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The basic hypothesis of this paper is that occupational group ties are stronger in Britain than in the United States. A number of test implications are inferred from this hypothesis and the relevant evidence on each of these, to be found in existing comparative studies, is presented. Occupations in the two countries are first compared as independent collectivities with respect to their autonomy, socialization, colleague relationships, deviance, and occupational identity. They are then considered within their normal organizational environment, and the differences between the two countries in the relationship between these occupational groups and the administration of the organization are compared. Three types of organization are distinguished: where one group forms a large majority, where two groups are approximately equal, and where one or more groups form a small minority. Some proposals are made for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five primary dimensions of organization structure were defined and operationalized; (1) specialization, (2) standardization, (3) formalization, (4) centralization, (5) configuration. From comparative data on these dimensions, in fifty-two different work organizations in England, scales were constructed to measure sixty-four component variables. This made it possible to construct a profile characteristic of the structure of an organization and to compare it directly with that of other organizations. Principal-components analysis was used to help in the interpretation of inter correlations among the scales. The resulting factors suggested four basic dimensions of structure, conceptualized as structuring of activities, concentration of authority, line control of workflow, and size of supportive component. This multifactor result was considered to demonstrate that the concept of the bureaucratic type is no longer useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on managerial leisure in Great Britain and the U.S. It states there are three aspects to managerial leisure: the amount of leisure taken by managers, the content of their leisure activities and how closely these relate to their work interests, and the subjective meaning of leisure activities to managers. It mentions that the comparative study of management in different countries has attracted increased interest. It comments that American executives tend to enjoy their jobs and experience feelings of creativity at work, while others claim they enjoy business entertaining activities. It mentions that managers in Great Britain tend to spend more time devoted to family and home and use leisure to escape from work.

The article provides information on the comparative studies regarding the implementation of Research & Development for the educational recommendations in Great Britain and Sweden. Sweden shows that long-term research should execute a systematic way to the democratic political process. On the other hand, Great Britain needs consistency and coordination in educational research and planning.

Presents the first part on the comparative study of leadership and the nursing profession in Great Britain. Relation of leadership to the art and philosophy of management; Need for a successful leader to understand that power is the product of personality; Discussion on the concepts of modern writers about leadership.

The article presents a comparative perspective of the relation between police and political change studied in three nations representing three continents. The nations studied were Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, India and the U.S. In relation to this, the structure of the national system, manner of exercising accountability over the police and professional image are discussed. It is stated that the image of the policeman differs from country to country dramatically. In Great Britain, the image is one of honesty and trustworthiness. In Germany, the policeman is viewed as honest, rigid, and unapproachable. French policemen are distrusted although admired for their efficiency. Italian policemen are disliked, distrusted and avoided. Police authority and political power are generally concentrated at same points in the political system. It is stated that policemen affect political life not only directly through their actions but also by the manner in which they handle their duties. The manner in which police accountability is assured fits national political systems. It is concluded that ideological fashions might be no less destructive than professional ones of serious research into the relation between the police and politics.