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The article presents abstracts of geographical research papers. In the research paper "A Geographical Study of Nova Scotia," researcher R.H. Whitebeek discusses the geographic conditions of Nova Scotia. Lying nearer Europe and possessing many excellent harbors and peopled by immigrants from the best European stocks, the province of Nova Scotia in Canada has now, after 300 years, fewer people than the city of Boston, Massachusetts. Its total manufacturing output is less than that of single companies in New England, and the province has shared but slightly in Canada's economic growth.

This paper is based on current studies within the O.E.C.D. Directorate for Scientific Affairs on problems of educational development. More particularly, the data used in this paper derive from a more general study of problems posed by the expansion of secondary education in O.E.C.D. countries, which will be completed by the Organisation in the near future. The views expressed in the paper are those of the authors. The paper was originally presented at the Ghent Meeting of the Comparative Education Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the sixth general conference of the Comparative Education Society in Europe, which was held in Italy on June 4 to 9, 1973. The theme of the event was "Recurrent Education. Some working papers discussed include the following: survey of recurrent education's position and prospects; strategies of recurrent education; technological aids to comparative studies of universities and implications of recurrent education for upper-secondary education. Some speakers were Denis Kallen, R.L. Plancke, Giuliana Limiti and Sixten Marklund.

Malthusian theories are not an exclusive intellectual discovery of European writers. They have occurred elsewhere, in period of rapid population increase. In this paper, a Chinese example is analysed and the relevant essays translated. The essays were written at the same time that Malthus published his ideas and contain most of Ii is philosophical notions but are not supported by any statistical evidence. Unlike those of Malthus in Europe they did not evoke any controversy in China, although their author was well known as a man of letters and close to the central authority. Today, of course, Malthusianism is a subject much discussed in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the immediate post-war period, the government of the United Kingdom took steps to augment the labour force in certain undermanned industries by sponsoring the immigration of a number of displaced persons from the Continent of Europe. In this paper the author describes the background and working of some of these schemes, and indicates the reaction of British workers, and of the displaced persons themselves to this planned migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article traces the impact of mass breakthoughts witnessed in the field of education at school and college level in 1960s on education in 1970s in various countries. In Europe, it is largely the "upper secondary" level which is likely to be impacted. The impact in the U.S. is likely to be different from Europe due to various reasons. The paper primarily concerns the mass elites of Europe and Japan. It analyzes how the whole situation might appear to an economist, and how the perceptions of recent and prospective changes are related to perceptions of the nature of people and their variabilities in potentials for learning and productive life. 1960s was a decade of fantastic world-wide expansion in educational establishments, both public and private. Educators offer a viewpoint which is different from economists. For them, one of the more interesting implications of the economist's way of thinking must be with respect to the use of student time even among pupils too young to participate in the labour force. Pupil time is inherently limited, and hence costly.

This article presents a reprint of the paper "L'informatique etlepouvoir: Pouvoir dans l'entreprise et pouvoir de l'entreprise," that was published in the May 1972 issue of the periodical "Informatique et Gestion." A brief recall of the most recent concepts on the functioning of organizations will allow the potential implications of informatics for the distribution of power in a company to be better understood and will clarify the reactions of the cadres in this regard. Specialists on business administration and sociologists specializing in organizations have conducted studies in the United States and in Western Europe that have led to a company no longer being considered as a supra-individual entity, having an existence and a behavior independent of that of its members and capable to this extent of being explained and governed by referring to purely formal models. They have likewise demonstrated that a company can no longer be conceived of only as the network of interpersonal relationships--irrational and charged with affectivity--to which the theoreticians of human relations thought it could be reduced. Instead, an organization can more realistically be considered the resultant of strategic games carried out as a function of multiple, divergent, and indeed contradictory goals by the organizational actors and as a function of their adherence to a minimum of common norms.

"Industrial Democracy" is an old labor slogan reflecting demands for democratic processes within the firm to parallel the universal suffrage obtained in political life outside the firm. Experiments have been carried out along these lines in Western Europe that go well beyond the more manipulative and/or individualistic "need-satisfaction" approach of the American human relations school. Emery's paper provides a valuable analysis of postwar developments in this area, and helps us to better understand the Norwegian experiments described in the next article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers news briefs related to education. The third in a series of meetings of Francophone scholars of comparative studies was held at the Center International d'Etudes Pédagogiques, Sèvres last January conducted by the auspices of the French Ministry of Education. The Sixth General Conference of the Comparative Education Society in Europe will be held on June 4-9, 1973 at Frascati, Italy. A recent report on the upper academic secondary curriculum in Europe in chemistry, physics, the mother of tongue and economics, published by the Oxford/Council of Europe Study for the Curriculum and Examinations.

This article attempts to explain cross-cultural variations in age at marriage and proportions never marrying. The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework in which the causes of current variations in the timing and quantity of nuptiality are explored. Although timing and quantity tend to be related, each is an analytically distinct component of the marriage pattern and each contributes independently to variations in birth rates. Sometimes treated as independent variables or as determinants of other processes, they are in this analysis treated as dependent variables, themselves in need of explanation. Five geographical regions are included in the analysis: Western Europe, Eastern Europe, the English-speaking nations overseas, the Middle East, and Asia. The original intention was to include all countries in the world with populations over 100,000 hut the countries included in the final analysis cover only half the population of the world in 1960. The U.S.S.R., China and other socialist Asian countries are excluded because of lack of data. The Caribbean, Central America and South America are excluded because of difficulties in interpreting available data due to the high incidence of consensual unions.

The article offers information on scientific revolution. The author is perplexed by the fact that the scientific revelation took place in Europe and not in China which he considered more ready for such changes. He also noted that all countries adopt technologies which came from Europe or North America. These include steel frame buildings, airplanes, automobiles, scientific agriculture, and factories. The rise of superculture has eventually caused the progress of the human race, and its rise followed the emergence of science. However, the rise of superculture created great increase in the inequality of world incomes.

The article offers information on genetic engineering and its relation to the scientific industrial community. The author noted that genetic engineering leads directly to the concern of abortion, and this is an area which has affected the pharmaceutical industry. Abortion, he said, is the most practiced method of birth control. It is not considered as a preventive medical practice, but rather might be taken as a cure for a disease, if one considered an unwanted pregnancy to be a disease. He emphasized that in many countries in Eastern Europe, abortion is available free on demand and that the number of abortions surpasses the volume of births.

The article provides information on the developments of arms race in the U.S., Soviet Union, and Europe after the World War II. Some changes that took place in the nuclear weapon systems include large computer-controlled air defense networks, avionics, airborne anti-submarine warfare, development of new materials and advances in the aeronautics industry, advanced weapon guidance, increase deployment capabilities, radars for artillery and mortar location, and nuclear power for naval vessel propulsion. The role of scientific research and development in the acquisition of strategic and other advanced weapons systems is discussed.

The article discusses the possible effect on the development of the antiballistic missiles in Europe to its economy. Several possibilities are given by the author which include that ABM might make the advent of war, reinvigorate the arms race, and raise the diplomatic tension between the Soviet Union and the U.S. He also notes that ABM could create a competition between assured destruction and damage limitation which constitute a classic arms race in which the precautions of one side becomes the fears of the other.

The article presents the perspective of the U.S. on the Western Alliance nuclear deterrent power. The explosion of a nuclear device by Frances had generated debate on the British capability to counter nuclear strike. Regarding the future of nuclear deterrence, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has planned to integrate Western deterrent power and disperse the power among members of the coalition. It can be seen that the difference of international perspectives and interests between the U.S. and European counties is an underlying factor which tend to weaken NATO. The author explains the different proposals for the solution of the problem encountered by NATO. He suggests that an allied deterrence would be the perfect solution to the dilemma that now confronts NATO.

The article reports on the creation of the European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN). Scientists have always recognized the importance of free communications and free access to knowledge wherever it happens to be available. CERN is serving as an information and discussion center for scientists who are engaged in the development and construction of accelerators in their respective countries. Its founders hoped to equip Europe with a reasonable number and variety of accelerators that will enable European physicists to make a fairly wide contribution to research in the field of high energy physics.

The author investigates the effects of atomic bomb destruction to the people in Europe. He discusses the mixed feelings of Europeans concerning their protection and safety against the destruction of atomic bomb. He added, that American program of air offense is created in response to their safety needs. Furthermore, he ended, that to resolve such conflict, the Americans should continue their superiority in armaments and continue develop various program that will useful in preventing such crisis.

The article presents a discussion about scientific reserve in the U.S. Scientific reserve refers to the people who are imaginatively creative in science, someone who understands what is research all about and who can contribute to new developments. The scientific reserve includes scientists in uniform in the armed forces, civilian scientists working for the government inside and outside of the armed forces, and the total scientific manpower in the country. In addition to this, the scientific reserve also includes the facilities and institution, the financial support, and buildings and equipments. The scientific reserves of other countries like Europe and the British Empire are described.

The article discusses the brain drain problem in Europe due to the migration of the scientists. Between the reigns of Justinian and Charlemagne, evidence of migration can be found by the learned and attempts to influence it. More signs appear from the beginning of the Benedictine era when European education and erudition was centered in monasteries or Episcopal schools. However, the first original documents on official policies that promote or prevent the migration of researchers appeared after the coming of European universities. Despite political fragmentation in the country, its intellectual and cultural unity facilitated migration which was caused by economic, political, social and intellectual advantages gained by acquiring knowledge in medicine, theology, and philosophy.

The article summarizes the recent arms control studies in several research centers in Europe. It aims to suggest to U.S. readers the type and the scope of the researches that were conducted in the country. Majority of the researches are of an integrated political-military nature which are carried out in independent institutes, and are not directly dependent on government action. Some of the most active groups in arms control research include the Institute for Strategic Studies in Great Britain and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Auswärtige Politik in West Germany.

The article discusses the development of political, military, and economic programs to improve the national security in Europe. The said programs are expected to make a significant change in the standards of living and to achieve a significant reduction in strategic and conventional armaments. The proposed measures should be properly balanced in each stage so that at no point could any state or group of states gain an important military and political advantage over the participants. In particular, the figures for arms reductions, reparations, and commercial credits are contributors in the military, political, and economic fields.

The article comments on the difficulties of the proposed convergence of the educational systems of Europe. Key issues discussed include the cultural and technological imperatives that were forcing the integration of educational systems, the effects of the growth of international organizations dedicated to the fostering of cooperation and even integration in educational affairs and the subordination of the transmission, diffusion and generation of knowledge and skills to chauvinistic foreign policies.

The article focuses on the Conference of European Ministers of Education, which was held in June 1973. The theme of the event was the educational needs of the 16-19 age group. Some issues discussed in the conference include a progress report by UNESCO, OECD, the Council of Europe and the European Communities on their work in education in 1971-72; a study by OECD of the educational situation in member countries and some proposals on areas of intensified European co-operation from the Committee of Senior Officials.

This article compares the U.S. business schools with their counterparts in the European countries in their respective and quite different social contexts. It discusses some of the conditions of continued growth and development for the European management education. The author notes that in America, management education, in its elite institutions, is dying. While the total production is still spectacular, the system is exhibiting early signs of decay. European management education is groping for a consistent theme, having survived its own development. Today there are over 200 management-training centers in Europe. Some are linked to state recognized institutions. Some are outgrowths of productivity centers or employers' federations. These centers are the most visible and prestigious management education institutions in Europe currently. They face a challenge to remain so, and most of them will not meet the challenge. Successful management education on the continent has, up to now, developed largely through centers and institutes educating adults and concerned only with the practice of managing businesses.

The article presents a calendar of events on education. The third Biennial Conference of the Comparative Educative Society in Europe will be held from June 6 to 10, 1967 in Ghent, Belgium. A conference of subject experts in mathematics, physics and Latin was held in Strassbourg in November 1966. The International Schools Examination Syndicate of Geneva held a Policy Conference in Paris, France in February. The Comparative Education Society of Great Britain was formally constituted at a meeting held in Reading in October 1966.

The article focuses on the connection between criminality and age. By criminality the more serious offences are meant that are--offences against property, larceny, fraud, embezzlement, the unlawful use or theft of motor vehicles, destruction of property, sex offences, offences against persons and some other offences. Most research workers in the U.S. and in Europe agree that for the offences mentioned above, taken as a whole, criminality reaches a maximum in the ages from 18 to 25 years. The age maximum varies for the individual offences. Breaking and entering reach their peak between the ages of 15 and 25 years, whereas other offences against property lie at a considerably higher age. Motor vehicle theft, on the other hand, centers on the age groups between 15 and 25 years. Sex offences of the active type show a maximum frequency under the age of 25 years, but those of the passive type are concentrated at higher ages. The maximum frequency of offences against the person lies between the ages of 20 and 35 years.

The relocation of the medieval East Slav state center from the middle Dnieper to the Volga-Oka region was a lateral shift within the potentially most useful agricultural land, rather than a retreat from fertile steppes into the forest. The physical geography of the Volga-Oka interfluve region around Moscow is less inviting, but similar in many respects to the middle Dnieper region around Kiev, and medieval agriculture was highly developed in both regions. The Volga-Don region developed later, but was not merely a land of hunters and herders when political power was transferred. The early Slavic settlers probably had learned about the environment from their Finnic neighbors, and a solid agricultural economy was based upon the use of light plows, for which the light soils were no great disadvantage. The economic strength of the Volga-Oka region was second only to that of Kiev, and it immediately assumed power when the latter fell. The various reasons for the particular success of the little Moscow principality within the region are reinforced by a better understanding of regional trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review describes the institutional organization of geographical studies of population and settlements in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Yugoslavia, and lists the major research centers, the most active scholars, and the more important periodicals and serial publications. In the second part, discussion of theoretical research results is followed by description of studies dealing with statistical sources, cartography, population monographs, distribution and density of population, structure and changes of population, commuting, settlement network, and urban and rural settlements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The settlement of Natal in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by colonists from other parts of South Africa and from Europe resulted in a conflict of ideas. The country was seen as excellent pastoral land by the Cape Trekkers, who entered from the interior of South Africa, and as good arable land by the British, who entered by sea from Europe. The difference in assessment persisted throughout the colonial period, despite several unsuccessful attempts at agricultural settlement but growing awareness of the limitations of the environment enabled a partial compromise between the two schools of thought late in the period. The unsatisfactory land laws had a profound effect upon development in the nineteenth century, arid some aspects are sill! visible in the landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a major thesis of demographic theory that full scale involvement in an urban-industrial system ought to result in a small size family. Fertility study after fertility study in European countries, in Israel, in Japan, in Lebanon, and in Formosa show that as people become a part of an urban-industrial society they achieve greater fertility control and move toward a small size family. Nevertheless, there does exist a major exception to this general demographic trend, and that exception is the American Roman Catholic community. Large scale national fertility studies by Freedman et al. (1959b:103-115), Westoff et al. (1961:178-211; 1963:79-105), and Whelpton et al. (1966:69-73) have repeatedly shown a sizable Catholic fertility rate and a strong and consistent association between a greater degree of Catholic religiosity and bearing a large number of children with dose child spacing. Furthermore, upper status Catholics display this high fertility pattern to a greater degree than do lower status Catholics, and they are also more religiously involved. Finally, this association between Catholic identity and a high fertility pattern is quite pronounced among Irish descendant Catholics, and this ethnic group is concentrated in the upper socioeconomic levels of the Catholic community. In summary, then, as American Catholics have become well integrated into the modem urban-industrial world, they have maintained a high fertility pattern and made such a pattern a specific and clear-cut Catholic issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses the relation of marriage and education to fertility in Soviet Union. It is understandable that the present, highly secularized, social system in Soviet Union accounts for much of the reluctance to emphasize the role of traditional beliefs. While recently traveling in Eastern Europe, this author observed that secondary school books about Soviet Union do not mention the Islamic and Buddhist traditions among the rural populations of the Caucasus, Central Asia, and along the Mongolian border. Foreign tourists visiting the more remote parts of the Soviet Union have for some time noticed families with a large number of small children as a Common sight in Moslem communities. The high rates of natural increase in those areas are openly acknowledged by journalists, scholars, and administrators, and have already produced a number of authoritative statements from among the ranks of Soviet Union Academy of Sciences. In the 36 ethnic groups of the Soviet Union, there was a strong correlation between the percentage of Women who were married at ages 20-24, and the child-woman ratio. Correlations were lower, but Still important, among women aged 16-19 and 25-29 years. The percentage of the population aged 16-19 and that aged 60 and over with some formal schooling above the seventh grade also seemed to be correlated with fertility.

The article concentrates on demography of Europe. During the 1930's the crude birth rates and other period indices of fertility in most Western and North-Western countries of Europe reached their lowest points. The decline initiated in the 1870's and 1880's had proceeded without interruption except for the years immediately after First World War, and had gathered momentum in the 1920's. The Second World War brought with it in some countries civilian mortality on a scale not formerly seen as a result of devastating pandemics, and was followed by a major reshuffling of populations within Central and Eastern Europe, the trend of fertility as such showed less discontinuity than might have been expected. In the 1930's little regard was paid to marriage as an independent variable. There had been studies of the relationship between marriage rates and the trade cycle. But it was generally assumed - at least implicitly - that because the long-period decline in the birth rates was not in any major sense the consequence of changes in marriage habits, marriage as such could be discounted in looking at the present or the near future.

Although there is a great deal of literature on the subject of the population transition, there remains much about the history of the fertility decline in Europe that is unknown. A group of demographers under the direction of Professor Ansley J. Coale at the Office of Population Research in Princeton is attempting to trace the history of marital fertility in Europe by province. In large parts of Europe the demographic information available in censuses and vital registration allows them to go back in time to a period during the nineteenth century when marital fertility was high and relatively constant. The general level of fertility was determined first of all by the proportion of the population marrying and the age at marriage. In the light of studies indicating a connection between lactation and fertility among human populations, one might speculate that differences in infant feeding habits account for a good deal of the pre-decide variation in marital fertility. Data on infant feeding habits exist for three states of Southern Germany at a time close enough to the beginning of the fertility decline to enable us to test the role of breast feeding on differences in fertility level.

In Western society the process of fertility decline is often regarded as an innovation process. The assumptions behind this approach seem rather questionable, and the diffusion lags or gradients of limited importance. Both Swedish and other European data are used as illustrations. It is suggested that the decline be treated within the wider sociological perspective of a time-consuming adjustment or change process, not necessarily starting from a position of completely uncontrolled fertility within marriage. The situation in to-day's high fertility populations is briefly discussed against this background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article attempts to examine the evidence from which some calculations can be made of the average or modal age at which Roman girls were married. In The Times recently there was a correspondence in which some doctors wrote questioning the assertion by a lawyer that the age of puberty now occurred earlier. They claimed that this was contrary to their clinical experience. Yet in fact there is a mass of reliable evidence from large-scale studies which show that the average age of puberty in Western Europe has been falling by some four months per decade over the period 1830-1960. The correspondence in The Times thus illustrates a point which will be easily granted, that a single doctor's selective perception of individuals and his generalizing reminiscence may be out of focus with the picture gained by scientific observation. This limitation of individual observation has much significance for those scholars of the ancient world, who footnote general assertions about ancient social patterns with a single reference to a typical author, or indeed authors.

Manpower developments should be examined against the population background. Population and manpower structure of post-war Europe is the haphazard result of various trends, war losses and tremendous shifts of population. Conditions have been changing rapidly, so that computations regarding the structural changes of populations prior to 1949 are in many cases not significant. The major pre-war trends in economic structure appear to have continued after the war with the exception of commerce, which has not maintained its previous upward trend. The present disturbed situation is not a convenient platform for projections of population or of manpower. Anyhow, any speculation as to future developments should be based on the knowledge of the specific conditions obtaining in the various countries. Differences in the economic and social structure, as well as in legislation between the various parts of Europe, no longer warrant a smooth and uniform development in accordance with the pre-war pattern. There are, on the other hand, some features of a prospective rapprochement in the economic and social field between Western and Eastern Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the demographic history of the Northern European Countries in the eighteenth century. The remarkable statistics of the Northern countries available for the greater part of the eighteenth century give demographers valuable information on population structure and developments. The main cause of the changes in population development was changes in economic conditions, and harvest results were of special importance. Not only do mortality and nuptiality seem to have been influenced but also fertility, and birth control may not have been without importance in the Northern countries during the period. In many respects the structure of the population in the Northern countries differed fundamentally from that prevailing nowadays in the same areas. Thus the age distribution was quite different, with comparatively many young people; a large proportion of the adult population were married because nuptiality was high not only among spinsters and bachelors but also among widowed persons; legitimate fertility was high and illegitimate fertility low; and mortality was high, especially infant mortality.

The article discusses the problems of upper secondary education and the importance of curriculum reform. It suggests that the content of education is in urgent need of adjustment to the demands of current and future world. Curriculum reform will be ineffective and pointless if structural reforms are not implemented at the same time. The reforms will have to provide solutions to basic problems faced in all European countries by the authorities responsible for upper secondary education. All the problems which were reviewed and which cannot be avoided are different aspects of a single objective, namely the adjustments of the educational system to the cultural and psychological needs of young people today.

The article highlights the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization's (UNESCO) European Ministers of Education Conference held November 20 to 25, 1967. One of the themes discussed in the conference was focused on how democratic access to higher education has become. The article highlights the UNESCO Conference document entitled "Comparative Statistical Data on Access to Higher Education in Europe." The issue of equality of access was also discussed in the conference, focusing on equality as between the sexes. In addition, the Conference invited UNESCO to undertake studies relating to various issues such as the fostering of European cooperation in the field of education, particularly higher education.

The article critiques some aspects of the philosophy of John Dewey. It discusses how Dewey liberated American philosophy, especially American educational philosophy, from misunderstood European idealistic and semi-theological speculation. The article details how Dewey developed his philosophy of pragmatism or experimentalism. The author attempts to explain why Dewey's philosophy had little impact on European thought. It is suggested that even in the United States and Japan, Dewey's philosophy no longer plays the dominating role it played during the first decades of the 20th century. Finally, the article discusses the factors that made Dewey the main intellectual representative of the American people, and the prophet of its teachers.

The article talks about the state of education in Ireland and the integration of European countries. A report of the Council of Education on the primary school's curriculum, which is centered on religious doctrine, reading and writing in Irish and English and arithmetic, is offered. The relationship between the schools and the state laid down in the 1937 Constitution of Ireland is discussed. It also discusses the rules and programs for secondary schools, the need to examine the relationship between education and economic progress, the study of European languages, and the dissemination of knowledge about the new Europe.

This article focuses on the changing idea of technical education. Technical education receives at least as much attention today as it did in earlier days. The Elizabethan Statute of Artificers in 1563 regularized the system under which such technical education as there had been in this country was mainly continued until about the end of the seventeenth century. The apprentice lived with or near his employer, and was both trained and taught by him. Apprentices were often poor boys, and the Statute allowed pauper children under the age of nine to be apprenticed compulsorily. The first half of the nineteenth century also saw the development, again through voluntary action, of more widespread forms of education amongst adults. The industrial workers were both thirsty for knowledge and anxious to better themselves, and many saw in scientific education a means of satisfying both these needs. By 1850, however, western Europe had recovered from the wastage of the Napoleonic wars. The great International Exhibition of manufactures at the Crystal Palace in 1851 drew public attention to the lack of technical education in Britain. Action by the state began to grow, and in 1852 the Department of Practical Art, later to become the Science and Art Department, was established under the Board of Trade.

The article examines the history and influence of Europe on science in India before 1850. About 1785 began the transmission of western scientific ideas and practices in India. In view of the importance of modern science in the world today the matter is of some interest, and the notable achievements of twentieth century Indians in extending and applying scientific knowledge are the more remarkable in that they stem from the introduction of western science only a century and a half ago. For science in India had progressed little during the six centuries which preceded the eighteenth. Up to the twelfth century there was no great difference between the east and the west with respect to scientific ideas and though some important mathematical principles were probably discovered and some medical and surgical practices initiated by Indians, much of the scientific knowledge which then existed was shared by east and west so that it is often difficult to say where a particular idea originated. After the twelfth century western science alone progressed and only the vestiges of earlier knowledge, together with a variety of technological and metallurgical skills persisted until the time when the British rule was established.

Discusses the dispute between the U.S. and the western European countries concerning foreign trade and exchange problems. American President John F. Kennedy's talks on May 4, 1965; Proposal by the U.S. government to ease customs barriers in the trade between capitalist countries; Focus on the economic aspects of the talks; Britain's attitude toward tariff talks.

During the ninth century a number of monasteries in Northwestern Europe compiled inventories, or polyptyques, of their estates. Eight such polyptyques are here examined for the light which they throw on the human geography of the area at this time, including types of rural settlement, kinds of field systems, and varieties of crops. Some of the regional characteristics which have been prominent in more recent times are found to have been taking shape at this time, and movement and commerce are seen to have been greater than has sometimes been supposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the role of regional interconnections in the development of resources since the war in three parts of the world: Europe, the Soviet Union and North America. It notes the advantages of regional interconnections and the factors which have encouraged their development in the post war period. It examines proposals for future development and discusses some of the difficulties which will have to be overcome before these proposals can become a reality. The article concludes with some remarks about the implications of the developments of regional inerties.

The purpose of this article is to examine the physical nature of and the geographical role performed by the core-area in the formation of a particular group of states namely those of Europe. The geographical pattern of the states of Europe had, in general taken shape before the age of modern nationalism, and it is difficult to discover among the forces which brought the states into being during the middle ages. The authors define what they mean by core-area. A core area must have considerable advantages in order to perform its role. It must have within itself the elements of viability. The article talks about how various European countries expanded their boundaries.

Reports on the complex problem of European postwar migrations. Changes in the population structure; Political and economic influence to the physical transition of an individual or group from one society to another; Differences between the demand and supply of international manpower.

Focuses on the role of nuclear power in the future energy balance in Europe. Impact of the increased standard of living on the increase of energy demands; Contribution of the increasing use of coal, hydro power and petroleum to the economic growth and political power of western Europe; Importance of international cooperation in the use of all natueral resources and exchange of electric power to satisfy energy requirements in the future.

The article presents reviews and abstracts of boundary problems in Europe. The study focuses briefly on the present status of disputed areas in Europe, listing the most important disputes and including a briefly annotated bibliography. It has been realized there are many other disputed areas in Europe but for reasons of space or absence of unbiased studies they have been left out. Since April 1949, when the border changes were brought into effect, voices of dissatisfaction have been heard from both sides of the Dutch-German border. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]