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This article focuses on the comparative content analysis of the Arabic press. The purpose of this analysis was to determine the extent to which the reading publics in various Arab countries are being exposed to news of international events. Secondly, the kind of information the press is transmitting and the relative attention it is paying to events involving different countries of Europe, Asia and Africa. Lastly, the favorable or unfavorable images of these other countries that this information is likely to convey to the readers. The content analysis was carried out in two phases. The first concerned the content of the entire newspaper. In this phase, printed space was measured and multiplied by the average number of pages per issue to obtain base totals for each prestige paper. The second phase of the analysis was confined to the first page only. Items appearing on this page were classified in greater detail. In the study it was found that, despite the small size of many Arabic newspapers, papers, internationally significant news, as opposed to news of local or regional reference, absorbs a surprisingly high percentage of total space. Objective changes in the world power situation and in the nature of Arab-Western interaction have not succeeded in suppressing the Arab's preoccupation with external affairs.

The article offers information on the second Flora North America (FNA) Symposium that was held during the XI International Botanical Congress at the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington on August 26, 1969. The papers presented during the symposium include "Floristics in the USSR," "Floristics in Europe," and "The Flora North America Project."

This article presents information on several papers and memorandums related to economic conditions in various countries. The Parliamentary documents for 1886 will contain a good deal of evidence of the increasing uneasiness as to the condition and prospects of the foreign trade of England. A Blue Book has been issued, giving the rates of duty levied on imports by the different European countries and the United States; and a second is to give the duties levied by the British colonies, these returns being on the plan of the similar documents published in 1882. The Commission on the Depression of Trade have also collected and published reports from the English consuls, showing the impediments to British trade in the different countries. Another snippet reports that the opening of fertile wheat lands in the United States, and the cheap transportation of grain to Europe have had an influence not only on England and Ireland, but on France, Germany, and Russia. French and German legislation has been invoked to protect the farmer. But now an interesting movement is in progress among the Russian peasants, by which the former serfs are becoming separated from the land. At the time of the emancipation of the serfs, Russia controlled the wheat markets of Western Europe; while the prices of agricultural products were high, and even rising.

This article presents information on the book "Monopoly and Competition and Their Regulation. Papers and Proceedings of a Conference held by the International Economic Association," edited by E.H. Chamberlin. Monopoly and competition have been a widely discussed topic among economists. The eight articles in this book that describe the state of competition in eight different countries in Europe and the U.S. are as different as is the statistical information available in these countries. The book contains a statement of the issues involved, accounts of the empirical information available, appraisals of various attempts to deal with the monopoly problem, and restatements of most of the important approaches and ideas in the field. It is not surprising that several of the articles condemn competition, both as a form of market organization and as a theoretical standard to judge the performance of an economy. The difference between American and European efficiency is mostly due to a difference in technological efficiency. Efficiency is relevant to many contemporary economic problems, among them the problem of economic growth.

The need for theory and for a historical perspective in attempting to arrive at a valid theory are widely recognized among sociologists, but preconceived notions of a systemic nature would seem to be standing in the way of an unbiased evaluation of the data of history. The paper analyzes the work of two leading urban sociologists who assume that preindustrial and industrial cities represent closed and mutually exclusive systems. Consequently, they assemble sustaining data, but brush aside contrary evidence which would tend to establish the city as a phenomenon in its own right, and the modern city as antedating industrialization. In historical view, the city appears as an emergent rather than as a variable, both in ancient Babylonia and in medieval Europe. The present-day city, ecologically enlarged into "urban regions," sociologically provides the principle for the organization of the total society, but the twofold model of the ancient and the medieval city, if understood ideal-typically, remains serviceable as an analytical tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an appraisal of the Western European bilateral trade agreements. Effect of the agreements on international trade in Europe; Terms and conditions of the agreements; Functional aspects of the agreements; Problems with bilateral contract system in international trade.

The article evaluates the progress of the Flora Europaea project, which focuses on producing a work that summarizes the large body of knowledge available on the European flora. It talks about the impact of the project on the European taxonomy and reflects on the problems encountered by the project, which includes the treatment of critical groups and the study and mapping of geographic distribution. The mapping program associated with Flora Europaea and the future of floristics in Europe are discussed.

Lists schedules of several congresses and conventions on dermatology in Europe. Schedule of the second international Barcelona seminar on advances in dermatology; Speakers of the annual meeting organized by the British Association of Dermatologists; Availability of forms for abstracts during the European Society for Dermatological Research meeting.

type A is a common agent of food poisoning when allowed to proliferate to large numbers in cooked foods, usually meat and poultry. The main factors of importance are survival of the spores, frequently found on raw products, through the cooking process, and possible contamination of cooked meats transferred to unclean containers; subsequent germination of spores and rapid multiplication of the vegetative cells during long slow cooling and non-refrigerated storage lead to heavy contamination. The toxin responsible is different from the soluble antigens, and its formation in the intestine is associated with sporulation. Large numbers of of the same serological types in food and faeces is the main diagnostic factor. Important preventive measures are rapid cooling and cold storage to prevent growth. is an aerobic sporulating organism commonly found in cereals. Outbreaks described from Europe have a different aetiology with regard to food vehicles, incubation period and symptoms from those that have been reported recently in the U.K. from fried and boiled rice. The spores survive through cooking procedures and grow out to cells which sporulate readily in the cooked food and which are assumed to produce toxin in the food. Large numbers of are found in foods causing illness and, as with the main preventive measure is inhibition of growth by quick cooling and cold storage of foods cooked ahead of requirements. A comparative table of the characteristics and clinical symptoms of and is given. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article explores the relation of public opinion to political leadership and foreign policy with reference to the history of Napoleon Bonaparte III. The author says that by the experience in the presidential election of 1948 in the United states people see how difficult it to ascertain current public opinion. How much more difficult must it be, then, for an historian to determine what was opinion 83 years ago in the French Second Empire three thousand miles away. The foreign policy of the Second Empire was an equally dangerous field for the press to enter. The published and unpublished dispatches of the foreign diplomatic representatives in Paris, France are also of some value on opinion. They were as anxious as was the emperor to discern trends of opinion on foreign affairs, and they were in contact with the best informed people in Paris. The critical situation in 1866 revolved around events in central Europe among the German states and the serious disturbance of the European balance of power which such events might bring about.

The prospect that opinion surveys may be able to assist the peoples of different countries to communicate with and to understand each other is one that has fired the imaginations of many students of public opinion. It is generally acknowledged, however, that this goal is as difficult so achieve, as it is inspiring to contemplate. The symposium discusses some of the methodological problems which arose when research firm Elmo Roper and the periodical "Time" attempted to obtain comparable data simultaneously in ten countries. With developments after World War II, the problem of measuring public opinion cross-culturally has reached urgent dimensions. For an essential of lasting international understanding is full and accurate knowledge of what the people in partner countries think. It is regrettable that the methodology needed for accurate appraisal of international opinion remains largely to be developed. In the execution of a polling operation covering several countries a great many difficulties arise which do not usually occur in studies done in one single country. The points taken up in this article are some of the hurdles encountered in coordinating studies in four European countries namely Sweden, France, Switzerland and Italy, in the Time survey. It should not necessarily be assumed that any of the solutions the surveyors decided to use could be considered as permanent. The purpose of this report is merely to point out some of the problems and to promote discussion on the ways to overcome them. Three difficulties mentioned in this article are: a clear description of the universe with which the surveys deal, the problems of translation of questionnaires, and the element of timing.

This article discusses methods of teaching propaganda and the science of democracy. Most popular of the methods toward this end is a series of classroom lessons and assignments usually called "propaganda analysis." What are the actual effects of these lessons on the student? Do the methods of teaching propaganda analysis promote, for example, a vigorous faith in the values and ultimate triumph of democratic practice? Or do they, as critics often complain, simply promote an attitude of generalized cynicism, a feeling that one can't trust any newspaper, any radio commentator, any political speaker? Students at first become tremendously interested in the sportive side of launching an attack on "propaganda devices." Their enthusiasm is often reminiscent of bull-fighters, throwing the bull. After this first excitement, they tend to become morally indignant, at least in most cases, about the sheer quantity of fraud and misleading utterance to which they have been exposed all their lives, especially in paid advertising and in political speeches. At this point they have a tendency to espouse some program or other of violent censorship and even suppression of those who issue "anti-social" propaganda.

During the 1940s, prime sources of information from Europe have narrowed to two, London and Berlin. While science has been hard at work telescoping time and space to make a smaller world than ever, policies and emotions of men in relation to international communication have put up bars and opened gulfs to separate minds of men by astronomical distances. Despite new developments, London and Berlin have succeeded in retaining their dominance over European news, as is only natural in the war between two great antagonists. Limitations imposed on gatherers of news in the East have been even more severe than European limitations. One of the most interesting results of the war on communications has been the revival of the artist as reporter. The transmission of information by mail between Europe and the U.S. has not changed much so far as the continent is in concern. Even despite the loss of mail and the censorship, however, many publications have discovered that private letters furnished more information of general conditions of life, than professional news reports.

This article summarizes leading events, situations and research in the various fields of communications that particularly concern problems of public opinion formation and control. The period covered extends from July 1940 to September 1940. With the advent of war over Great Britain a new phase of international communication was introduced, which featured the newest and oldest methods of news transmission. London occupied the center of world news interest throughout the period in focus. Communications between the U.S. and Russia and Asia remained relatively free from technical disturbances but were vitally affected by increasing censorship. American broadcasting companies maintained their services from Europe during the quarter. There was a growing volume of criticism of press control in Great Britain. In many parts of the world, official censorship of communications passed over into more active measures of control. Short-wave broadcasting by foreign stations was affected by the war almost as much as other forms of news transmission.

The patterns of photo-contact dermatitis from Jadit (4-chloro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid-N-n butylamide) in Europe and South Australia are described and discussed. The clinical details of 11 cases reported by European authors are compared with those of 13 Australian cases, 11 of which are reported for the first time. It is noted that the average length of application before sensitization in Europe was greater than in Australia and is suggested that this difference is the result of climatic conditions. It is suggested that Jadit photo-dermatitis is a "conventional contact dermatitis" from photo degradation products; that the drug can be retained in the skin and thereby cause persistent light reactions; and that it can be absorbed following local application and be distributed systemically. Cross-reactions between Jadit and several sulphanilamide derivatives which had been previously described in Europe were also found in 6 Australian cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nature of so-called folk cultures and their distribution throughout the world has long been argued, and their reaction upon contact with western European culture has been studied in some detail. It is well recognized that the process of culture change initiated by these contacts has a drastic effect upon the lives of many people. Despite these studies and the attempts at the definition of the nature of folk cultures and the delineation of the processes of acculturation, little has been done in a systematic way with the present condition of these cultures. There appears to be a fundamental unity of these cultures which has been loosely characterized by the term "folk." The difficulty with this scheme, however, is that the poles of urban and folk cultures are easily recognized and described, but the vast number of cultures which partake of both qualities are not readily amenable to classification or systematic description. This condition then demands a reconsideration of the nature of folk cultures and an attempt to define "urbanness." Instead of a descriptive definition of folk cultures it would perhaps be better to utilize one which attempts to delineate the over-all nature of a folk culture.

Though called a world war, the war of 1914-18 was, largely a European conflict which due to the increasingly intricate inter-relationships of modem life had repercussions far beyond its actual locale. While offering an unmistakable indication that in all spheres of man's activity an event occurring in any part of the world has a greater or lesser effect upon all other parts, that war was yet essentially a provincial war compared to the global conflict in which Alaska and Madagascar, Hunan province and Dakar, the Solomon Islands and the Caucasus, Norway and the Caribbean Sea are locked in the intricate maze of grand strategy. Upon students of history the effect of the earlier conflict was for the most part restricted to a search after causes or origins. The aim varied from that of placing the blame upon one nation or group of nations to the more philosophical effort to relate the already generally accepted concepts of nineteenth century history, industrialism, imperialism, nationalism, democracy, etc., into some pattern such that the inevitable result would appear to be the conflict which followed.

The article illustrate contrasts and similarities in the general development of European and American sociology in recent times. A conspicuous difference in this respect is that in American Sociology has grown as a child nursed by the Universities and Colleges; while in Europe its modern start, since August Comte, and development have in a considerable degree taken place outside of the Universities and Colleges. Indeed a number of the founders of the principal modern sociological systems in Europe never occupied the position of a teacher in University at all. This difference also continues to exist at the present moment: although the number of Universities and Colleges in Europe where sociology has been introduced as a regular course has considerably increased since the time of the War and Revolutions; nevertheless this number is still much below that of the United States. Another difference lies in the character of the European and American sociologists. The bulk of the sociological works in America are marked by their quantitative and empirical character while the bulk of the sociological literature of Europe is still marked by an analytical elaboration of concepts and definitions; by a philosophical and epistemological polishing of words.

More than any other American sociologist, Albion W. Small has mediated the results of European scholarship. The intellectual world is now one society. No nation would have had anything approaching its present scientific development without the collaboration of the scientists of different nations. Indeed, science as a national phenomenon is unthinkable. It is a part of the life of "the great society." In order to understand the development of the intellectual attitudes that have characterized the life work of Small and how he came to be so important a mediator between the scholarship of Europe and the U.S., it is necessary to sketch briefly some of the events of his career. Born May 11, 1854, at Buckfield, Maine, he graduated from Colby College in 1876. Already as a student he showed the fondness for telling phrases and the gift for constructing them which has always characterized his speech and writing. For the three years ending in 1879 he was a student at Newton Theological Seminary.

The story of man's occupation of the earth seems to be divided into two rather sharply marked periods the ancient and the modem world. It is not altogether a distinction of time; somewhat it is of space. For more than half of mankind is living in the ancient world today for all practical purposes. People of Europe and the Western Hemisphere and of certain islands of the Western seas are proud of our modernity. Perhaps the pride is based too heavily upon the modern machinery that people use so universally. The difference between the ancient world and the modern world, wherever those worlds may exist in time or space, is the difference of ideals upon which the two worlds are founded. The ancient world seems to have risen upon the theory that physical force is man's final arbiter, The modern world seems to be growing upon the faith that ideas rule that things of the spirit are unconquerable when they promote broader fellowships, more abundant living, more kindly pace in the works and ways of men.

The article focuses on the United Nations (UN) report on "Measures for the Economic Development of Under-Developed Countries," prepared by a group of experts appointed by the UN Secretary-General. This report was prepared by a group of experts appointed by the Secretary-General after the Economic and Social Council adopted a far-reaching series of recommendation resulting from a discussion of the earlier report. Notwithstanding the extraordinarily wide scope of these formal terms of reference, it is worth noting that a resolution of the General Assembly of the United Nations even asked the experts to deal with a vast range of other matters. It is not surprising that the authors of the report could not even attempt to comply with all these further requests. The report is a significant document. It is significant of the increasing world concern with the economic condition and problems of what were once the peripheral regions of a closely integrated "world-economy" with its center in Europe. It is significant, because of the problems arising out of the new-found independence of many of these regions, and their sensitivity to the alleged benefits, but not to the shortcomings, of the driving forces of nationalism.

The article discusses the problems faced in balancing the dollar against the currencies of various European countries amidst plans of the unification of the countries of Europe as of February 1951. The liberalization of European trade might be welcomed, insofar as it firmly establishes the principle of discrimination against exports. On the acceptance of this principle depends the restoration and maintenance of dollar viability if a large-scale worsening of the terms of trade, and/or mass unemployment, and therefore a serious deterioration of European living standards is to be avoided. Only in those cases in which liberalization will increase employment and output and lead to a displacement of U. S. imports can one hope for a better balance. As dollar imports are in most countries strictly controlled and as in those countries in which they have not been controlled there were no obstacles against the import of necessities from other Western European countries, this hope must be considered rather slender.

The article comments on A. Smithies's article "European Unification and the Dollar Problem," that highlights certain conditions to be fulfilled by certain countries for the unification of Europe and the achievement of the dollar balance. For some European countries the transitional difficulties of complete unification would not be much less than those flowing from the introduction of general free trade. Free trade within a limited area with a common tariff wall and other restrictions on imports from outside has the additional difficulty which general free or nondiscriminatory freer trade has not. Even under these favorable assumptions the plan would lead to a reshuffling of industries and productive resources within all participating countries. If it did not, the reason could only be that there was not much scope for division of labor between the European countries. It may legitimately be doubted whether it is a good idea to enforce a possibly painful transition to partial convertibility now, if it is hoped that in two or three years transition to full convertibility can be accomplished. There are only two solutions. Either the restrictions deficit members adopt the liberal policies of the surplus countries or the liberal countries adopt the restrictive policies of their debtors.

The article discusses various approaches to the unification of Europe and the methods to be adopted by individual countries to achieve the dollar balance. Economic unification has been urged by the U.S. Government and by the Organization for European Economic Cooperation as a measure designed to increase productivity in Western Europe and thereby facilitate a permanent solution of Europe's dollar problem. The author discusses plans for liberalizing trade and payments with in Europe and the consequent reallocation of productive resources through the operation of the price system. The external objectives of Europe in its relation to the dollar area, and how progress towards those objectives can facilitate unification, along with the methods by which individual countries can attempt to achieve dollar balance and various approaches to unification are discussed in the article. The main economic issues today center around the type of balance that can be achieved with varying amounts of dollar aid.

This article attempts to show what a customs union implies for the economic and general policy of its members. It is informed that the literal meaning of "customs union" is absence of import duties between two or more countries. A century or even half a century ago, absence of import duties between two countries practically meant absence of any economic barrier between them, since import duties were the only really important measure of protection; thus a customs union, in this literal sense, in effect meant economic unity, and was almost identical with what now is often called an economic union, which means the absence of any economic barrier between countries, so that there is free movement of goods, services, people and money across their mutual border. At present, however, absence of import duties between two countries does not mean that there is no economic wall between them. It only means that the economic wall is lowered, and in many cases lowered only to a small extent. A customs union in the literal sense is therefore something of very limited importance. It is certainly not worth the serious discussion which it has aroused; and it certainly does not deserve to be considered the effective medicine against the economic ills of Europe which many now believe it to be.

The article discusses the economic conditions of Europe following the destruction caused by the World War II. Physical destruction of property is not the only damage the war has wrought. The enormous costs of maintaining armies in the field have everywhere resulted in great wear and tear of industrial equipment and the using up of stockpiles accumulated in the course of years and even decades preceding the war, and, in many cases, in enormous foreign indebtedness or, at best, in a considerable reduction of foreign holdings. The fact that many countries were knocked out of the war as early as 1940 did not change the situation for them, since Germany has waged her war in part at the expense of the occupied and subjugated nations. The bearing of inflation upon the economic recovery of the countries affected is evident. In countries with a large middle class living on savings, this decrease in the value of the currency means a considerable decline in the purchasing power of a very important section of the population and economic ruin for thousands of them.

Focuses on commercial policy in Europe after World War I. Comparison between the policy of reciprocity and most-favored-nation treatment; Provisions of the Cobden treaty; Movement for a multilateral arrangement; International Economic Conference of 1927.

Discusses the proposal to regulate the coal industry of the U.S. Analysis of the chaotic condition of the American coal industry; Regular operation of mines in Europe; German coal parliament; Remedies to problems in the U.S. coal industry.

The article features the flax plant. The plant's strong and enduring fiber is used as lines and nets in the prehistoric years and was later utilized in clothing and household fabrics. Flaxseed is used both as medicine and as food. The oil from these seeds is used in the Renaissance period with the rise of oil painting art. The older countries in Europe still cultivate the plant for fiber while newer countries have developed flaxseed farming. Natural and social advantages of these two distinct culture of the plant are discussed.

Examines specialization in the woolen and worsted industry in the U.S. and Europe. Different kinds of specialization; Description of woolen and worsted processes; Relative growth of the woolen and worsted branches; Degree of specialization; Comparison of industry organization between the U.S. and European countries; Tendency toward greater specialization in wool-combing.

Discusses the investigation of Isthmian Canal Commission to measure the tonnage of ocean shipping that would use the proposed interoceanic canal between the U.S. and Europe. Role of the U.S. Bureau of Statistics in the estimation of foreign trade; Difference in duplication in statistics of entrances and clearances in the United States and in Europe; Difficulty in estimation of factors affecting growth of commerce.

The article focuses on the financial and economic problems of railways in Europe. The limitations of human activity are such that the men who come in contact with affairs have generally not the time and more often lack the technical knowledge to write down their experiences. This is as true in regard to the railway problem, whether it works out its solution in Europe or elsewhere. The French railways were making special rates for importations into France, which largely tended to nullify the protective tariff rates. The iron-masters, coal-miners, machine-builders, and textile producers of France, stirred up by the financial interests and by their own greed, in the press and upon the platform drew attention to this nullification of the French national protective policy; and, indeed, the only substantially important new condition that was imposed by the French government upon the railways under the new contract is, that all tariffs upon goods which tend to counteract the fiscal legislation of the country shall be subjected to the absolute control of the government, so as to quiet the agitation which threatened very considerably the permanency of the ministry, and to satisfy the public clamor for protective measures.

The article presents news related to the economic activities in Europe. In the opinion of economist M. René Stourm, the French finances illustrate the risk which a country runs from having too much money in the treasury. A true balance of income over expenditure it has been hard for France to maintain, even if extraordinary outlays were cut down; but, at the same time, the compulsory deposits in the treasury for account of local and judicial authorities, savings, annuity funds, and the like, have given a constantly increasing mass of balances, which runs from 1,000,000,000 to 1,700,000,000 francs. It has been announced that Macmillan & Co. will shortly publish a work by S. Dana Horton, entitled "The Silver Pound and England's Monetary Policy Since the Restoration." The Central Bureau of Statistics of Norway has added a third volume to a series on the merchant marine of all but Asiatic countries. By a royal proclamation published May 19, 1985, the English government has provided for the coinage of a silver four-shilling piece, to be called the double florin.

The article focuses on the remarkable development of empirical social science in Europe, since the World War II, with considerable stimulus from the writings and visits of American social scientists. The massive data of public opinion polling may be considered as directly psychological, but they have been largely descriptive of attitude frequencies, thereby avoiding the deeper problems of their origins and place of attitudes in the respondent's psychological world. More interesting have been the large number of studies relating political attitudes to various social categories, such as economic class, education, and occupation. The form of these relationships has been that of a specific psychological attitude on the one side and that of a sociological category on the other. Political generalizations of this sociological-psychological form possess interesting properties. They can indeed serve as a source of psychological hypotheses, which must then be tested directly.

Six Western European nations, which less than ten years earlier had been fighting on opposite sides during World War II, took a major step toward the solution of their common economic problems in 1952 when they established the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). The attitudes of West Germans to this new economic entity and to its effects on their lives are analyzed. In June 1952 the treaty established the ECSC was ratified by the parliaments of six nations. The ECSC is a supernational institution with sovereign rights over the coal and steel industries of the member nations.

The article describes a method for measuring the relative concern of the political party with organizational loyalty and with ideology related to roll call votes and leadership. It is stated that party labels are much less dependent on attitudes toward issues in the U.S. than they are in Europe. The method might show its usefulness in analyzing several recent sessions of the Massachusetts House of Representatives as of 1956. In the U.S. legislative bodies, it is possible to distinguish to some extent the positions of various members of a party by means of their roll call votes. This fact is used to examine differences between leaders and non-leaders of the two major parties in the Massachusetts House of Representatives. One could infer something about the relative concern of a legislative party organization with "ideology" or political power from the differences obtained. For this purpose, the article presents method to measure the organizational loyalty and liberalism-conservatism and discusses the relationship between leadership and liberalism-conservatism during 1951-1953 and also the relationship of leadership and roll call votes during 1947-1951.

The postwar career of the European Idea is marked by three events. It was launched in 1947 when the European recovery program that has been institutionalized in the 18-nation Organization for European Economic Cooperation was initialized. It passed a major milestone in 1950, with ratification of the Schuman Plan instituting a continental six-nation Coal and Steel Community (CSC). It suffered a dramatic setback in 1954, when the French Assembly rejected the Pleven Plan to institute a parallel European Defense Community (EDC). In this sequence, the course of events is plainer than their cause. Especially resistant to explanation is the great shift in the French Assembly between 1950 and 1954, between the ratification of CSC and the rejection of EDC. The inadequacy of current explanations for this major event was noted by many French scholars, who undertook a critical analysis of the prevailing hypotheses as the first step in an empirical study of EDC's defeat made by the Institut d'Etudes Européennes.

In this article, the author discusses the theory of international coalitions, analyzes the neutralism in Europe, and suggests ways in which international communications research may be used to draw neutralists into the American-centered coalition. He contends that an adequate program of international communications research can discover what common purposes Americans share with the rest of the Free World and therefore what the U.S. should be saying to those people who are neutral in the current world struggle. Neutralism indicates a failure of shared purpose in the America-centered Free World coalition, which today stands opposed to the Soviet-centered Comintern coalition in the struggle for world power. The failure is this, that people who were counted as members of the Free World coalition, in fact decline to identify themselves with it and to share its purposes. Neutralists are those who refuse to join either coalition. Since there may be no other place to go, in a bipolarizing world, there are elements of political fantasy in this attitude.

This article examines the earnings and employment in Eastern Europe from 1957 to 1963. Much effort has gone into the statistical analysis of labor markets to determine whether they operate according to the canons of economic theory. The results have been largely negative. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, in a recent comprehensive study covering the experience of ten Western nations, asserted that there is no evidence of a strong systematic statistical relationship between changes in earnings among individual industries and variations in relative employment and reached the following conclusions, the observed changes in the allocation of labor are often brought about by mechanisms other than changes in the wage structure and the observed changes in the wage structure are often brought about by forces other than those that allocate labor. Possible reasons for the lack of correspondence between the two principal labor market variables includes inertia of traditional wage relationships, the factor of worker morale, managerial wage policy and trade union bargaining power.

The article presents news related to public opinion research as of September 1, 1948. The Third International Conference on Public Opinion Research was held at Eagles Mere, Pennsylvania, September 12-15, under the joint sponsorship of the American Association for Public Opinion Research and the World Congress on Public Opinion Research. Meeting in Amsterdam, September 15-17, public opinion researchers from seven European countries formed the European Society for Public Opinion and Market Research The functions of this organization are - to represent European researchers using field surveys, to indicate standards which seem desirable, to exchange experience and information, to further the interests of public opinion and market research and of researchers, and to meet periodically. More and more people have become concerned with public opinion research in recent years, and the number of areas of specialization within the field has increased enormously. The journal, Public Opinion Quarterly's subscription list is divided into four approximately equal parts- one-fourth libraries as well as public and educational collections, one-fourth academic people, one-fourth businessmen and commercial enterprises and the rest journalists, foundations, governmental agencies, and unclassifiables.

Reports on appointments of several dermatologist in Europe. Selection of R. D. G. Peachey as Consultant Dermatologist to the United Bristol Hospitals in England; Designation of J. A. Savin as Consultant Dermatologist to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Fyfe; Appointment of R. S. Chapman as Consultant Dermatologist to Stobhill General Hospital.