledges the efforts of authors in this field to address this pressure and addresses how new emergent framings of innovation policy can be operationalized in practice. We explore how co-generative research can help achieve this and share the case of a think tank in the Basque Country (Spain) which we describe as a hybrid space because of the way researchers and policy makers work together. The case is then used to revisit the methodology that researchers have used for co-generation (action research for territorial development) and to upgrade this methodology with a new concept, an action research think tank. The final discussion goes beyond action research and the case study, to look at how co-generation can improve learning processes between policy makers and researchers in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the panel data of listed shipbuilding enterprises from 2010 to 2021 all over the world, this paper empirically studies the impact of Research & Development investment on new orders received by shipbuilding enterprises using the panel fixed effect model and the threshold regression model. The results show that R&D investment has a positive impact on the new order of high-tech and high-value-added ships in shipbuilding enterprises. R&D investment has a time lag effect on the new orders and a non-linear relationship with the newly received orders. The 1-year lagged R&D investment has a single threshold effect on the newly received orders of liquid tankers. When the R&D investment intensity exceeds the threshold, the positive impact on the newly received orders is weakened. To be specific, when the excessive R&D investment intensity does not match the scientific research capacity of shipbuilding enterprises, enterprise resources will be mismatched. Therefore, shipbuilding enterprises should increase their investment in R&D if they want to build more high-tech and high-value-added ships. At the same time, enterprises should also pay attention not to blindly strengthen the R&D investment, but to keep it within a reasonable range, so that resources can be allocated appropriately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how efficiently different groups of firms use their R&D expenditures. To this end, it investigates how the empirical relationship between firms' R&D expenditures and their sales growth varies with different values of firm size, firm age, and the number of firms in the respective industry. Using panel data for Switzerland ranging from 1995 to 2012, the paper finds that smaller, more mature firms show a more positive relation between R&D expenditures and sales growth than both relatively larger or younger firms. The paper argues that, on the one hand, these firms can benefit from various small size advantages in the R&D process, such as more motivated researchers, caused by a stronger connection to the firm's fate. On the other hand, these firms can also benefit from a well-established R&D department that allows absorbing the latest technological developments. The paper further finds that industries consisting of many small firms show a more positive relation between R&D expenditures and sales growth than industries consisting of only a few large firms. The intuition behind this result is that industries consisting of many small firms imply more independent innovative trials, which then together result in a higher probability of discovering successful innovations. In sum, the paper finds that groups consisting of a large number of small, more mature firms spend their R&D in the most efficient way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study quantitatively reviewed the literature related to SDG 11 (Sustainable Development Goal 11) between 2015 and 2022 using bibliometric and spatial autocorrelation methods. The results showed that the amount of SDG 11-related literature increased annually since 2015, with an accelerated growth after 2018. The collaborations among countries, institutions, and authors of SDG 11-related literature were identified, with some major authors and institutions acting as links Keyword cluster and timeline analysis indicated that 'Agenda 2030', 'appropriate technologies', and 'country' were the main clusters of research, while 'management,' 'climate change,' and 'impact' were the most popular keywords, and 'urban plan nexus,' 'social cooperation,' and 'renewable energy' were the emerging keywords since 2021. Spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed that countries with more SDG 11-related literature were dispersed geographically. In the Getis-Ord G* analysis, China, the United States, and the United Kingdom were identified as hotspots; whereas Africa and Central Asia were identified as cold spots. To ensure timely implementation of the SDG 11, this study recommends helping less developed countries, resolving sustainable urbanization issues through innovative technology, and promoting more effective planning. It not only attempts a novel approach of using spatial statistics to analyze the bibliometric results but also provides valuable information for policymakers and scholars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation is increasingly decentralized, traded and transferred internationally. Specialized suppliers of knowledge-intensive business services have emerged, enhancing the international transfer of knowledge and technology. This has important implications for the global geography of technological and innovative capabilities. This paper focuses on the role of European KIBS providers for the catch-up process in the Chinese wind turbine industry. Drawing on in-depth studies of three central technology domains in wind turbine research and development, it shows how the recent catch-up in the Chinese wind turbine industry was closely connected to organizational changes taking place in the incumbent wind turbine lead markets in Europe. The paper suggests that access to knowledge through KIBS can unlock rapid but bounded latecomer development in emerging markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on articles and reports about research and development published in several periodicals. It includes "Special Issue: Venture Capital: A New Mode of Financing Innovation," in the "International Journal of Technology Management," "The Value of Innovation: The Interaction of Competition, R&D and IP," by Christine Greenhalgh and Mark Rogers in "Research Policy," and "The Role of Corporate Scientists in Innovation," by Ryuzo Furukawa and Akira Goto in "Research Policy."

This paper sets out to address a gap in the empirical literature on the importance of ‘low-capability’ innovation for firms. The study is framed around discussion of the conceptual bias that remains in policy and academic literature towards a narrow subset of technological (product or process) innovation labelled ‘high-capability’ innovation in this paper. The paper argues that this bias influences the public and business community's understanding of the term ‘innovation’ and has implications for innovation measurement, research, policy and strategy. The study uses data from an economy-wide, regional innovation survey based on the Oslo manual, and includes 648 innovative firms covering all industry sectors. The paper combines elements of both subject and object approaches to innovation measurement, using data from an open-ended survey question to explore the alignment between what firms report as their ‘most important innovation’ (MII) and firm capabilities for introducing ‘high-capability’ technological innovation. Results show that a substantial share of firms report an MII that is a ‘low-capability’ innovation, including those firms with high R&D intensity, those with novel technological innovation, and firms in more innovative sectors of manufacturing and knowledge intensive business services. The paper discusses the implications of this result for future innovation measurement and research. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper discusses the role of smart specialization in catalyzing the development of early-stage regional innovation systems in less advanced regions, either by facilitating the emergence of some defining elements that were lacking or accelerating the development of others, such as: a regional knowledge base and a dynamic learning process, institutional structures, network integration mechanisms among key innovation actors, regional industrial specializations, and collective identities. The paper exemplifies this process with the case of Romania, a country where the research and innovation system is centralized at national level and regional innovation systems are in the early days. The transformations taking place in the Romanian regions within the process of implementing smart specialization, assisted by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre in the project “Targeted Support to Smart Specialization in Romania”, suggest a dynamic coagulation of institutional, financial, policy, and human factors that catalyzed the development of regional innovation systems in the country and introduced a novel approach to innovation policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper initially attempts conceptually to integrate marketing into the total innovation process within high technology small firms. It is argued that an understanding of marketing problems can only be achieved when viewed in terms of other preceding stages in the innovation cycle, of which marketing is a key final act. The subsequent presentation of evidence from two recent research studies indicates that marketing has been neglected in a surprising number of the high technology small firms studied, in which there was a considerable reliance on unsolicited orders as a reactive form of selling. It is argued that this lack of marketing vigour is partly caused by a shortage of human and financial resources which frequently stem from expensive earlier stages in the innovation cycle (e.g. R&D). It is concluded that vigorous marketing would increase output and growth in several of the currently reactive instances. Thus, the paper concludes with suggestions for a more pro-active policy on the part of government agencies towards the promotion of sales growth in these currently inactive high technology small enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editors discuss reports within the issue on topics including innovation as well as research and development and technologies in China, Russia, and India.

Research and Development (R&D) measurements are widely used in the formulation of evidence-based policies to boost a country's innovation performance. This paper showcases how traditional (Expenditure and Number of Researchers) and country specific R&D data were used for the first time in Mauritius to formulate informed policy measures. A national survey covering the financial year 2019/2020 was conducted. Five hundred and fifty-three Researchers (Full Time Equivalence) per million of inhabitants were recorded. Gross Expenditure and Business R&D Expenditures as a percentage of GDP were 0.37% and 0.07% respectively. Highest expenditures for Business, Government and Higher Education sectors were in Engineering & Technology, Agricultural and Natural Sciences respectively, hence demonstrating a lack of synergy between the three sectors. Bibliometric analysis was conducted to evaluate the trend in publication output over the last five years. 6.2% of Mauritian publications were in Ocean Sciences and 21% of international publications were co-authored with a partner from Africa. These call for a realignment of R&D strategies for Mauritius to attain its goals to become a Blue Economy and a regional knowledge hub. Potential policy recommendations include mechanisms to be put in place for enhanced- public/private sector dialogue and targeted Research Funding schemes in relation to country goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses research-technology (RT) emergence and management at INVAP. INVAP is an Argentinean state-owned enterprise based in Bariloche, Patagonia. Most INVAP decision-makers find it challenging to develop technology to meet client-specific needs. RTs exploit interstitial boundary-crossing knowledge. Organisational technology-rooted R&D learning can be characterised as a joint, transverse, inter-departmental and inter-disciplinary process. RT-related technologies have the potential to be dis-embedded from a specific development-project and/or technological area and re-embedded in another project or area. This paper traces the historical dynamics of six RTs at INVAP. Its perspective marginalises the conventional R&D emphasis on the generation of new products and the improvement of production processes, and highlights the importance of monitoring RT emergence. It argues that technology-based product portfolio strategies can profit substantially from good RT management and planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the article 'Six critical questions about smart specialization' and Dominique Foray's reply to that article, this paper identifies several more questions to be asked about the smart specialization approach and its implementation under EU cohesion policy in recent years. The paper argues that in addition to the critical points identified earlier, the smart specialization discourse has become overly focused on research and development, suffers from an unclear understanding of appropriate spatial scales, focuses too much on brands and policy documents and too little on process which leads to a number of crucial implementation challenges. The paper suggests refocusing the next, fourth generation of regional innovation strategies under EU cohesion policy towards a more heterogeneous paradigm that draws conclusions from the procedural progress made during the smart specialization era so far but allows for more situated experimentation within regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the knowledge-based view, this paper examines how firms can achieve an enhanced new product performance from the absorptive capacity under technological turbulence. By examining 165 Chinese pharmaceutical firms' data, this paper found that under technological turbulence, the benefits of absorptive capacity on new product performance will decrease; however, if firms maintain complementary managerial mechanisms (technological environmental scanning mechanism and coordination mechanism in this paper), the decrease effect of technological turbulence could be mitigated. Theoretically, the negative moderating effect of technological turbulence extends the investigation of the under assumptions of absorptive capacity and enriches the research on the contingency context of ACAP. Moreover, the examination of the alleviation effect regarding the managerial mechanisms responds to the scholar's appeals for more research focusing on management factors in absorptive capacity and product development research. The results also highlight the managerial-environment fit in the new product development area. Practically, this paper offers managerial implications for managers: they should focus more attention on technological breakthroughs so as to prepare early for any potential uncertainties and opportunities; moreover, managers could cultivate the managerial mechanisms to enhance knowledge monitoring and sharing activities, which could be utilised to buffer the uncertainty and update the firm's ACAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies if the context of the regional industry structure moderates the link between enterprise research and development (R&D) investments and product innovation performance. Cross-level analyses from Norway show that the regional industry structure moderates the link, as the innovation performance from enterprise R&D investments is stronger in regions with a specialized structure than in regions with a diversified structure. The paper accordingly demonstrates that the regional industry structure influences the conversion of enterprise R&D resources into innovative products or services. In particular, it shows that a specialized (diversified) regional industry structure is favourable (unfavourable) for enterprise R&D investments concerning product innovation performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the evolutionist and neo-schumpeterian approach and the literature on additionality of innovation policy, this paper evaluates the impact of public funding to innovation on the intensity of the R&D expenditures and on the intensity of the employment in innovation. The analysis is based on recent evidence of Argentine manufacturing firms surveyed by ENDEI for 2010–2012 using Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method. The results show a positive impact on the intensity of the R&D effort of the supported firms in monetary terms, allowing us to reject the full crowding-out hypothesis. However, the positive monetary impact is not accompanied by a greater proportion of employment oriented to innovation activities, neither formal nor informal; so it is not possible to conclude that the analyzed policy translates into an improvement in the innovation competencies of the firms based on this indicator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides the summary of several articles and papers on research and development. "It Doesn't Matter," by Nicholas Carr; "The Price of Innovation: New Estimates of Drug Development Costs," by Joseph A. DiMasi, Ronald W. Hansen and Henry G. Grabowski; "Is Your Company up to Speed."

In this paper we review game theory and innovation related papers published in the period of 1985-2010. We divide our review into three Levels of innovation games: 1) intra-organizational games, which are played within the firm and main players are an innovator, a project manager and!or resource administrator; 2) inter-organizational games, where main players are a firm and its competitors, partners and customers; 3) meta-organizational games, where main players are a social planner and an innovative entrepreneur. Compared with the previous periods, one can observe a significant increase in the number of papers which use game theory models to analyze the innovation processes. Moreover, there is a tendency to move from abstract andformal models towards practically applicable and empirically tested studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Caribbean has one the lowest rates of Research and Development (R&D) investment intensity by firms. This characteristic can limit the growth and sustainability of Caribbean businesses given the role that this type of investment plays in firm growth and competitiveness. Using the World Bank's Enterprise Survey database, which provides firm-level data on 13 Caribbean nations, this paper evaluates the decision to engage in R&D amongst Caribbean firms. Using cross-sectional regression analysis to estimate R&D models, the results suggest firms that participate in trade, are technologically-inclined and have access to bank financing, are more likely to make the decision to invest in R&D. Small firms, especially those facing financing obstacles, however, are less likely to engage in R&D. Our findings also provide insights into the financing of R&D investment and could be used by policymakers to encourage greater innovation in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the long-term relationship between research and development (R&D), innovations and productivity in 400 Uruguayan manufacturing firms during the period 2001-2009 based on a modified version of the structural model of Crepon, Duguet and Mairesse. The paper also analyzes thoroughly the decision of these firms to engage in R&D activities by using a novel categorical dependent variable, which takes three values: non-performance R&D activities, occasional performance or continuous performance over the period. Furthermore, the study investigates whether these manufacturing firms innovate persistently or discontinuously over the period. The results suggest a positive link between the intensity of R&D activities and the generation of product and process innovations. They also indicate that innovation probability is temporally persistent at the firm-level only for product innovations. Finally, the empirical findings reveal that these technological innovations have a positive effect on firm’s productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic operators active in the emerging European data space are currently struggling with two major hurdles: (i) the lack of legal certainty regarding the boundaries of lawfulness of data sharing practices under European competition law; (ii) the lack of coherence of the European competition framework with other European Union regulatory branches. This contribution addresses identified concerns, enquiring the relevance of data sharing agreements as research and development collaborations under art. 101 TFEU. The study considers the Commission's Guidelines on horizontal cooperation in the light of the proposed Data Governance Act and the Digital Service Package. It identifies some criteria relevant for assessing the lawfulness of data sharing agreements under art. 101(1). These criteria encompass subjective (type of undertakings involves); objective (type of data shared); structural (degree of openness) and teleological features (public interest or commercial-oriented research) of data sharing arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge spillovers have been identified as a factor affecting the unequal distribution of innovation in space. In this paper we aim to understand how territorial factors shape the novelty degree of innovations. Thus, we perform an empirical analysis that relates territorial factors to innovative performance at the firm level. Our results show that local knowledge spillovers from research and development expenditures are positively associated with upper-level innovation, while local knowledge spillovers from total innovation expenditures are not related to the degree of novelty of innovation. Furthermore, the impacts on innovation are also moderated by related and unrelated varieties since firms in regions with higher regional-related variety are less likely to generate upper-level innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is knowledge spillover a rationale for supporting R&D on new, emerging technologies more than R&D on other technologies? In this paper, I analyze whether innovation externalities caused only by knowledge spillovers differ between technologies of different maturity. I show that R&D should not be subsidized equally across industries when the knowledge stocks differ. This is because knowledge spillovers depend on the size of the knowledge stock and the elasticity of scale in R&D production. R&D in the emerging technology should be subsidized more when the elasticity is smaller than one. However, R&D in the mature technology should be subsidized more when the elasticity is larger than one. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Regional Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyses how management (organisational and marketing) innovations influence non-R&D technological innovators’ performance. Drawing on Community of Innovation Survey data to examine 5878 non-R&D Spanish firms, results indicate that the joint introduction of management innovations with technological innovations improves technological innovative performance thanks to the creation of complex innovation capabilities. Thus, the joint adoption of management and technological innovations in tandem is linked to a premium effect on performance based on complementarities. Non-R&D technological innovators heavily use organisational and marketing activities in order to compensate for their lack of engagement in R&D activities. This is the first paper that brings the management innovation literature into the non-R&D technological innovators debate, using a resource-based view framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the causal effect of issuing equities on the probability that a firm engages in R&D activity. Equity is a better source of external finance than debt for innovation. It does not require collateral, does not exacerbate moral hazard problems connected with the substitution of high-risk for low-risk projects, quite common when using debt, and, unlike debt, does not increase the probability of bankruptcy; equity also allows investors to reap the entire benefit of the returns of successful innovative projects. This paper focuses on high-tech firms for which asymmetric information problems are more pervasive. Implementing an instrumental variable estimation, we find that issuing equity increases the probability that the firm has R&D expenditures by 30–40%. We detect considerable heterogeneity in this effect: the impact of issuing equity is significant only for small, young and more highly leveraged high-tech firms. We also find interesting evidence that issuing equity increases R&D expenditures in relation to sales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recombination innovation is a process of creatively combining different knowledge domains in an invention. Recombination innovation in R&D collaboration - joint recombination process, which is integration of the organisation’s internal knowledge with the partner’s new knowledge, serves as the stepping stone of the knowledge search in the technological space. This paper tries to illuminate how different dimensions of proximity of the collaborating partners affect the probability of the collaborative innovation to be recombination innovation. Our result shows that technological proximity has a negative effect on joint recombination innovation. Geographical proximity has an inverted U-shaped effect on joint recombination innovation. The positive effect of organisational proximity on joint recombination innovation is not supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Regional Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents a case study of government R&D nanotech networks in Korea to elaborate the characteristics of post catch-up countries on the border line between developing and developed countries. Using to longitudinal network analysis, this paper examines expectation building and learning process as key components for the emerging technology development during the post catch-up era. Findings suggest that a change of the global R&D landscape sparks the development of emerging technologies by expectation building and resource attraction for technology development. Prior to this spark, however, an internal learning mechanism is ready for the development process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Regional Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Open innovation (OI) is an innovation paradigm which argues that firms should use external knowledge in order to succeed in the innovation process. It is currently unclear however how firms are able to source external knowledge from external actors when attempting to innovate. In this paper we examine the relationship between absorptive capacity and firms’ ability to enter into innovation cooperation with external actors. Our econometric results show that internal R&D, training and an educated workforce, as core aspects of firms’ absorptive capacity, are positively associated with (the intensity of) innovation cooperation. An implication is that external knowledge does not enter the firm freely. The costs firms must invoke in order to be able to source external knowledge in the OI context is considerable. Without investing in internal R&D, training and recruiting workers with good educational qualifications, firms may not be able to follow the open approach to innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the role of university knowledge in the innovation processes of cultural industries. Most studies of cultural industries highlight the importance of locally clustered firms in innovation processes. Those that analyze university-industry collaboration focus on technological development or industrial R&D, but neglect cultural industries as objects of analysis. The paper addresses this gap in the literature while analyzing collaboration with university patterns and innovation processes of new media firms in Scania, Southern Sweden. The findings reveal that innovation, influenced by industry-academia collaboration, takes place not only in technology-based industries. Collaborative aspects of innovation processes go beyond R&D transfer and include joint competence building, changes in market concepts and new social corporate responsibility actions. This paper adds to the understanding of innovation processes in cultural industries by introducing the university as one more important actor in the knowledge exchange networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper extends the research on the R&D-patent relationship by distinguishing the factors affecting R&D productivity (which is defined as 'efficiency parameters') from the factors associated with the propensity of firms to patent, and estimates the impacts of the factors on innovative output. A data set from 1255 firms with nonzero R&D expenditures in Korea was studied, and the results show that efficiency parameters such as in-depth patent searches and revenue splitting policy for employee-inventors influence firm's innovative output through 'R&D productivity' effect. These results mean that we can improve firm's innovation output by changing efficiency parameters through a firm's investment or government support in a relatively short period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the relationship between knowledge sourcing and innovation in a select low- to medium-technology industry, the forest sector. It is based on data from the Statistics Canada Survey of Innovation 2005. Econometric models are developed and tested, specifically logistic regression analyses, in order to probe the relationship between select forms of embodied and disembodied knowledge and levels of innovation intensity. Differences between single establishment Canadian firms, multi-establishment Canadian firms, Canada-USA multi-establishment firms and establishments belonging to multinational firms are studied in terms of the relationship between innovation and sources of knowledge. Findings indicate that establishment innovative performance is related to knowledge sourcing strategies and furthermore that organization ownership/structure impacts significantly upon this relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effect of trade facilitated R&D spillovers on the productivity of manufacturing firms in India, inter-sectoral variation in the effect on productivity and the importance of firms' investment in R&D, technology imports and plant and machinery in enhancing the productivity effect. Using firm level panel data, the study shows that R&D spillovers have a significant effect on productivity and that this effect is greater in technology-intensive industries. The paper also shows that firms' investment in plant and machinery enhances the productivity effect of R&D spillovers. The paper provides detailed micro-level evidence on the argument that trade openness promotes technological progress in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks into whether China's continuously high economic growth is mainly contributed by productivity growth after the mid-1990s when it has devoted more efforts to innovative activity. More importantly, I also systematically investigate how and to what extent various technological sources contribute to productivity growth in China. Identifying the internal and external technological sources, this paper adopts a newly developed technique of the stochastic metafrontier function to evaluate regional productivity growth in China and then analyzes the impacts of technological sources on moving up the technology ladder in China. The first-step estimation shows that the average productivity growth is 2.821% during 1996-2004, which is similar to that before 1995. However, the coastal and non-coastal regions witnessed an apparent difference in total factor productivity (TFP) growth, 4.567% vs. 1.718%. Concerning the effects of technological sources, in-house research and development (R&D), foreign direct investment (FDI) and technology import are all positive on significantly promoting productivity. Relative to R&D and FDI, the contribution through importing technologies seems to be larger, implying that China's technological progress relies heavily on more advanced foreign knowledge. However, neither technological source is found to have a larger influence on productivity growth among non-coastal regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper employs a structural innovation model to study the process of indigenous innovation in China and the role of industry relatedness. To better take into account China's transitioning economy context, it further tests to what extent the relationship between relatedness and firms' innovation process is influenced by the relaxation of foreign ownership controls, an arguably exogenous shock. Controlling for selection, simultaneity and unobserved heterogeneity, the results show that firm research and development (R&D) boosts innovation output, which in turn enhances firm productivity. Relatedness economies are positively related to each phase of innovation, although the size of the effects depends on the type of firm and the stage of innovation. Foreign direct investment (FDI) liberalization encourages firms to rely more on relatedness economies: (1) to complement R&D spending that is required to adapt foreign technologies to local applications; (2) to recombine knowledge from related industries in order to bring forth new proprietary ideas, processes or concepts; and (3) to help solve process or organizational problems faced in related industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epoxy resin will continue to be in the forefront of many thermoset applications due to its versatile properties. However, with advancement in manufacturing, changing societal outlook for the chemical industries and emerging technologies that disrupt conventional approaches to thermoset fabrication, there is a need for a multifunctional epoxy resin that is able to adapt to newer and robust requirements. Epoxy resins that behave both like a thermoplastic and a thermoset resin with better properties are now the norm in research and development. In this paper, we viewed multifunctionality in epoxy resins in terms of other desirable properties such as its toughness and flexibility, rapid curing potential, self-healing ability, reprocessability and recyclability, high temperature stability and conductivity, which other authors failed to recognize. These aspects, when considered in the synthesis and formulation of epoxy resins will be a radical advance for thermosetting polymers, with a lot of applications. Therefore, we present an overview of the recent finding as to pave the way for varied approaches towards multifunctional epoxy resins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, innovation activities of a firm are observed as its R&D spending and participation in three categories of innovation systems. The various factors that can influence a firm's innovation efforts are divided into, (i) firm location reflecting the regional milieu and (ii) firm attributes such as corporate structure, nature of the knowledge production, type of industry and a set of specific firm characteristics. The study is based on information about 2094 individual firms, which may be non-affiliated or belong to a group (multi-firm enterprise). The empirical analysis applies a novel data set to examine the influence of location versus a vector of firm attributes. Among innovative firms, the location of a firm does not influence neither the R&D intensity nor the frequency of interaction in horizontal and vertical innovation systems, when controlling the skill composition, physical capital intensity, industry, firm size and market extension. The paper contributes to the literature by observing that innovative firms have similar characteristics irrespective of where they are located, although the share of innovative firms differs between regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact on total factor productivity (TFP) growth in the South of North-South and South-South trade-related technology diffusion and of foreign direct investment (FDI). North-South and South-South trade-related research and development (R&D) stocks are constructed based on industry-specific R&D in the North, North-South and South-South trade patterns, and input-output relations in the South. The main findings are: 1. Both North-South and South-South trade-related R&D have a positive impact on TFP growth in the South; 2. FDI has a positive, though smaller, impact on TFP growth; 3. The impact on TFP growth of trade-related technology diffusion increases with the level of education in the case of North-South trade but not in the case of South-South trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses how innovation active firms respond when innovation projects fail or are abandoned. We regard innovation as a process where firms engage in a variety of behaviours combining internal and external characteristics including their propensity to cooperate, to compete, to engage in research and development activities as well as on the composition of their knowledge base. We compare how their aggregate innovation behaviour responds when failure is experienced. Using data from the UK innovation survey, our results first highlight that failure has an effect only on specific innovation strategies, and second, when failure occurs, it can either reinforce existing behaviours or reverse them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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European guidelines for the smart specialization strategy (S3) required regions to identify synergies between technological domains within the same region (relatedness) and potential links of the chosen domains with other European regions (connectivity). The aim of this paper is to analyse if and to what extent regions have been able to implement such indications and the methodology adopted. The paper is based on a content analysis of the S3 documents approved by Italian regions. The empirical analysis reveals that only in a few cases regions considered relatedness and connectivity of technological domains. Moreover, the methods adopted by regions to detect potential links between the specialization domains is based more on anecdotal evidence than on the application of theoretically grounded methodologies. The paper suggests that the explanation for this omission is the absence of a consolidated methodology to deal with these issues and proposes some preliminary guidelines to overcome the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To demonstrate the development impact of their outputs, agricultural research and development (R&D) organizations used to focus on the efficiency and effectiveness of technologies. In recent years, innovation systems thinking has started to address institutional and organizational barriers to technological change in African agriculture. The main approach used has been the multi-stakeholder innovation platform (IP). This paper analyses the requirements for improving the competence and skills of IPs actors in agricultural value chains, food systems, and natural resource management. As case studies, it uses IPs in the maize and cassava value chains that were initiated in the dissemination of new agricultural technologies in Africa (DONATA), in both West and Central Africa, and made reference to the rice IPs facilitated by AfricaRice. Yields and incomes in maize and cassava IPs significantly increased and inter-actor relationships and behavioural change among the diverse social and economic operators were enhanced. This achievement built on three capacity development interventions: (i) learning workshops that sensitized and informed technocrats and policy-makers and nurtured their involvement and ownership, (ii) competence and skill training of IP facilitators and practitioners, and (iii) coaching and mentoring of these facilitators and practitioners. To better facilitate IPs, facilitators and practitioners need to learn to observe, recreate, test, and perfect the IP process and value chain approach. Practicable tools that can be visualized and put into practice by the IP actors are essential. The DONATA on which the paper is based has been invaluable in terms of experiential learning. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we use univariate instrumental estimations to study the interactions between firm-level innovation, exports and productivity in the Indian manufacturing sector. To differentiate incentives to innovate from the ability to innovate, we distinguish the inputs of innovation (R&D and training) from the outputs. Our findings highlight a virtuous circle between the three components of innovation, as well as between firms' R&D, innovation and exports. The productivity of Indian manufacturing firms is benefiting from this dynamics, as exports and innovation improve firms' TFP. With respect to the investment climate, our results suggest that differences in the environment of Indian companies contribute to their performance gaps. These results are all the more important in the context of the Make in India campaign and the weaknesses of India's business environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to verify if there is a positive relationship between innovation and productivity and/or profit in Brazil using a recursive model in line with the Crépon, Duguet and Mairesse (CDM) model. Using a rich combination of three databases, this paper considers a sample of more than 10,000 Brazilian industrial firms and the period 2001–2008. Besides using R&D expenditure as a measure of innovation input, this study also tests the technical-scientific personnel stock as a more appropriate measure of innovative effort in emerging countries. This variable considers the tacit knowledge intrinsic to the worker and corrects a possible measurement error bias in the R&D expenditure variable. The empirical strategy uses a reduced form of the CDM model in a panel data structure to provide consistent estimates as it controls for selectivity, simultaneity and endogeneity due to unobserved firm effects. There are still few studies that apply the CDM model for panel data, especially regarding developing countries. The main results suggest that technical-scientific workers positively affect the firms' probability to innovate while R&D expenditure has no effect. The results also highlight the absence of the effect of innovation on productivity and profit, suggesting a missing link between innovative efforts and Brazilian firms' performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Government support plays an important role in the Chinese economy. New energy industries, which involve innovation-driven sources and environmental protection, are also supported by the government. This paper aims to study the effects of supply-side traditional government support on firms' innovation and development. We propose a theoretical mechanism and study the innovation reaction of firms to government support in different situations. We further use propensity score matching to verify the results in the theoretical model and conduct a robustness analysis. Our main conclusions include the following. (1) In normal years, government support can promote only the innovation output of firms that have innovated; however, support cannot promote the innovation probability of firms that have not innovated. Government support can only enhance the intensive margin of innovation and cannot enhance the extensive margin of innovation with less competition. (2) In the situation of a bad economic environment and intense competition, firms' innovation probability rises as government support increases. Therefore, the government should provide more R&D special subsidies and implement strict financial supervision to make support policies effective, especially in normal years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how strategic alliances to create and use standards affect economic growth and development. The explanation of the link from standards to economic growth and development is through the effects of standards on the incentives to perform industrial research and development (R&D). We examine product standards, metrology traceable to national and international standards, and regulatory standards to address negative externalities. The paper develops a theoretical explanation for the link from standards to growth, survey/interview-guides to gather information from industrial R&D experts about the explanation, and case-study evidence about the explanation. We discuss the standard-setting process and explain that it entails strategic alliances among firms and with government involvement. Case studies of R&D projects in firms and in a national laboratory support the belief that standards implemented via strategic alliances leverage economic growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]